The acaricidal activity of Asarum heterotropoides root-derived principles, methyleugenol, safrole, 3-carene, α-asarone, pentadecane and A. heterotropoides root steam distillate constituents was tested against poultry red mites Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer). All active principles were identified by spectroscopic analysis. Results were compared with those of two conventional acaricides, benzyl benzoate and N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET). Methyleugenol (24 h LC50 = 0.57 μg/cm2) and safrole (24 h LC50 = 8.54 μg/cm2) were the most toxic compounds toward D. gallinae, followed by 3,4,5-trimethoxytoluene, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene, estragole, α-terpineol, verbenone, eucarvone, linalool, and terpinen-4-ol (LC50 = 15.65–27.88 μg/cm2). Methyleugenol was 16.7× and 11.0× more toxic than benzyl benzoate (LC50 = 9.52 μg/cm2) and DEET (LC50 = 6.28 μg/cm2), respectively; safrole was 1.1× and 0.73× more toxic. Asarum heterotropoides root-derived materials, particularly methyleugenol and safrole, merit further study as potential acaricides. Global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic acaricides in indoor environments justify further studies on A. heterotropoides root extract and steam distillate preparations containing the active constituents described as potential contact-action fumigants for the control of mites.

Six wooden plant essential oils (EOs; Illicium verum, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Bursea delpechiana,Croton anisatum, Cinnamomum cassia and Aniba rosaeodora) and their major compounds (trans-anethole, methyl salicylate, trans-cinnamaldehyde, linalool and linalyl acetate) identified from gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry were tested for adult repellence and pheromone antagonism using Y-tube essay and oviposition deterrent effect using no choice test against adzuki bean beetle (ABB), Callosobruchus chinensis L. EOs of I. verum and C. anisatum as well as their common major compound, trans-anethole were found effective repellents having high degree of pheromone antagonistic and oviposition deterrent activity. Methyl salicylate, the major compound of G. fragrantissima EO (which was only the pheromone antagonist) showed high degree of repellency, oviposition deterrence and pheromone antagonistic effect in higher concentration. From this study, EOs of I. verum and C. anisatum and their common major compound trans-anethole as well as the major compound of G. fragrantissima, methyl salicylate can be screened as eco-friendly management agents against C. chinensis in stored legumes if slow releasing formulations are prepared by future efforts.

The metal plating industry produces a large amount of wastewater generally containing heavy metals with various chemical compounds; as such, treating the wastewater is both an environmental and an economic challenge. A vacuum evaporation system has been developed to effectively reduce the volume of plating wastewater. However, the gas stream discharged from the distillation unit of the evaporator is often contaminated with high concentrations of odorous compounds such as ammonia and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS). In this study, a non-thermal plasma process operated in wet conditions was applied to remove the odorous compounds, and it showed high removal efficiencies of greater than 99% for ammonia and 95% for DMDS. However, the gas flowrate more substantially affected the efficiency of ammonia removal than the efficiency of DMDS removal, because the higher the gas flowrate, the shorter the contact time between the odorous compound and the mist particles in the wet plasma reactor. The analyses of the maximum removal capacity indicated that the wet non-thermal plasma system was effective for treating the odorous compounds at a loading rate of less than 20 mg/m3/min even though the lowest amount of electrical power was applied. Therefore, the wet-type non-thermal plasma system is expected alleviate to effectively abate the odor problem of the vacuum evaporator used in the treatment of plating wastewater.

The increases of industrial and technological development and human activities have disturbed the balance of natural nitrogen (N) circulation. These phenomena have induced that large amounts of N are to be present in excess in air, soil and water environment. We investigated the effects of excess of reactive nitrogen (Nr) compounds on soil and water environment ecosystems through literature and case studies, and suggested the strategy of mitigating the acidification in soil and water ecosystems. Nr moves to air, soil and water media, can be converted to different types, and interacts with other chemical compounds. As an efficient N management plan, the evaluation (application of monitoring and safety index) and the chemical restoration (research and development) of the acidification in soil and water environment ecosystems are required to minimize the effects of Nr as well as policies to regulate the various emission sources and amounts of Nr.

The principal hygienic problem caused by livestock industry is the odor exposed to farm workers. This study was performed to assess air cleaner efficiency for reducing odor through on-site evaluation. The concentration of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, which are major odorous compounds generated from livestock building, were monitored by realtime direct recorder. The odor mixture was measured by air dilution method applying human noses of five panels. Their reduction efficiencies were represented by difference between initial concentration exhausted by non-treatment and concentration measured after treatment of respective control mechanism (water, germicide and plasma ion) of air cleaner. Mean levels of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were 1.84 (SD:0.22) ppm and 76.83 (SD:1.37) ppb for non-treatment, 1.23 (SD:0.09) ppm and 59.07 (SD:2.68) ppb for wet scrubber (water), 1.08 (SD:0.03) ppm and 58.55 (SD:1.62) ppb for wet scrubber (germicide), and 0.96 (SD:0.03) ppm and 53.66 (SD:1.37) ppb for plasma ion, respectively. Mean dilution factors of odor mixture were 100 for non-treatment, 66.9 for wet scrubber (water), 144.2 for wet scrubber (germicide), and 66.94 for plasma ion, respectively. Based on the results obtained from on-site evaluation, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide showed the mean reduction efficiency of 40% and 25.7% compared with non-treatment process of air cleaner, respectively. In the case of odor mixture, the highest dilution factor was observed at wet scrubber (germicide) compared with other control mechanism of air cleaner.

The aim of this study was to assess the interaction between Daphnia similis and various organisms related to the rice paddy ecosystem. We selected several organisms that are likely to prey on D. similis and evaluate predation rate as well as responses of D. similis to the chemical compounds exuded by these organisms. As a result of predation experiment, larval dragonfly (Anax parthenope) and Triops longicaudatus were clearly shown decreasing abundances of D. similis. Especially, Triops longicaudatus was observed higher feeding rates on D. similis than larval dragonfly. Chemical compounds from the vertebrates such as fish (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Pseudorasbora parva, Micropterus salmoides) and tadpole of frog (Rana nigromaculata) did not affect the life history of Daphnia. However, a potential predatory fish P. parva induced significantly longer tail spine in Daphnia. In addition, among the invertebrates (T. longicaudatus, A. Parthenope, Micronecta spp., Palaemon paucidens), chemical compounds exuded by T. longicaudatus induced shorter body and significantly longer tail spine in D. similis.

To evaluate the relationship between dynamics of cyanobacteria and odorous compounds, a monthly monitoring of water quality and phytoplankton were conducted at the three serial lakes (Lake Ui-am, Lake Cheong-pyeong and Lake Pal-dang) in the North Han River for 11 times from May 2014 to March 2015. In the three serial lakes, phytoplankton communities showed that seasonal changes in Bacillariophyceae- Cyanophyceae-Bacillariophyceae. Anabaena and Pseudanabaena were dominant species in August and September 2014. At the same time the odors (Geosmin, 2-MIB) were also detected with high concentration. Relationship between environmental factors and cyanobacterial abundance showed a significant correlation with Anabaena circinalis and geosmin (r=0.983, p<0.01). In the case of Pseudanabaena limnetica showed a significant correlation of total nitrogen (r=0.685, p<0.01) and NO3-N (r=0.723, p<0.01). In addition, similarly Pseudanabaena limnetica and 2-MIB (r=0.717, p<0.01) was high. The odorous compounds appeared in the North Han River water were considered to be a direct relationship with cyanobacteria.

The influence of aging on the flavor precursors and volatile compounds of top round beef was studied. The concentrations of free amino acids, nucleotides, creatine, dipeptides, and volatile compounds were measured after top round from Hanwoo was aged at 4℃ for 21 days. The amount of free amino acids in top round significantly increased with the increase of aging period. There was no effect of aging on the concentrations of adenosine monophosphate or inosine in top round. The inosine monophosphate content of top round significantly decreased with age, while the hypoxanthine content increased. The concentrations of creatine, carnosine, and anserine in top round were not influenced by aging. In total, 24 volatile compound were identified in aged, cooked top round. Of these, the quantities of aldehydes (propanal, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, and nonanal), hydrocarbons (pentane and octane), 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, and pyridines (4-ethynyl-pyridine and 4-acetyl-pyridine) significantly increased after aging. We conclude that the flavor of top round can be improved by aging.

Abstract In this study, the antioxidant activity of water and ethanol extracts from Hibiscus esculentus, Cirsium japonicum, Zizania latifolia and Kalopanax pictus for functional food source were examined. The optimal conditions for phenolic compounds extraction from medicinal plants were at 50% ethanol with Hibiscus esculentus and Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense, at 40% ethanol with Kalopanax pictus and at 60% ethanol with Zizania latifolia. The total phenolic contents from the extracts of medical plants were determined to be 2.72~34.15 mg/g in the water extracts and 2.83~34.23 mg/g in the ethanol extracts. The electron-donating abilities (EDA) of the water and ethanol extracts were both above 74% at the low concentration of 50 μg/mL. The ABTS radical-cation decolorization was above 88% at 100 μg/mL concentration in all the extracts of various medicinal plants. The antioxidant protection factor (PF) in the water and ethanol extracts of the Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense extracts was 1.73 ± 0.02 PF and 1.76 ± 0.01 PF at 50 μg/mL concentration respectively, and was higher than those of the other medicinal-plant extracts. The TBARs inhibition rates of all the medicinal-plant extracts, were above 80% at the 50 μg/mL concentration except Hibiscus esculentus. These results confirmed that the various oriental medicinal plants (Hibiscus esculentus, Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense, Kalopanax pictus and Zizania latifolia) that were included in this study are useful anti-oxidant and functional-food resources.

Compound ideographs (會意, Hui Yi) are formed by two or more phonetic or semantic parts. But when both parts are radicals, how should we classify the character? This issue involves not just identification of the syntax, but also the context. In other words, the issues lies in how the radical of a compound ideograph signifies the meaning of the character through the logic of the radical and what role the radical plays in the overall definition of the character. This has been a puzzling issue to many and calls for in-depth exploration. Classification of Chinese character radicals can be divided into two major systems; philology principles and dictionary reference principles. The former is mainly based on the meaning and supplemented by the form. This radical system emerged from the Shuowen Jiezi (說文解字), emphasizing the relationship between the radical and the subordinate part in terms of the structure and semantics. The latter is mainly based on the form and supplemented by meaning. This system emerged from Wujing Wenzi. The “Li Bu (立部)” and “Gui Bu (歸部)” classification system used in the Kangxi Dictionary, on the other hand, follows the principle, “Easy to reference with logical grouping of semantics without contradicting the intended meaning given by the creator.” This principle was an attempt to integrate the systems of philology principle-based and dictionary reference principle-based radical systems. Based on the above, this research studies the “Gui Bu” classification of compound ideographs, focusing on the “frequently-used characters” published by the Ministry of Education, with an attempt to clarify the issues relating to the “Gui Bu” classification of the commonly-used compound ideographs in the Shuowen Jiezi and Kangxi Dictionary.

The purpose of this experiment is to measure the change in the growth rate and the amount of bioactive compounds when additives are added to mushrooms. According to the additive content, Ganoderma lucidum ASI7004, Ganoderma lucidum ASI7071, Ganoderma. meredithae KACC42868 and Ganoderma lucidum ASI7013 mycelial growth rate variation analysis, oriental raisin tree, Siberian ginseng, chestnut shell, apple pomace, and Korean cabbage additive increased mycelial growth by approximately 2.5 times when compared to the control group(MCM medium). The results of analyzing the total amount of polyphenol in mycelia of G. lucidum based on different kinds of additives have shown that the amount of polyphenol increased only in G. lucidum ASI7004 with 2% Korean cabbage additive. However, when other additives are added, the amount of polyphenol turned out to be lower than original G. lucidum and other individual additives. The results of analyzing the total amount of triterpenoid in mycelia of G. lucidum based on different kinds of additives have shown that the amount of triterpenoid increased in G. lucidum mycelia with apple pomace and Korean cabbage additives. Siberian ginseng additive was effective in increasing the amount of triterpenoid only when 4% Siberian ginseng was added to G. lucidum ASI7004, yet the increased amount was not significant. Although the addition of additives turned out to be effective to the growth rate, it was not effective enough towards the amount of bioactive compounds. Further experiments are required.

본 연구에서는 국산밀 품종에 대해 발아시간에 따른 항산 화 성분 및 항산화 활성을 측정하였다. 발아시간에 따른 국산 밀 에탄올 추출물의 총 폴리페놀, 플라보노이드 및 탄닌 등 페놀성분의 함량은 발아시간에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보이 는 것으로 나타났다. 무처리 금강밀, 조경밀, 백중밀 및 고소 밀의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 13.74, 15.05, 16.84 및 13.02 mg GAE/100 g이었으며, 발아시간이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 총 플라보노이드 함량은 각 각 5.11, 6.72, 6.28 및 5.43 mg CE/100 g이었으며, 발아시간이 증가함에 따라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 유의성을 보이는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 총 탄닌 함량은 각각 9.19, 8.86, 8.93 및 8.66 mg TAE/100 g이었으며, 발아시간이 증가함에 따 라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 유의성을 보이는 것으로 나타 났다(p<0.05). 금강밀, 조경밀, 백중밀 및 고소밀의 DPPH 라 디칼 소거활성은 각각 30.77, 23.88, 25.35 및 18.73 mg TE/100 g이었으며, 25℃에서 72시간 발아 시료가 각각 47.47, 44.17, 38.22 및 42.85 mg TE/100 g으로 유의적으로 높은 활성을 보 이는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). ABTS 라디칼 소거활성은 각 각 83.42, 88.53, 88.87 및 79.97 mg TE/100 g이었으며, 발아시 간이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다 (p<0.05). 이상의 결과 국산밀의 발아를 통하여 페놀성분 및 라디칼 소거활성이 증진된 효과를 얻을 수 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구의 목적은 배추과 종자들의 고 함유 바이오 활성 화합물 배추속 및 무속의 유전자원들을 선발 하고, 이를 활용한 고부가가치 기능성 상품 개발을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하는데 있다. 배추속(양배추, 녹색꽃양배추, 콜라비, 꽃양배추) 및 무속(무) 유전자원 총 92점을 대상으로 라디컬 소거능을 이용한 항 산화활성과 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량을 측정하였다. 배추속 및 무속 종자들의 항산화활성과 플라 보노이드 함량의 평균간에는 유의차가 있었다. 배추속 변종들간에도 항산화활성, 폴리페놀 및 플라보노 이드 함량이 통계적으로 유의차가 있었다.‘Tropic Sun Plus(B8)’양배추 등 총 22점의 배추속 품종 및 계통을 항산화활성이 우수한 품종 및 계통으로 선발하였고 시판 무종자인‘Taeyang(R43)’과 육성 계통인‘13-FM 136-5×13-FM 138-1(R33)’의 항산화활성이 각각 142% 및 157%으로 실험한 유전자 원들의 종자 중 가장 높았다. 폴리페놀의 함량이 높은 배추속 유전자원은‘Tropic Sun Plus(B8)’양배 추 등 총 10점이였고, 국립원예특작과학원 채소과에서 육성한 무 계통인‘13-FH 20-1(R4)’및 ‘13-FH 20-2(R5)’의 폴리페놀 함량이 높았다.‘Megaton(B14)’양배추 등 총 14점의 배추속 품종 및 계통을 플라보노이드 함량이 높은 품종 및 계통으로 선발하였다.‘13-FH 20-2(R5)’무의 플라보노이 드 함량은 1,000mg·100g-1이상으로 플라보노이드 고 함유 종자로 활용가치가 높은 계통이였다. 이상 의 결과로 항산화활성이 높고 바이오 활성 화합물의 함량이 높은 유전자원들을 선발하였고, 유전자원들 을 종자 기능성 가공품으로 활용하여 부가가치를 높히는데 기여할 것이라 판단되었다.

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are insecticides that disrupt the normal development of target insects by inducing symptoms such as premature molting or supernumerary larval stages. IGRs are categorized into three types based on their mode of action. One of the them is classified as juvenile hormone agonists (JHAs). Recently, we developed a yeast-two hybrid system that can identify potential juvenile hormone antagonist (JHAN) candidates using Aedes aegypti juvenile hormone receptor complex proteins, known as MET and FISC. In order to identify novel JHAN compounds, approximately 8,700 basic chemical compounds were screened using the yeast-two hybrid system. Among them, 35 compounds were first selected based on consistency of JHAN　activity, and their insecticidal activities were investigated against A. aegypti larvae. These compounds showed insecticidal activities about 1.7~3 times higher than that of pyriproxifen, which is a well known JHA insecticide. These results suggested that these JHANs can be used as effective JHAN insecticides.

국내에서 유통되고 있는 절화장미 품종의 향기를 분석하고 분류하여 방향성 장미 육종을 위한 유전자원의 정보로 활용하고 향기 나는 장미 꽃의 이용도를 높이고자 수행하였다. 총 78품종을 주요 향기 성분에 따라 4개 그룹(aromatic compound, fatty acid derivative, terpene 및complex fragrance)으로 분류하였다. 각각의 그룹은 100개 이상의 향기성분의 조성과 함량이 다르게 나타났다. Aromaticcompound계 그룹의 주요향기 성분은 dimethoxytoluene,phenylethyl alcohol, trimethoxybenzene, ρ-anisaldehyde 등이며 ‘For You’, ‘Vital’, ‘Cool Water’, ‘Golden Gate’ 및‘Orange Flash’ 등 44품종이 이에 속하였다. Fatty acidderivative계 그룹의 주요 향기 성분은 hexanol, hexenal,heneicosane, docosane, nonadecane 및 nonadecene이며‘Green Beauty’, ‘Amor’, ‘Aqua’ 및 ‘Dreaming’ 등 13품종이 이에 속하였다. Terpene계 그룹의 주요 향기성분은 germacrene-D, geraniol 및 nerol이며 ‘Blue Moon’,‘Charming Easies’, ‘Extasy’ 및 ‘Lovely Blue’ 등 12품종이 이에 속하였다. Complex fragrance계 그룹은 위의3가지 그룹의 성분이 혼재되어 있었으며 ‘Boy Friend’,‘Pacific Blue’ 및 ‘Red Calypso’ 등 12품종이 이에 속하였다. 국내에 유통되고 있는 대부분의 절화장미 품종은 주로 aromatic compound계 그룹에 속하고 있었다.

This study investigated the chemical composition of Artemisia princeps var. orientalis (Pampan) Hara (ssuk in Korea) essential oil and the quantitative changes of major terpene compounds according to the time of harvest. The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation extraction from the aerial parts of ssuk were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The essential oil composition of ssuk was characterized by higher contents of mono- and sesqui- terpene compounds. Ninety-nine volatile flavor compounds were identified in the essential oil from ssuk harvested in 2010, with camphor (11.9%), β-caryophyllene (9.11%), dehydrocarveol (8.51%), and borneol (7.72%) being the most abundant compounds. Eighty-three compounds were identified in the essential oil from the plant harvested in 2011, with borneol (12.36%), caryophyllene oxide (12.29%), β -caryophyllene (10.24%), camphor (9.13%), and thujone (8.4%) being the most abundant compounds. Eighty-four compounds were identified in the essential oil from the plant harvested in 2012, with β-caryophyllene (20.25%), caryophyllene oxide (14.63%), and thujone (11.55%) being the major compounds. Eighty-nine compounds were identified in the essential oil from the plant harvested in 2013, with thujone (23.11%), alloaromadendrene oxide (12.3%), and β-caryophyllene (11.48%) being the most abundant compounds. Thujone and aromadendrene oxide contents increased significantly from 2010 to 2013, while camphor and dehydrocarveol contents decreased significantly during those 4 years. The quantitative changes in these 4 compounds according to the time of harvest can served as a quality index for ssuk essential oil. The ecological responses to recent climate changes may be reflected in the chemical components of natural plant essential oils.

To better investigate the antioxidative property of thermal treatment yam (Dioscorea batatas DECNE.) in Korea, some established methods were used. 70% Methanol, 70% ethanol and chloroform–methanol (CM, 2:1, v/v) extracts were collected. 70% Methanol extract exhibited stronger antioxidative activity evaluated by ferrous ion chelating activity, NO radical scavenging activity and β-carotene bleaching assays. On the contrary, CM extract was the most effective in inhibiting linoleic acid peroxidation. Yam available in Korea was also analyzed for its bioactive compounds such as lycopene, chlorophyll a, b, tannin, phytic acid and total saponin contents. Total saponin was abundant in thermal treatment, which determined to be 42.52±1.88 mg/g. Based on the results obtained from this study, thermal treatment yam could be used as natural antioxidant source due to its high antioxidant activity and bioactive compound contents.