신재생에너지원 중 가장 큰 비율을 차지하고 있는 폐기물은 소각, 매립 등으로 폐기되고 있다. 그러나 생활폐기물 에너지화에 대한 연구가 지속적으로 진행됨에 따라, 현재 생활폐기물 처리시설에서는 SRF생산 공정을 도입하고 있는 추세이다. SRF는 평균 3,500 kg/kcal의 발열량을 나타내며, 대체연료로써 주목을 받고 있다. 그러나 SRF는 성형을 위한 추가적인 비용이 필요하기 때문에, 비성형 폐기물의 에너지화 기술에 대한 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 폐기물 에너지화 기술 중 가스화는 고형시료를 합성가스로 전환하는 기술로 저급연로를 고 효율화를 기대할 수 있다. 본 연구는 8ton/day 용량 pilot-scale 비성형 고형연료 가스화 공정에서 수행되었으며, 대기오염 방지시설은 사이클론, 열교환기, 탈염/탈질/탈황 장비, 습식 전기집진기, 수분제거장치로 구성되어 있다. 위의 공정에서 최근 문제가 되고 있는 미세먼지를 다단입경분석기를 이용하여 채취하였다. 채취된 시료는 건조 및 무게측정을 통해 대기오염 방지시설 구간별 미세먼지 분포를 살펴보았고, 각 대기오염 방지시설별 제어효율을 도출하였다. 추가적으로 채취된 입도별 미세먼지 시료는 ICP-MS분석을 통해 K, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb에 대한 거동을 살펴보았다.

중금속에 의한 토양 오염이 국가적인 환경문제로 대두되면서 오염된 토양의 정화 기술 개발이 활발히 진행되고 있다. 최근 (구) 장항제련소의 중금속 오염부지에 대한 1차 정화사업이 완료되었고, 2차 사업이 진행되면서 토양세척기술이 가장 현실적인 중금속 오염 토양을 정화할 수 있는 기술로 인식되고 있다. 그러나, 토양세척공정은 75μm 미만의 미세토양에 대해서는 중금속의 화학적 추출이 거의 일어나지 않는다고 알려져 있어, 논토양과 같이 미세토 함량이 높은 부지에 대해서는 적용하더라도 그 효율이 낮아 폐기물로 버려지는 토양의 양이 많은 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 미세토양에서 중금소의 추출 효율을 높이기 위해 중금속이 토양에서 어떠한 결합형태를 가지고 있는지와 중금속의 광물학적 특성을 고려하여 새로운 토양세척 공정을 제안하였다. 결합형태 분석을 통해 토양과 중금속의 결합강도에 대한 정보를 알 수 있으며, 기기분석을 통한 중금속의 광물학적 특성 분석을 통해 해당 중금속의 용해도에 대한 정보를 확인할 수 있다. 이 연구를 통해 제안된 공정을 비소, 납, 아연과 같은 중금속 오염 토양의 실험실 규모 정화에 적용하여 처리 효율 평가하였다. 비소의 경우 미세토만을 대상으로 실험한 결과 우려기준 이내로 정화할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

In this study, content and leaching tests of heavy metals (14 items) were analyzed to evaluate the recyclability of the sludge from wastewater treatment facilities. Additionally, this was compared with and examined with the standard of controlled waste, certification standards of compost materials, etc. In the results of the content test, Cr6+ (30.82 mg/kg) of waste from the leather, fur, and textile industries (EWC 04) and Cr6+ (103.13 mg/kg) of waste from the manufacture formulation, supply, and use of coatings (EWC 08) were higher than the proposed criteria of Cr6+ (20 mg/kg). The high level of Cr6+ concentration was observed because of the use of sodium dichromate and chromic anhydride in the materials of dyestuffs and pigments and ink in the EWC 04 and EWC 08 processes. The results on sludge in this study did not meet the standard of the Fertilizer Control Act and quality standard of fuels. In particular, the high levels of Pb and Cd was the main reason.

In this paper, the heavy metal leaching of mortar substituted the crushed waste glass as fine aggregate are evaluated. From the results, when the heavy weight waste glass substitution ratio increase, leching quantities of heavy metal is increased. Therefore, it is needed that the characteristics of heavy metal leching according to waste glass substitution ratio in mortar specimens.

The soil contamination by heavy metals in playgrounds of kindergartens in Vilnius city is analysed in this article. The aim of this research is to investigate and evaluate soil contamination by heavy metals in playgrounds of kindergartens in different territories of Vilnius city. Concentrations of heavy metals were measured using Thermo Fisher Scientific Niton® XL2 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Maximum allowable and background concentrations that are given in Lithuanian hygiene standard and Lithuania geochemical atlas are used to compare and evaluate concentrations of heavy metals. Concentrations of heavy metals and their spatial distribution were analysed in order to exclude the most contaminated areas relating with different functional areas of the city. Geo-statistical analysis and maps of spatial distribution were developed using IDW interpolator in ArcMap software. Detail soil surveys helps to assess the extent of anthropogenic impact in different parts of the city which can be harmful to the soil ecosystem and human health. Such researches can help to change or select different function for city areas in territorial planning process.

Bottom sediment pollution with heavy metals of the Sventoji River in Ukmerge, Lithuania using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is analyzed in this article. During the research, qualitative and quantitative parameters of heavy metal concentrations and their distribution were investigated. This article presents obtained results of study, where bottom sediment samples were examined from both shores of the river of Sventoji. During this research, received data was treated using GIS software, which helped to interpolate the data of concentrations into the research polygon of the river. GIS software also helped to evaluate the urban runoff influence to the bottom sediment quality and exclude sources of pollution. The runoff dischargers which transport surface wastewater to the river were registered before sampling. At the mouth of streams, flowing into the river of Sventoji, additional samples were taken. After comprehensive river bottom sediment research there is a possibility to assess the extent of anthropogenic activity and its impact on the river ecosystem and human health.

The objective of this study is to investigate the potential use of MSW incineration fly ash as an economic material for the removal of heavy metals (Pb, Mn, Fe, and Cu) from AMD. Batch adsorption experiment was conducted to examine the effects of pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time on metal ions removal in synthetic AMD using MSW incineration fly ash. Precipitation of calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide was used for comparison with MSW incineration fly ash by adjusting the pH (5 ~ 11) by coagulation method with 20 min reaction time. Comparing the application of Ca(OH)2 and Na(OH), fly ash proves more efficient which may be due to its porosity and chemical composition. The results from adsorption studies showed that maximum adsorption rate was achieved at 0.4g dose when various fly ash dosages were added to the solution with 60 min optimum time and removal efficiency of heavy metals was over 96%. The effectiveness of fly ash can be related to its high calcium (CaO 55%) content. Efficiency of heavy metals removal was directly linked to the amount of fly ash in the reaction mixture and to the final pH attained. pH plays a significant role in heavy metal uptake. The main removal mechanism was adsorption at the surface of the fly ash together with the precipitation and co- precipitation from the solution with chemicals. Therefore the use of MSW incineration fly ash for treatment of AMD would represent a new market opportunity for this waste product. It can also be useful for neutralizing AMD and possibly reduce its adverse effects to the environment with efficient removal of metal ions from AMD.

This study was performed to find the effect of Enteromorpha prolifera as a biosorbent on the removal of heavy metals such as lead, copper, zinc and cadmium from the synthetic wastewater. The biosorption experiment was conducted using biomass of dried Enteromorpha prolifera, which has caused environmental pollution issues in oceans and lakes. To find the physico-chemical characteristics and adsorption capacity, parameters such as biosorbent dosage, initial heavy metal concentration, pH value of solution, contact time which influence the effects on heavy metals removal were changed and the optimum values were found through batch test. The experimental results showed that the sequence for adsorption capacity of heavy metals by Enteromorpha prolifera was Pb2+> Cu2+> Cd2+> Zn2+. The optimum conditions of pH, contact time and dosage of biosorbent were pH 5.0, 60 min. and 0.5 g/L, respectively. As initial heavy metal concentration increased, the adsorption capacity increased up to 17.53 mg/g for Pb with 98% removal efficiency. From the adsorption thermodynamic and kinetic analysis, the biosorption pattern of Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd was well described using Freundlich and Langmuir sorption isotherm with their R2 values of 0.99 and 0.97, respectively. The sorption kinetics followed pseudosecond order kinetic models and thus supported chemical sorption rather than internal diffusion. The work clearly indicates the potential of using Enteromorpha prolifera as an excellent adsorbent for heavy metal removal in industrial wastewater.

The aim of this study was to examine the morphological responses of Hosta longipes, an ornamental plants for heavy metal contaminated soils in urban landscaping, to heavy metals Cd, Pb, and Zn. Plants were grown in artificial soil amended with Cd, Pb, and Zn at concentation of 0, 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg. Plant height, leaf length, leaf width, total leaf number, deaf leaf number, new leaf number, chlorophyll contents, and ornamental value were monitored from May to August. At 4 months after planting, the survival and morphological responses of H. longipes grown in soil amended with Cd at concentrations ≥ 100 mg/kg were severely affected compared to those grown in the control soil. Relative leaf length rate and relative leaf width rate were significantly decreased when the concentration of Pb was increased. Total leaf number, chlorophyll contents, and ornamental value were the lowest value in plants grown in soil amended with Pb at level of 500 mg/kg. Relative leaf length rate and relative leaf width rate, total leaf number, dead leaf number, new leaf number, and ornamental values had a tendency of decrease when plants were grown in soils amended with Zn. However, no significant difference was found among treatments except for plants were grown in soils amended with 500 mg/kg Zn. Therefore, Hosta longipes might be useful for phytoremediation of Zn contaminated sites as herbaceous ornamental plants.

According to a report ‘2012 Present Condition of National Household Refuse Resource Recovery Facility’, about 582,178 tons/year of household refuse were processed in the incineration plant, and 465,087 tons/year of bottom ash and 117,091 tons/year of fly ash were produced respectively. As incineration ash contains many kind of heavy metals such as soluble salt, copper and lead, it may lead to the leaching potential of heavy metals according to the environmental change, so it requires special care in landfill and recycling. In this study CO2 was injected into the bottom ash, so that environmental stability such as leaching of heavy metals was reduced and increased the possibility of CO2 fixation ability of the bottom ash was analyzed. Bottom ash of the household refuse incineration plant of I City was used as the sample of the fixation ability particle size was divided into 3 sections to analyze its components before and after carbonation using XRF. Stability of the sample was identified by the leaching test through KSLT and TCLP, and CO2 fixation ability by the DT-TGA analysis. Test results of the fixation ability shows that stabilization of the bottom ash produced in the household refuse incineration plant by carbonation is evaluated as there is little environmental problem caused by heavy metals when it is utilized into the recycled aggregate, and economic profits can be expected due to securing new agents of the supply and demand for the recycled aggregates, the greenhouse gas emission reduction by CO2 fixation.

however, these elements can limit plant growth. This study selected a heavy metal-tolerant plant by analyzing seed germination and biomass of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), canola (Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. nippo-oleifera), Chinese corn (Setaria italica), and a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor × S. sudanense), and determined heavy metal uptake capacity by analyzing biomass, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and heavy metal contents under high external copper or zinc levels. The seed germination rate and biomass of the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid were higher under copper or zinc stress compared to the other three plants. The plant biomass and photosynthetic pigment contents of the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid seedlings were less vulnerable under low levels of heavy metals (≤ 50 ppm copper or ≤ 400 ppm zinc). The maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) and the maximum primary yield of PSII (Fv/Fo) decreased with increasing copper or zinc levels. Under high copper levels, the decline in Fv/Fm was caused only by the decline in Fm, and was accompanied by an increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The Fv/Fm declined under high levels of zinc due to both a decrease in the maximum fluorescence (Fm) and an increase in the initial fluorescence (Fo), and this was accompanied by a marked decrease in photochemical quenching (qP), but not by an increase in NPQ. Accumulations of copper and zinc were found in both aboveand below-ground parts of plants, but were greater in the below-ground parts. The uptake capacity of the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid for copper and zinc reached 4459.1 mg/kg under 400 ppm copper and 9028.5 mg/kg under 1600 ppm zinc. Our results indicate that the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid contributes to the in situ phytoremediation of copper or zinc polluted soils due to its high biomass yield.

Acid mine drainage (AMD) has emerged as one of the greatest environmental threats facing mining industry owing to its characteristic low pH, high acidity and elevated concentrations of metals and sulphate content. This study evaluates the efficiency of fly ash as a low cost material to remove heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb) from AMD. The effects of varying contact time, dosage and pH on adsorption were investigated using synthetically prepared AMD. The experiments was conducted in series of batches for adsorption using a mechanical shaker with 50mL AMD at various dosages of fly ash (0.1 - 0.8g/L) and coagulation using a standard jar tester of 1000mL AMD with chemical coagulant dosages (0.5 - 10g/L). Tests were also conducted with 50mL AMD without fly to evaluate the treatment efficiency of fly ash to chemicals. All tests were performed in duplicate for consistency and accuracy. The chemical composition of fly ash was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and the result shows the fly ash is rich in calcium (CaO 54.9%). Leaching test of the fly ash was conducted using KLST and TCLP method to compare the results and evaluate the behavior of leaching ash in replenishing acidic media at low pH such as acid mine drainage. pH plays a significant role in heavy metal uptake in this study with increased in pH value the removal rate increased. The optimum dosage for Adsorption was found to be 0.4g/L with 60 min optimum contact time and coagulation 6mg/L with reduced metal concentrations much less than regulation standards for Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb. From all tests conducted fly ash proves more efficient with over 96% removal even at low dosages. The effectiveness of the treatment process will depend on the quality of the fly ash and the AMD. Therefore the use of fly ash for treatment of mine wastewater would represent a new market opportunity for this waste product. Recycling of fly ash will conserve the natural raw materials and abridge the disposal cost. It will also create new revenues and business opportunities while protecting the environment. Most significantly, the two waste products acid mine drainage and fly Ash could be neutralized and when reacted together to produce much cleaner water broadly compared to post process water derived from Lime treated AMD and sulfates removal rates were in the range of 90% in both experiments. Fly ash is more economical, sustainable.

In order to certificate the distribution and pollution of heavy metal of surface sediments in Nakdong River were collected and analyzed for grain size, water content, ignition loss and heavy metal content. Surface sediments mainly composed of sand(avg. 94.6%) and water content and ignition loss were 20.46%, 1.53% on average. Grain size were relatively fine and organic matter content were relatively high in the Hoichun and Sunakdonggang. Most of heavy metal content(Zn > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cu > Hg) in the Deokcheongang and Sunakdonggang were higher than the other streams. The Igeo were non polluted(less than 0) in all streams and the EF were relatively high in the small stream and PLI were non polluted(less than 1). In addition, organic matter, heavy metal content and pollution were highly correlation with grain size. Surface sediments in study area, heavy metal pollution of the Sunakdonggang were relatively high compared to the other stream but these results were not serious pollution that exceed the sediment pollution evaluation standard of river and lake in Korea and pollution levels adversely affected the majority of benthos were not.

본 연구에서는 반응성 피복소재인 제올라이트, 몬모릴로나이트, 제강슬래그의 피복두께에 따른 오염된 해양퇴적물 내 중금속 용출 차단 효율을 평가하였다. 실험결과, As의 용출차단에는 제올라이트, 몬모릴로나이트, 제강슬래그 모두 효과적이지 못하였다. 제올라이트는 Cr 용출 차단에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났지만, 몬모릴로나이트 5 cm 피복은 Cr 용출 차단에 매우 효과적이었다. As 및 Cr과는 대 조적으로 Cd, Ni, 그리고 Pb은 미피복 퇴적물에서 조차 용출되지 않았다. Cu와 Zn은 피복 조건에 따른 영향이 가장 뚜렷한 중금속이었다. Cu 의 용출은 몬모릴로나이트 피복 두께 1 cm 이상 그리고 제올라이트 피복 두께 3 cm 이상에서 효과적으로 차단되었다. 해양퇴적물에서 Zn의 용출은 모든 피복 물질에서 효과적이었다. 본 연구를 통해서 제올라이트, 몬모릴로나이트, 제강슬래그를 오염된 해양퇴적물에서 Cr, Cu, Zn의 용출 차단을 위한 효과적인 피복소재로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study identified concentrations, toxicities, and sources of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals in roadside sediment from different areas of Gwangju City. Samples were collected from 13 sites of heavy traffic area (TA), downtown area (DA) and park area (PA) during February and June in 2014. The results showed a wide distribution range of PAHs concentrations between 0.139 mg/kg and 1.740 mg/kg. The highest concentration of PAHs appeared in heavy traffic area (TA). The toxic equivalent quotients (TEQs) of PAHs in the roadside sediment ranged from 27 ng/g to 159 ng/g. The TEQs and PAHs ratio of heavy traffic area and downtown area was 9.1 to 11.0%, respectively. The contributions from potential sources to PAHs in roadside sediment were estimated by the principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios between PAHs. Vehicular (gasoline and diesel engine) emissions were found to the predominant contributor of PAHs. The concentrations of heavy metals were highest in the heavy traffic areas. The correlation analysis among traffic intensity and heavy metals, showed that AADT correlates very strongly with Cr, Cu and Pb concentrations. From the results of pollution index (PI) calculation for roadside sediment, heavy traffic area was severly polluted by heavy metals such as Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. Contaminants in roadside sediment were found to be much affected by the vehicles. Therefore, roadside deposited sediments would be expected to be managedon a regular basis.

광석에서 순도 높은 금은을 추출하기 위해 사용된 청화법으로부터 시안이 유출되어 광석 내 존 재하는 중금속들과 결합하여 다양한 형태의 시안화합물이 생성된다. 이러한 시안화합물은 난분해성 오염물질로서 인간을 포함한 생태계에 악영향을 끼친다. 결합력에 따라서 중금속과 결합한 시안화합 물은 공유결합성 화합물(weak acid dissociable, WAD)과 착화합물(strong acid dissociable, SAD) 등으 로 분류할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 시안화합물의 존재 형태별 광촉매 산화 효율을 비교 평가하였다. 특히 자외선 LED 광원의 파장과 광촉매 표면 개질이 시안화합물의 분해에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았 다. 실험 결과, 동일한 광촉매 산화 조건에서 자유 시안보다는 중금속과 결합한 시안화합물의 광산화 분해 효율이 떨어짐을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 자유 시안의 경우에는 짧은 파장에서 광촉매 산화가 효과 적이었지만 중금속과 결합한 시안화합물의 경우에는 긴 파장에서 광산화 분해능이 더 높게 나타났다. 그리고 광촉매 표면 개질에 의하여 광촉매 산화 공정의 성능을 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다.

The main objective of this study is to recovery valuable metals with metal particle size distributions in waste cell phone PCBs(Printed Circuit Boards) by means of pulverization and nitric acid process. The particle size classifier also was evaluated by specific metal contents. The PCBs were pulverized by a fine pulverizer. The particle sizes were classified by 5 different sizes which were PcS1(0.2 mm below), PcS2(0.20~0.51 mm), PcS3(0.51~1.09 mm), PcS4(1.09~2.00 mm) and PcS5(2.00 mm above). Non-magnetic metals in the grinding particles were separated by a hand magnetic. And then, Cu, Co and Ni were separated by 3M nitric acid. Particle diameter of PCBs were 0.388~0.402 mm after the fine pulverizer. The sorting coefficient were 0.403~0.481. The highest metal content in PcS1. And the bigger particle diameter, the lower the valuable metals exist. The recovery rate of the valuable metals increases in smaller particle diameter with same leaching conditions. For further work, it could improve to recovery of the valuable metals effectively by means of individual treatment, multistage leaching and different leaching solvents.

For 63 soil series distributed in Jeju Island, natural uncultivated soils in each soil series were collected, and their physicochemical properties and their concentrations of 19 heavy metals including 8 heavy metals which are regulated by Korean Soil Environment Conservation Law, were analyzed. Moreover, the correlations between physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations, and between heavy metal concentrations were analyzed. The heavy metals distributed in the higher concentrations and the lower concentrations with arithmetric mean value, were Mn(730 mg/kg) and Ba(493 mg/kg), and Hg(0.146 mg/kg) and Tl(0.096 mg/kg), respectively. The correlations between pH(H2O) and heavy metals(Hg, Ni, Co, Se), between pH(NaF) and heavy metals(Hg, Ba, Se, Tl), and between organic matter content and heavy metals(Hg, Tl) were significant at the 0.01 level. From the correlations between heavy metal concentrations, there were 22 where there were significant at the 0.01 level and they showed positive correlation. Among those, the heavy metals showing the correlation higher than r=0.5, were Sb-V(0.878), Mo-Sn(0.867), Co-V(0.654), Co-Sb(0.648), Be-Sn(0.546), and Sn-Tl(0.528).

Storm water pollution has been the various concerns over the past decade. Decreasing the contamination levels of runoffs to the minimum accepted levels to protect the water quality of rivers, estuaries, streams, lakes, seas, and other bodies of waters have been the objectives of various storm water best management practices (BMP) implemented. BMPs has been augmented to existing water treatment facilities to provide additional resources for potable water usage. Novel filter materials are used to improve the performance of media filters and extend their capabilities to removing other pollutants such as organic/aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Among the novel materials being considered are photocatalyst nanoparticles coated into the sand media filter. Photocatalysts have been applied in the degradation of organic pollutants with the help of visible light irradiation. This paper describes the synthesis and use of nanoparticle–coated zeolite media filter to remove dissolved metals (Cu and Zn). Catalyst surface analysis revealed that the Cu and Zn were chemically adsorbed, and were transformed into its corresponding elemental forms.