The Meaning of Sociolinguistics about the Composition's Order Rules of Complex Word-Focus on the Textbooks in Modern Enlightenment Periods. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 19(2). This study aims to describe the change of word order in the modern enlightenment times in Korean language. The composition's order was dominated by several elements, for example preception and recognition. Chang (2008) concluded the word placement of coordinate word order is determined by the elements of lexical hierarchy, basic vocabulary, word frequency and sociocultural meaning. These elements are the fundamental factors. But, the word order is changed by the language family and sociolinguistic environment. The word order has rapidly changed in the modern enlightenment times. I divided the change into two types: lexicalization and sociocultural change. The former means the increase in quantity of lexical items through the competition of two types: in the right order and reverse order. The latter means the social concerns have changed. But the results of change are not uniform. Some reverse words gain special meaning or nuance. The Korean word 'SEONGJANG(成長)' means 'growth' or 'development', but 'JANGSEONG(長成)' means 'come of age' or 'grown up' for example.

The present study investigated the structural relationships among factors influencing Korean EFL learners’ willingness to communicate (WTC) in English and their actual English use. To this end, a total 595 university students enrolled in a wide range of academic disciplines participated in a survey. Data from the survey were analyzed using both multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. Results of the present study demonstrated that English confidence assessed by students’ perception of their English skill and English anxiety directly influenced students’ English WTC as well as the frequency and amount of their English communication. However, attitudes in international issues and intrinsic motivation made a direct influence only on students’ English WTC. Instead, these two factors made an indirect effect on students’ actual English use through the mediating role played by WTC. On the other hand, classroom factor as measured by perceived ELT methods and topic familiarity made a direct influence only on students’ actual English use, and the effect of the classroom factor on students’ English WTC was not significant. The same pattern was observed for socio-educational factor. These findings were discussed in terms of the implications for EFL education in the Korean context.

The present study investigated the structural relationships among factors influencing Korean EFL learners’ willingness to communicate (WTC) in English and their actual English use. To this end, a total 595 university students enrolled in a wide range of academic disciplines participated in a survey. Data from the survey were analyzed using both multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. Results of the present study demonstrated that English confidence assessed by students’ perception of their English skill and English anxiety directly influenced students’ English WTC as well as the frequency and amount of their English communication. However, attitudes in international issues and intrinsic motivation made a direct influence only on students’ English WTC. Instead, these two factors made an indirect effect on students’ actual English use through the mediating role played by WTC. On the other hand, classroom factor as measured by perceived ELT methods and topic familiarity made a direct influence only on students’ actual English use, and the effect of the classroom factor on students’ English WTC was not significant. The same pattern was observed for socio-educational factor. These findings were discussed in terms of the implications for EFL education in the Korean context.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the different attitudes depicted in TV cosmetic ad texts for women and men. It will also probe the way women and men are identified in these ads. Based on 112 women's, and 56 of men's ad texts, we examine their sentence patterns, persuading strategies, high frequency words, and red flag expressions. Interrogative forms were preferred in women's ads, probably to reinforce solidarity, while imperative forms were preferred in men's ads, suggesting men prefer forceful approach. Women's ads used far more honorific forms revealing typical character of women's language. In persuading strategies, [explanation of the products] were mainly adopted in women's ads, while [women's recognition] was highly valued in men. For frequency words, it was ‘skin' which was the most frequently used in women's ads, while it was ‘man' in men's ads. In both women's and men's, foreign words were alarmingly adopted in red flag expressions. Exaggeration, deception, and provocation were used much more in women's ads than men's, probably due to the fact that women's ads emphasize explanation of the products' function or effect. In men's ads, a vulgarism marked the most, which might have been adopted to strengthen the solidarity between men.

According to Shohamy (2007), the tests of certain languages deliver messages and ideologies about the prestige, priorities and hierarchies of the languages, leading to policies of suppression of diversity. The test-driven language policies also lead to a narrow view of language as standardized and homogenous. The purpose of this paper is to contextualize English language tests in relation to language policy tools in Korea. The discussion of inappropriately used test-driven policies was supported by several test development cases in Korea, which appeared in newspaper articles, testing companies’ newsletters, or government documents. Different English language tests intended as language policy tools were categorized into three major situations: government-led, school-contextualized, and industry-based. It was argued that the English test-driven policy movement must have influenced teaching, learning, and the curriculum, to the extent that policy-making and testing essentially became synonymous.

The purpose of this study is to define the problems that the public faces in regard to the public language and try to propose measures to solve them. For the objective study, we have set up the genres of the public language and its requirements. The genres of the public language includes the legal writing, press release, public notice, articles, public address and instruction. We have set up 'intelligibility' as a crucial category for the public language, the requirements to achieve that have 'politeness', 'coercive & authoritarian expression', 'discriminating expression', 'content completion', 'logicality', 'the quantity of information', 'conveying the message', 'length of sentences', 'use of terms' and 'visual convenience'. The result reveals the most dissatisfaction of requirements has been shown about the 'easy and friendly terms', followed by the 'visual convenience'. The highest dissatisfaction of genres has found on the legal writing, followed by the public notice, articles and press release. Along with these findings, the relevant studies and discussions must be continued to reduce the level of dissatisfaction on pubic language.

The purpose of this study is to analyze needs of bilingual education for children of multicultural families, specially the bilingual classes performed by multicultural family support centers in Korea. Following a brief overview of the meaning and goals of bilingual education, the present study provides the results of the survey that was conducted on 45 program managers, 55 teachers, and 114 mothers of multicultural children who take bilingual classes. The results indicate that the current status of the bilingual programs reflects that of multicultural families in Korea. For example, the number of Korean-Chinese bilingual programs is the biggest one as that of immigrant women through marriage from China. The findings from this research tell us that the programs play efficient roles for improving the bilingual abilities of multicultural children although there remain many problems in terms of systematized curricula, interesting materials, and teacher training. Most of respondents (managers and teachers) say that they need to have standard teachers' manuals and workbooks for better educational services. The results of the analysis also show that it is urgent and important to enrich the substance of teacher training programs for enhancement of bilingual teachers' qualification.

중국의 개혁개방 이후 중국 내에는 대규모적인 인구 이동이 나타나 원래 중국 동북 3성에 모여 살던 조선족들은 고향을 떠나 대도시로, 연해개방 도시로, 해외로 이동하기 시작했다. 전국 인구 보편조사의 통계에 의하면 1990년 전국 조선족 인구는 192.3만 명 중 98.2%가 동북3성(東北三省)에 살고 있었으나 2000년 통계에는 동북 3성에 사는 인구가 92.2%로 줄었다. 이는 호적을 기본으로 하는 인구보편조사의 통계로서 호적은 고향에 있으나 실제로 고향을 떠난 인구는 훨씬 많다. 지금도 조선족 인구 이동은 진행 중이며 새로운 지역에서 집거(集居)의 형태로 나타나고 있다. 본고는 중국의 조선족 집거지구 연변, 산재지구 청도(새로운 집거지구라는 주장도 있으나 연변대상 산재지구로 한정함), 잡거지구 북경, 할빈 3곳을 대상으로 한 조선족 언어 사용 실태에 대한 연구이다. 본고를 위해 3지역 조선족들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. (연변 177명, 회수율 89%, 청도 405명, 회수율 81%，북경, 할빈 89명, 회수율 89%). 3개 지역 조선족들의 언어능력과 언어태도에 대해 알아 본 결과 다음과 같은 점들이 발견되었다. 언어 능력 면에서는 첫째, 집거, 산재지구 순으로 조선족들의 조선말 보존정도가 비교적 높은 반면 잡거지구, 산재지구 순으로 조선족들의 중국어 능력이 비교적 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 구사력과 문장력에서는 조선말이 중국어에 비해 우세하나 독해력 면에서는 중국어도 높게 나타났다. 언어 태도 면에서는 첫째, 3개 지역 조선족들은 대부분 조선말에 대해 긍정적으로 생각하고 있는 편이다. 둘째, 세대별로는 학생 세대는 중국어 선호도가 높고 동화현상이 심하며 부모 세대로 갈수록 조선말 선호도가 높았다. 셋째, 본인, 자녀, 배우자에 대한 희망언어 태도에서는 ‘본인’과 ‘자녀’의 희망언어는 중국말이 높고, ‘배우자’의 희망언어는 조선말이 가장 높게 나타났다. 넷째, 앞으로 조선족 사회에 많이 사용되길 바라는 언어(기대언어)에 대한 응답에서는 조선말이 가장 많은 반면에 쓰이게 될 것 같은 언어(예측 언어)에서는 산재, 잡거지구에서 서울말이 많이 선택되었다. 위의 결과들은 세대별, 거주지역별로 다르게 나타나는 것을 볼 수 있었다.

This study, using the variationist framework, investigates Korean speakers' usage of haeyo and hapsyo styles on the basis of movie and TV drama scripts. One linguistic constraint (sentence type) and six extra-linguistic constraints (gender, formulaicness, age group, intimacy, dialogue scene, hierarchical relationship) were chosen as potential factors influencing variation between haeyo and hapsyo styles. The seven potential constraints were all analyzed by a multivariate analysis using Goldvarb as affecting the variation examined. Gender was among the top four factors constraining the variation along with formulaicness, dialogue scene, and sentence type. The percentages of the hapsyo and haeyo usage of male characters were 16.1 and 83.9, respectively, while those of females were 6.3 and 93.7. Some (but not significant) degree of group-internal variation was observed in both gender groups. A quantitative analysis was also conducted of eight haeyo-style expressions proposed by previous research as occurring especially often in women's speech. In the data examined, five of them were found to occur significantly more often in female characters' data; one was observed more in men's, while the remaining two were rarely found in both gender groups' data. An attempt is also made to explain the gender difference in the usage of haeyo and hapsyo styles using the (sub-culture) difference approach.

Not only in the text, but also with the text, linguistic image comes into being. This means that it cannot only be interpreted, but it can also be presented physically. Here begins the issue of ‘presence culture’ as a relative concept of ‘meaning culture’. The so-called ‘pictorial/iconic turn’ sheds light on this material character of text. The text as a type of image presents itself sensately and enters spatially into relations with us. This iconization of text reminds us of the long history regarding the connection between image and text. In artistic tradition, such as text-labyrinth, micrography and concrete poem, the iconic text produces the meaning not only with the aid of grammatical structure, but also with visual sequence. The characters as abstract elements produce a visual form, and they create sensation and life in its visual sequence. The text constitutes a meta-code of image, in that it makes a visual form as such, and the image also becomes a meta-code of text because it restructures the text visually. In this way, image and text coalesce in a type of circular and dialectic relationship. This conglomerate finds a possibility in the artificial life art and bio art. In the artistic practice of computer algorithm and DNA scripts, it has an opportunity to be changed not only into aesthetic life but also into real life. The combination of characters does not make a sentence nor a visual form, but builds levels where real life can be emergent. Although we cannot explain why, there is a marvellous change, while the characters are combined, arranged, and changed chemically, physiologically, and electrically. Indeed, this kind of emergence of life completes the idea of presence. The image. or the text. does not only represent the reality, it also constitutes levels of life, presents itself, and becomes a life.

This paper contrasts different of usages of honorifics in Korean and Japanese based on the actual use of honorifics Japanese and Korean high school students. Based upon such contrast this paper elucidates the following points: First, in case of direct honorifics, the differences of ages or statuses become the first standard to determine the usage of honorifics in Korean. However, in Japanese, in addition to differences of ages or statuses, the degree of closeness/ familiarity between the speaker and the listener is an important determinant. Therefore, Korean children use honorific to their parents in Korea, while Japanese children don't. Second, in case of indirect honorifics, it is widely believed that Koreans use honorific by the rule of unconditional honorific and Japaneses use it by the rule of conditional honorific. However, various factors such as the degree of familiarity or closeness between the speaker and the listener, etc. influence the usage of indirect honorifics in Korean. Therefore, the rule of honorifics for Korean and Japaneses languages is quite ambiguous. Third, in Korean honorifics, we can find conditional honorific which is also called as restrained honorific. However, it is generally not used except for in a hierarchical society such as the military.

In the 21st century of globalization, nations create and manage their nation brand images strategically. As one way to promote the nation images, nation brand slogans are used. Since 2002 World Cup in Korea, the Korea Tourism Organization has employed three slogans to present the dynamic image of Korea and to promote the image of developing Korea: “Dynamic Korea”, “Korea Sparkling”, “Korea, Be Inspired”. In order to confirm whether these slogans successfully promote Korean images or not, this paper investigated the images of the slogans from the receiver perspectives (N=38) and presented the linguistic analysis on the slogans. In addition, this paper argues that the three slogans do not successfully promote Korea nation images because of lexical and structural ambiguities of the slogans. It is also discussed in this paper that the receiver meanings of the slogans can be different from the sender meanings: “Dynamic Korea” and “Korea, Be Inspired” can evoke the image of North Korea; “Korea Sparkling” can be thought as sparkling drinks from Korea; “Korea, Be Inspired” can be interpreted as “Korea, which needs to be inspired”, not as the sender meaning “Korea, where you are inspired”. Thus, it is required to reconsider the slogans and create a new slogan that can be classified as a “Love Mark” (Park 2004) and manage it strategically.

The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 19(1). The purpose of this study is to investigate current status of Korean teenagers' language use regarding expletives, teenage slangs, and buzz-words, by employing a questionnaire survey. We have obtained a sample of 2418 teenage students from elementary, middle, and high schools in Seoul and Gyeonggi areas. For data analysis, we performed frequency, mean, chi-square test, and Spearman's correlation analysis. Our results indicate that expletives, teenage slangs, and buzz-words tend to be widely used in daily life with almost no sense of guilt or shame and that frequency of expletives highly increase from middle school age. Negative result of expletives is an increase in physical and verbal aggression as well as in passive aggression. Some of the questioned replied that they feel estrangement and inconvenience about teenage slangs and buzz-words. Additionally, we found that elements of family conversation, parental propensity to control, school education, leisure activity, self-control, and empathy ability correlate closely with frequency of expletives in teenage students.

이 글은 語彙敎育으로서의 漢字語敎育의 위상에 대한 고찰을 기반으로 언어 생활과 학문 영역에서 한자어 교육의 의미와 역할에 대해 논의함으로써 언어교육 지평의 확장을 모색하는 데에 그 목적이 있다. 한자어 교육은 국어교육, 그 가운데에 어휘 교육의 일부이다. 문장이나 담화 가 운데 핵심 개념이 한자어인 경우가 대부분이며, 高級敎養, 專門分野로 갈수록 주요 개념이 한자어에 집약되어 있다. 국어 어휘 교육의 면에서 한자어는 다음과 같은 특징을 가진다. 첫째, 指示的의미가 분명하다. 둘째, 抽象的의미를 드러내 는 데 효과적이다. 한자어는 추상적인 개념을 명확하게 반영하고 이해하게 함으로 써 글의 의미가 모호해지거나 부정확하게 되는 것을 막아준다. 셋째, 한자어는 풍 부한 言語文化的환경을 함의하고 있으며, 특유의 사회문화적인 성격을 반영하고 표현하는 역할을 한다. 넷째, 인간의 고등 사고를 언어로 표현함에 있어서 생산이 용이한 기호 체계이다. 한자어 교육의 현황에 대해서는 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 한글 전용 정책이 지속되면서 한자어의 한글 표기가 대세를 이루고 있다. 둘째, 한글 표기 한자어에 대해 각각 다른 방식의 접근이 이루어지고 있다. 국어교육 분야에서는 사전적․문맥적으로, 한문교육 분야에서는 의미해석적 방식이 주로 사용되고 있 다. 셋째, 공교육권의 한자어 교육이 방임상태에 놓이면서, 이것을 사교육권의 결 과 중심 교육이 대체하고 있다. 넷째, 한자어 교육에 관한 체계적 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 한자어 교육을 통해 다음과 같은 방면에서 언어교육 지평의 확장을 모색할 수 있다. 먼저 실제적 언어생활에 기여하는 한편 언어 사용의 質을 제고할 수 있을 것이다. 다음으로, 한자어 학습 과정이 곧 형태론적 정보의 축적 과정이라는 점에 서, 학습자의 어휘량을 증대하고 스키마를 확장시킬 수 있을 것이다. 이를 위해서 는 연속성·위계성을 고려한 교육 내용의 설계가 요구된다. 그리고 점차적으로 연 구 성과를 축적하며 활용 기반을 조성해야 한다. 이와 관련하여 어휘 교육 상황에 서 나타나는 다양한 오류 사례에 주목해야 하며, 한자어가 기반하고 있는 특유의 언어 문화적 전통, 사회 문화적 함의 및 관련 소양에 관한 연구가 필요하다. 아울 러 한자사용권 국가인 韓․中․日세 나라의 한자어에 대한 비교 연구에도 보다 깊은 관심을 가져야 할 것이다.

언어와 문자는 언제 생겼는가? 어느 누구도 이 질문에 정확하게 말할 수 없다 는 것을 우리는 알고 있다. 우리나라 언어학자들은 “語先文後(말이 먼저 있는 후 글이 다음에 있었다)” 론을 꾸며내었지만, 실상은 자신들 조차도 서로 모순되는 것이었다. 이것은 어떤 이유에서인가? 언어학은 과학적 학문이다. 과학은 이야기 하는 것에 근거가 있어야지 허투루 단정을 할 수 없다. 만약 그 근거가 없다면, 단지 가설이라고 부를 뿐이다. 가설 또한 아무렇게나 말할 수 없다. 논리의 증명에 순서가 있어야지 논리적 잘못이 있어서는 안 된다. 무릇 논리에 맞지 않으면, 또한 역사 발전의 추론 중에서도 그 혼란이 있을 수 있다. 우리나라 언어학자는 왕왕 비평가를 반박할 권리를 가지고서, 그들이 언어학의 ABC를 이해하지 못한다고 말하고, 그들의 비평을 억압한다. 언어학의 ABC란 무엇인가? 내가 생각하기에 그것은 역사, 규율과 기본개념이다. 본고는 “语先文后”의 쟁론 가운데 깨달은 언어학중의 ABC, 즉 기호와 부호 두 가지의 개념을 이용하여 발전한 역사적 발전 속에서 언어와 문자 발전의 이치를 탐구하였다. 이 기호와 부호라는 두 가지 개념의 분석 중 이 두개의 개념이 뒤섞이게 된 원 인을 찾아내고, 동시에 언어학에서 찾아낸 부호 체계, 기호 체계, 문언, 문장 등의 기본 개념에 대해 진지한 구분을 하고자 노력하였다.

본 연구는 스타일리시 호텔에 대한 공간이미지와 선호도에 관한 연구이며, 아울러 선행연구인 성별 및 연령에 따른 스타일리시의 언어이미지와 색채이미지에 관해 조사 결과 중 미니멀스타일배색에 대한 검증연구이다. 연구결과 성별 및 연령에 있어서 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 스타일리시 호텔의 공간이미지와 언어이미지의 상관성을 알아보고자 대표 언어를 추출한 결과, 개성적인, 감각적인, 심플한, 도시적인 등으로 인식하여 공간이미지에 대해 스타일리시하게 느끼는 것으로 파악되었다. 또한 공간이미지와 선호도에서는 로비공간의 B호텔, 식음공간의 C호텔, 객실공간의 A호텔로 나타났으며, 색채이미지와 선호도에서는 각각 고명도 저채도, 저명도 저채도로 나타났다. 이것은 선행연구의 가장 스타일리시 한 것으로 인식한 미니멀스타일배색과 동일한 결과로 응답자들은 스타일리시 호텔의 공간이미지에 대해 언어적으로는 세련되고 감각적이며 개성적인 것으로 인식하면서 시각적으로는 고명도 저채도, 저명도 저채도의 공간을 스타일리시 한 것으로 인식하고 있음이 밝혀졌다. 본 연구는 향후 스타일리시한 공간 연출 및 디자인 마케팅을 위해 새로운 디자인 방향을 제시하는 데 그 목적이 있다.

이 연구에서는 장르 분석 및 레지스터 분석을 통해 중학생들의 지구과학 주제 글쓰기의 언어적 특징을 분석하였다. 연구 자료는 7, 9학년 학생들을 대상으로 '지구 온난화'와 '암석의 분류' 주제 글쓰기를 실시하여 얻은 학생들의 글쓰기를 대상으로 하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학생들은 장르별 글쓰기에 익숙하지 않았으며 특히 논설장르 글쓰기에 많은 어려움을 보였다. 둘째, 내용과 논리관계의 특징으로 정의나 분류와 같이 한 부분을 다른 부분과 관련시키는 관계적 술어보다는 행동 및 하는 것을 의미하는 현상적 술어와 부가적 논리 관계가 많이 나타났다. 셋째, 상호관계적 표현의 특징으로 글 속에서 글의 주체, 글쓴이의 감정, 주관적 의견들이 많이 드러났으며, 학생들은 자신의 생각에 대해서 확신을 가지지 못하고 불확실성을 드러내었다. 넷째, 텍스트 구성의 특징으로 대부분의 학생들이 부가 접속사를 통해 단편적인 정보들을 나열하였으며, 체계적이며 논리적인 글을 쓰는데 익숙하지 않았다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로 과학적 소양의 함양을 목표로 하는 과학 학습에서 과학 글쓰기가 강조되어야 하며 국가 교육과정차원에서 체계적인 계획뿐만 아니라 과학 글쓰기에 대한 교사들의 인식이 향상되어야 함을 논의하였다.