Semen collection from epididymis has been used as an important alternative tool, particularly on abnormal animals including those with joint disorder, poor sex drive and poor libido. However, previous studies had been focused on only recovery of sperm derived from testes, regardless of fundamental parameters such as age, body weight, scrotal circumference, testicular size (weight, length, width and volume) and semen volume. In addition, there is no precise castrating periods to recover sperm from young Hanwoo bulls’ testis. Therefore, we investigated fundamental parameters in Hanwoo bulls at 7, 8, 14, 15, 16 and 17 months of age, which parameter can be used for sperm recovery from testis. Before castration, body weight and scrotal circumference were recorded. After castration, testes were transported to laboratory and testicular weight, length and width were recorded. About 2 cm of epididymal tail was collected and minced using blades on 100 mm petridish. Minced epididymal tail tissues were mixed with Optixcell (France, IMV technologies) and debris were removed by filteration with 100 um nylon mesh. Seven to 8 months of age in bulls showed low fundamental parameters compared to those of at 14 to 17 months of age in bulls (body weight, 218-258 vs. 330-429 kg; scrotal circumference, 23.4-24.6 vs. 28.8-32.8 cm; testicular weight, 92-104 vs. 222.3-269.9 g; testicular length, 10.9-11.6 vs. 13.4-15.6 cm; testicular width, 4.7 vs. 6.2-6.6; testicular volume, 126.4-136.4 vs. 268.9-357.6 cm3, semen volume, 3.0-4.8 vs. 60.6-68.3 ml, p<0.001). In conclusion, to recover semen derived from epididymis of testis in young Hanwoo bull, these fundamental parameters should be satisfied; 330 kg of body weight, 28.8 cm of scrotal circumference, 222.3 g of testicular weight, 13.4 cm of testicular length, 6.2 cm of testicular width, 268.9 cm3 of testicular volume. In further study, fundamental parameters of 9 to 13 months of age in bull should be investigated to determine more accurate castrating periods for sperm recovery from testis.

목 적: 2011, 2012년도 국민건강영양조사 내용을 기반으로 우리나라 나이관련황반변성(Age-related macular degeneration, AMD)의 위험요인을 분석하고자 하였다. 방 법: 국민건강영양조사 제5기 과정 중 2011년, 2012년도 조사대상자의 건강 검진과 안과 검진을 받은 45세 이상의 성인을 대상으로 AMD와 상관성이 있는 위험요인인 성별과 연령 통제 전과 후로 구분하여 로지 스틱 회귀분석으로 통계처리를 하였으며 유의수준은 0.05 이하로 하였다. 결 과: 인구·보건학적인 요인에서는 성별과 연령을 통제하기 전에는 여성, 연령이 많을수록, 교육정도 가 낮을수록, 읍/면 거주자에서 발병률이 높게 나타났으나, 성별과 연령을 통제한 경우에는 거주지는 상관 성이 없고 여성과 연령이 많을수록, 교육정도가 낮을수록 발병률이 높게 나타났다. 신체·질병학적인 요인 에서는 성별과 연령 통제하기 전에는 고혈압, 중성지방 및 가족력이 위험요인이었으나 성별과 연령 통제 후 에는 모든 요인들이 AMD와 상관성이 없었다. 성별과 연령을 통제하기 전에는 난시, 근시, 원시, 백내장 및 안질환 가족력이 AMD와 상관성이 있었으나, 성별과 연령을 통제 후에는 원시안과 백내장이 AMD 위험요인 으로 나타났고 근시안은 AMD 위험요인이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 건강·행태학적인 요인에서는 성별과 연령 을 통제하기 전에는 햇볕 노출 5시간 이상만 상관성이 있었으나, 성별과 연령을 통제한 후에는 흡연, 햇볕 노출 5시간 이상이 AMD 발병을 높이는 위험요인으로 분석되었다. 결 론: AMD 발병은 나이와 성별에 연관이 있고, 성별과 연령을 통제한 경우에는 원시, 백내장, 흡연 및 햇볕 노출 시간이 상관성이 있음을 확인하였다.

This study was conducted to analyze the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the equine chromosomes (ECA) 3 for the body conformations of 12 month of age in Jeju crossbred (Jeju horses × Thoroughbred). A total of 199 Jeju crossbred horse samples were obtained from the National Institute of Subtropical Livestock Research Institute for this study. To correctly estimate the body conformations, we measured thirteen elements relevant to the body conformation such as body weight, wither height, body length for all the 199 horses at 12 month of age. Furthermore, all the horses were genotyped using four SNPs including the BIEC2-808466, BIEC2-808543, BIEC2-808967, BIEC2-809370, of which genomic coordinates range approximately from 105.1Mbp to 110 Mbp in the ECA3. For the phenotypic data sets, the average body weight was 193.7 ± 24.5㎏ and the height was 124.5 ± 4.0㎝. As for the genotypic data, the miner allele frequencies of the SNPs were shown to be varied from 0.01 to 0.291. Using the phenotypic and genotypic data sets, analysis of covariance was performed to find any association between those SNP genotypes and body conformations, using year of birth, month of birth, sex, and parity as the covariance components. The result showed that alternative genotypes in the BIEC2-808967 and BIEC2-809370 SNPs were significantly associated with the body length (P<0.05) and the wither height (P<0.05) respectively in the Jeju crossbred horses. Therefore, it is estimated that there are significant associations in the body conformation of 12 month of age of Jeju crossbred for those two SNPs used in this study.

이 글은 지금까지 축적된 삼척지역의 대표적인 철기시대 유적·유물과 묘제[무 덤]을 정리·분석하여 이 지역의 철기시대 문화양상을 파악하고, 문헌자료를 함께 검토하여 삼국시대 이전에 삼척을 중심으로 형성·발전해 나갔던 실직국의 역사적 실체를 규명함에 그 목적을 두었다. 삼척지역의 철기시대 문화양상은 ‘중도유형문화’로 인식되고 있는 예[동예]의 문 화양상과 대동소이한 것으로 파악된다. 삼척지역 내 철기시대 주거지는 해안사구 지대에 집중적으로 입지하며, 凸자형·呂자형·(장)방형의 평면형태를 띠고 있다. 주거지 내부에서는 다양한 노(爐), 바닥 점토다짐, 벽체마감시설 등과 화재로 인해 폐기된 집자리가 다수 확인된다. 주거지 유적 내에서는 중도식토기[경질무문토기·타날문토기]와 함께 외래계토 기[영남계·낙랑계토기]와 이를 모방한 새로운 토기양상도 확인된다. 그리고 진· 변한지역에서 유입된 것으로 추정되는 다량의 옥장신구와 청동세환[소환] 등이 출토된다. 이러한 문화적 양상을 볼 때, 삼척의 철기시대 문화는 주변지역의 정치세력과 적극적으로 교섭하면서 선진문화를 수용하고 재지문화를 발전시켜 나간 것 으로 보인다. 한편 삼척지역을 포함한 강원 영동지역 내에서는 철기시대 묘제가 전혀 확인되지 않는다. 이러한 양상은 실직국이 삼한의 정치체와는 달리 옥저의 지상식 목곽 묘의 장례문화를 공유하여 지상에 무덤을 만들었기 때문에 오늘날 그 흔적이 남아있지 못한 것으로 이해된다. 『삼국사기』와 삼척지역 내 주거지와 신라고분을 살펴본 결과, 삼척의 철기시대 문화와 실직국은 신라가 동해안지역으로 진출하는 과정에서 5세기를 전후하여 신라의 영역으로 편입되면서 점차 해체되어 간 것으로 보인다. 삼척의 철기시대 문화는 신라화 과정 속에서 해체되어 갔지만, 고고학적으로 영동지역 최대의 마을유적인 동해 송정동유적에서 다양한 외래계유물과 철기생산과 관련된 단야공방지가 다수 확인되는 점, 이후 실직주가 설치되어 군사적 전략기지 [수군기지]의 역할을 담당한 점 등을 미루어 볼 때, 그 역사·문화적 위상은 높게 평가된다.

The aim of the present study is to propose a model to examine the relationships among social Website interactivity, brand experience, brand choice, and behavioral intentions in the context of online travel agencies brand websites, as well as to examine the ultimate moderating role of the age of the traveler in the dynamic of this model. Drawing on website interactivity and brand development theories, current research suggests that the inclusion of social website interactivity in the design of online travel agencies brand websites helps to directly and indirectly create a positive brand experience and to enhance the perception of online travel agencies brand websites as valuable. These perceptions may consequently impact the behavior of travelers to pay higher prices and to continue buying from the online travel agencies brand websites. However, while this existent research mostly considers the positive and causal relationships among the aforementioned constructs, there is also some indication that the perceptions of travelers in relation to the proposed relationships change with age, suggesting that older travelers (age above 25) may perceive distinctively the relationships among these constructs in the context of online travel agencies brand websites as compared to younger travelers (aged 18-25). The study attempts to analyze on this relevant and under-examined research topic. This research is mainly based on a sample of travelers who have used an online travel agencies brand websites in China. The empirical findings suggest that social website interactivity, brand experience, and brand choice are essential factors for travelers to be willing to pay higher prices and to continue buying. The empirical findings also suggest that the proposed theoretical framework is adequately adjusted, therefore confirming that the age of the traveler moderates the proposed relationships first between social website interactivity and brand choice, second between brand choice and price premium, third between brand choice and buying intention, and lastly between brand experience and buying intention. Overall, the theory-driven framework accomplishes an acceptable model fit. Additionally, theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Social Website Interactivity (SWI) construct is defined as the reciprocal communication between individuals and technology. Research shows that SWI exerts a positive impact on the user that eventually causes an e-loyal behavior (Cyr et al., 2010). Voorveld et al. (2009) conclude the design of a theoretical model that includes SWI and branding elements is required to brand Websites. The theory explains SWI as a branding tool and its influence on travelers’ perceptions and behaviors in the travel context. Given these findings, the authors of this study predict that OTA Websites that incorporate features of SWI may have a remarkable competence to build a brand online. Based on the given review, it is rational to expect that SWI might influence user perceptions of value and positive brand experience of the OTA branded website. A favorable experience is what reduces perceived risks when buying online and what influences users to revisit the website. Brand selection and brand experience (Morgan-Thomas & Veloutsou, 2013) are key elements to influence consumers’ behavior therefore must have a significant influence on behavioral intentions and willingness to pay premium prices. The current perception in social sciences and behavioral marketing is that age is a critical demographic variable that has direct and moderating role in the impact of interactivity and brand selection, brand selection and willingness to pay higher prices, brand selection and behavioral intentions, and online experience on behavioral intentions (Kirk et al., 2012).

The study of luxury is a rapidly rising star in the firmament of business, management, the arts, media and communication studies. In the discipline of marketing alone, it informs research into corporate strategy (e.g. Mazancourt & Schwartz, 2012; Hennigs, Weidmann, Behrens & Klarmann, 2015), production and consumption in the context of national, regional, local cultures (e.g. Zhan & He, 2012; Schultz & Jain, 2015) and, of course, global brands (Mazzalovo, 2012), just to name a few. Of particular interest to this author is the theoretical challenges and opportunities of an entirely new frontier for the study of luxury and consumption: namely, how do we theorize luxury and luxury consumption in an age of space travel, habitation and tourism? Travel to Mars is fast becoming a reality and space tourism is already rapidly growing as a leisure pursuit for wealthy elites. The trajectory of space travel, and human habitation, in space is, however, evolving in ways that are still not widely reported or communicated to the public. Yet, it is almost certainly the case that the mass consumption of space travel (and future habitats on other planets) will become a reality in the foreseeable future. The anthropocentric vision that has driven the human species to flourish on Earth will also allow us to populate other planets. Guiding this paper are two primary – and hitherto foundational – premises: first, all existing work on luxury and luxury consumption by marketing scholars has taken our continued existence on planet Earth for granted. That is, luxury as we know it (and however one it is defined) occurs within spatial and temporal dimensions that are, broadly speaking, Newtonian (despite the remarkable advances in quantum theory and mechanics), linear, bounded and life-sustaining by virtue of stable sources of energy, water and fuel (at least in the world’s advanced economies). This premise alone accounts for, and explains, for example, much of the current literature on ‘luxury consumption in China’ or ‘India’ or ‘Turkey’ or any other specific locale. My contention is that this premise can no longer be taken for granted in a post-ecological age; second, I wish to develop one or more novel dimensions to the conventional, albeit provocative, literature that argues (rightly, in my view) that consumption of any kind must be central to “theorizations of space and place” (Goodman, Goodman & Redclift, 2010). At the same time, technology companies such as Tesla and Space X are effecting radical transformations in our view of what is possible for human consumption over the next five to twenty years. What is the role and likely transformations in the concept and practice of luxury in this scenario? This is the key question that faces marketing scholars in the next decade and this paper is the first attempt to interrogate the issue.Several scenarios present themselves and should be taken seriously until we devise other frameworks that can satisfactorily tackle the question I have posed. For instance, the ‘bandwagon effect’ (Kastanakis & Balabanis, 2012) helps explain how mass luxury consumption might take off after the first wave of early adopters of space technology and space-led living have indicated their preferences and as private as well as public enterprises innovate to capture the public imagination with regards to the consumption of luxury items in space (Thomas, 2007). Alternatively, we could explore further the implications and modifications in behavioural theories of luxury consumption (Yeoman, 2010) to understand how the antecedents and consequences of popular modes of adoption, use and future purchases might be modified in the Space Age. Last, but certainly not least, one can focus the theoretical lens on transformational consumer research along the lines (and limits) of the consumption of place and space (Goodman, Goodman and Redclift, 2016). This avenue, in my view, affords some intriguing advantages over alternative approaches. As Clarke, Doel and Hoisaux (2003, 80) note, ‘consumption tends to reconfigure space and place, often disrupting, undermining and displacing consumption activities that were once thought of as being related to specific places’. Thus, while we may be reluctant to discard the notion that consumption is essentially geographical, we now need to reconsider what and where those geographies are and what they will mean for us as a species in the next several decades. How will relational networks of consumption work? How can we understand the bodily enactments of consumption and the environmental and metabolic conditions that are a prerequisite for practices of luxury? The corporate implications are numerous and profound as well: the global green/sustainability movements have undoubtedly changed market forces and behavior – can they play another, even more valuable role in the next consumer revolution?

베이비붐세대는 우리나라의 경우 713만 명으로 전체인구의 15%를 차지하고 있으며, 베이비붐 세대가 은퇴와 함께 빈곤층으로 전락하게 되는 이유는 은퇴 이후에 사용할 자산을 축적하지 못해 발생하기도 하지만 현재 소비를 너무 많이 해서 그런 결과가 이루어진다고 볼 수도 있다. 전환기적 경제기조는 저성장 고비용구조 상황으로 시급한 점은 일자리 재편에 대한 정책적 사고의 전환이다. 특히 베이비부머의 노후대책의 성공 요소는 경제적 여건의 활용에 있다. 자선이나 동정이 아닌 사회적 의무로써의 사회연대라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 한정된 재원을 어떻게 사용할 것인가에 대한 사회적 동의 차원에서 베이비붐 세대의 노후대책 개선방안은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국민연금 지속 가능성 및 노후소득보장 사각지대 개선방안이다. 국민연금의 지속 가능성으로 장기적인 안목에서 출산율을 제고하여 노동생산성이 활성화되도록 근로 체계를 개편하고 다층 노후소득보장 체계를 구축하여 적정 노후 수준을 달성하도록 소득대체율 관점에서 제고되어야 한다. 둘째, 안정적인 노후소득보장 개선방안으로 정부는 은퇴시기를 늦춘 노인들에게 무거운 과세의 부담을 줄여주고 나이 든 근로자들을 고용해서 훈련시키는 사업장에는 세금 혜택을 주거나 훈련 보조금을 지급하는 등의 장려안이 필요하다. 또한 연금제도에서 정년이 지난 후에도 계속 일을 하는 사람이 어떤 재정적인 손해도 보지 않도록 베이비부머들을 전혀 다른 기준에 따라 퇴직시켜야 한다. 셋째, 노후자금 저축 및 주택연금 개선방안은 베이비부머들이 미래에 받을 급여를 민 간저축으로 축적해야 한다. 미래의 급여에 대한 진정한 소유권을 개인들에게 돌려주는 것은 국가 저축에 보탬이 되면서 미래의 납세자들에게 피해를 주지 않을 유일한 은퇴시 스템이다. 또한 81.9%가 부동산 자산인 점을 주시하여 주택연금제도를 활성화해야 한다. 넷째, 베이비부머의 노후설계 지원체계 구축방안은 일반인 대상 노후설계 교육 컨텐츠, 전문가 대상 노후설계 교육 컨텐츠로 구분하여 세분화하고 노후설계 가이드프로그램으로서 온라인 정보포털 구축, 노후생활 매뉴얼 발간 등 노후설계 컨텐츠를 개발하여야 한다.

In this study, the effect of energy and protein ratio on the nutrient availability and body weight gain was determined to find the proper nutrient level for the stage of replacement dairy heifers before fertilization at approximately 12~24 months old after birth. Dry matter intake showed that the TDN/CP rate of T1 (5.0:1), T2 (4.5:1) and T3 (4.0:1) resulted in similar values. Among feces, the ash content of T1 was 11.07%, which was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of T3 (9.69%). It was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of T2 (10.32%). When the TDN/CP rate was increased, the ash content in the feces was also increased. Regardless of the initial weight, weight gain was increased significantly as the CP rate in the feed was increased on the 30th day. On the 60th day, T2 showed the highest rate of gain (p < 0.05). As the TDN rate was decreased or the protein rate was increased, weight gain was significantly (p < 0.05) increased. Regarding GPT level in the blood after finishing the test, T1 and T3 (112.6, 88.3 u/l) showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher value than T2 (50.9 u/l). For phosphorus level, T1 (46.3 mg/dl) showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher value than other treatments. For HDL cholesterol level, T2 (145.2 mg/dl) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher level than T1 (121.0 mg/dl) or T3 (132.3 mg/dl). For triglyceride levels, T3 (40.6 mg/dl) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher value than T1 (20.7 mg/dl) and T2 (29.0 mg/dl). For other blood parameters including BUN concentration, there were no significant (p > 0.05) difference among treatments. As a result, although feed intake and weight gain with TDN/CP rate of 4:1 showed best results, considering the excess body fat accumulation possibilities or blood metabolism, it seems 4.5:1 ratio is most appropriate.

이 연구는 금융감독원이 2014년에 18세 이상 성인을 대상으로 실시했던 금융 이 해력 조사 가운데 관심을 기울일 필요가 있는 문항에 대해서 연령대별 특성과 차이 를 중심으로 그 결과를 분석하였다. 전반적으로 30대와 40대, 그리고 50대의 금융 지식이 20대 이하의 젊은층과 65세 이상의 고령층에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 복리, 예금자 보호 제도, 신용 등급 등에 대한 이해도가 매우 낮은 것으로 조 사되었다. 이와 같은 결과로부터 전체 국민을 대상으로 금융교육을 확대할 필요가 있지만, 한정된 자원이라는 제약 조건을 감안할 때 더욱 집중적으로 우선해서 금융 교육을 실행해야 할 대상과 내용을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 조사 대상자 대부분은 초등학생부터 고등학생에 이르기까지 학교에서 금융교육을 받을 필요가 있다고 생 각했으며, 저축과 투자를 가장 중요한 금융교육 내용으로 꼽았다. 국제적으로 금융 이해력을 측정하여 비교하는 일도 의미 있지만, 동시에 우리나라 현실에 맞는 한국 형 측정 도구를 개발하여 적용하는 작업이 필요하다.

Most Korean companies in the fashion industry are SMEs, and the role of the CEO and management ownership is important for enhancing the firm’s competence and developing strategies. The study aims to examine the effect of management ownership on company financial growth. In particular, the study focuses on the moderating effect of company age and size on Korean fashion SMEs’ financial outcomes. Financial data based on company financial statements from 2012 to 2014 was collected by the Data Analysis, Retrieval and Transfer System of Korea’s Financial Supervisory Service. A total of 295 companies’ (domestic fashion businesses) data was analyzed by the bootstrap method. The median sales value in the financial year 2014 was 47,492,403,958 KRW, and the company size was divided by it. The companies were in business for an average of 20 years. According to the results, the management ownership had a negative effect on Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for the three-years, and the relationship between the two variables was moderated by company age. Additionally, the interaction effect of management ownership and company age on 3-CAGR was also moderated by company size. When the companies had spent only a few years in business, a negative effect of management ownership for small firms and a positive effect of management ownership on financial growth for medium firms were found. These results suggest that small companies starting business need to manage their company governance structure to make flexible decisions, and after retaining financial growth, the companies can expand their businesses based on strong ownership.

Main purpose of this study is to provide some basic data necessary to research, education, and policy to cultivate professional talents, by investigating what competencies needed to hospital administrative staffs and managers in performing their jobs in the global age. A survey was conducted through self-administered questionnaires for hospital administrative staffs and managers including first-line hands-on workers who were working in 77 hospitals located in Busan, Keongnam, Ulsan areas in South Korea. Major results are as follows: (a) The analysis for the competencies needed to hospital administrative staffs and managers in order to perform successfully their jobs revealed that interpersonal competency, knowledge of management skills in healthcare field, understanding ability for healthcare, in that order of importance, had significant influence on performing their jobs. (b) Regarding the analysis for the detailed competencies necessary to hospital administrative staffs and managers in order to perform successfully their jobs revealed that problem-solving ability, sense of responsibility, positive attitude, leadership, in that order of importance, had significant influence on performing them. This study suggests that universities opened courses related to health care management should newly open a subject 'problem-solving ability in health care' to link with health care field and their curriculums are necessary to change over to practice-oriented curriculum system.

본 연구는 성별과 연령, 감성차원(날카롭다/부드럽다, 앳되다/성숙하다)에 따라 얼굴매력에 대한 평가가 달라지는지 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구는 각 참가자들에게 60개의 여성 얼굴 사진에 대하여 9점 척도로 이루어진 세 차원(‘날카롭다/부드럽다’, ‘앳되다/성숙하다’, ‘전혀 매력적이지 않다/매력적이다’)에 평정하도록 제시하였고, 총 131명이 참가하였다(초등학생: 48명, 중학생: 44명, 대학생: 39명; 남자: 60명, 여자: 71명). 연구 결과를 알아보기 위하여 다층분석을 실시하였다. 성별과 세 연령집단 모두 얼굴이 앳될수록, 부드러울수록 매력적으로 평가하였다. 한편 성별과 연령에 따른 매력 정도의 차이가 있었다. 대학생이 초등학생과 중학생보다 매력을 더 높게 평가하였고 남자보다 여자가 동일한 사진을 더 매력적으로 평가하였다. 또한 대학생과 초등학생 간의 ‘날카롭다/부드럽다’ 차원의 평가가 유의미하게 달랐으며, 이는 대학생보다 초등학생에게 ‘날카롭다/부드럽다’ 차원이 얼굴매력 평정에 더 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 해석된다. 본 연구 결과는 얼굴이 앳될수록, 부드러울수록 얼굴을 매력적이라고 판단하지만, 감성차원이 매력에 미치는 효과가 성별과 연령에 따라 차이가 있음을 시사한다.

To investigate the characteristic of age and growth, samples of Megangulus venulosus were collected monthly by dredge in the coastal waters of Gangneung, Korea from January to December 2014. The age of M. venulosus was estimated by measuring the ring radius on the shell. Because the relationship between shell lengths and ring radii in each ring group was regressed well, each ring was considered as an annual growth ring. Based on the monthly variation of the marginal index (MI) of the shell length, it is assumed that the ring of this species was formed once a year during September and November. From the parameters calculated using the average length when the year ring was formed, the estimated von Bertalanffy growth equation were SLt=236.3(1–e–0.061(t+0.184)) in age.