Portulaca oleracea L., a species of Portulacaceae, is ubiquitous. It is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine for removing heat, counteracting toxicity, cooling blood, and maintaining hemostasia; it is also used as antidysentery agent. This study investigated the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of water and ethanol extracts from P. oleracea. The total polyphenol content (21.08±0.03 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (5.45±0.76 mg QE/g) of the ethanolic extracts were higher than those of the water extracts. The antioxidative activities were determined by evaluating the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and by the ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay. The ABTS radical scavenging activity of the water extract (75.53%) was higher in those of the water extract (67.03%) at concentration of 1,000 μg/mL. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP of the ethanol extract were higher than those of the water extract. We also investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of the P. oleracea extracts in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. The production levels of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly decreased with an increasing concentration of the extract. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis faction (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6) were significantly lower in the ethanol extract than in the LPS alone treatment group. Based on these results, ethanolic extract from P. oleracea could be an effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.

Peach seeds contain a large amount of phenolic components and exhibit excellent physiological effects in various diseases. We examined the antioxidant effects of stone and seed of three peach cultivars (Miwhang, MH; Kanoiwa hakuto, KH; and Cheonhong, CH) by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, ferric reducing activity of plasma (FRAP) assay, and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) reduction. The results showed that the stone extracts of CH had higher levels of total phenols and flavonoids than those of the other cultivars do, and the stone extracts of KH and CH have the potential to reduce DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC activities. In addition, we found that KH, MH, and CH stone extracts decreased nitric oxide generation in RAW 264.7 and BV2 cells. The total phenol and flavonoid contents had no significant correlation with anti-oxidant activities. On the other hand, the anti-inflammatory activity had a low linear correlation with anti-oxidant activities and total phenol and flavonoid contents. The present results suggest that the correlation between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of stone and seed, and the appropriate combination of the stone and seed extracts could be used as an anti-inflammatory treatment and prevention material, respectively.

In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects of Abeliophyllum distichum (A. distichum) leaves that were prepared via air-drying. Fresh and air-dried A. distichum leaves were examined via 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and measurements of the reducing power. The suppression effects on inflammation of the leaves were analyzed by a western blot and RT-PCR on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. As a result, the antioxidant activity of the fresh leaves was found to be more effective than that of the air-dried leaves. Also, the fresh leaves were more effective in suppressing the protein and mRNA levels of iNOS and COX-2 than the air-dried leaves, thereby indicating the better anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, the contents of phenolic compounds and acteoside were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the acteoside content decreased with the use of the air-drying method, while there was no change in the content of phenolic compounds. Therefore, this study indicated that fresh A. distichum leaves potential antioxidant and suppression activities of various factors that are involved in the production of NO, which were found to be better than those of air-dried A. distichum leaves. These biological activities were also found to be independent of the content of phonolic compounds and were assumed to be directly or indirectly related to the content of acteoside.

Background: This present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory effects of Aucklandia lappa Decne (AL). Methods and Results: We measured cytotoxicity, nitric oxide (NO) content, mRNA expression (iNOS, IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF-α), protein expression (iNOS, COX-2, and IκB-α) and phagocytic activity in RAW264.7 cells. Male BALB/c mice were fed 100 ㎎/㎏ AL (Aucklandia lappa Decneon 70% ethanol extract) and 250 ㎎/㎏ AL for 4 weeks; thereafter, we observed B/T or CD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte subpopulation change, and expression patterns of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes by immunohistochemical staining in mouse splenocytes and/or thymocytes. To determine the experimental concentration of AL, cell viability was measured by MTT assay and tested at 12.5 ㎍/㎖ or less. AL inhibited the levels of NO, lymphokine production (IL-1β, and TNF-α), and mRNA (iNOS, IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and protein (iNOS, and COX-2) expression. Additionally, the levels of IκB-α, phagocytic activity, and splenic and thymic T lymphocytes, especially TH and TC cells were significantly increased in AL administered mice. The immuno-reactive density of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes was stronger in AL groups than in the normal group. AL stimulated NO, iNOS, and COX-2, and regulated IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IκB-α in macrophages treated with LPS (lipopolysaccharide). In addition, AL increased the phagocytic activity of macrophages and the immunity of mouse T (TH, and TC) cells. Conclusions: These results suggested that AL might show anti-inflammatory activity via the suppression of various inflammatory markers and immuno-regulatory activity.

Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation in our body. The use of medicinal plants has been widely applied as an alternative source for drug development. One of marine natural resources, the anti-inflammatory effect of Ishige sinicola ethanol extract (ISEE), was evaluated by using LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell and mice model. As a result, the production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) were inhibited with increasing concentration of ISEE without any cytotoxicity. Furthermore, ISEE suppressed the expression of not only inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in a dose-dependent manner. In mice ear edema test, the formation of edema was reduced at the highest dosage of ISEE and the reduction of the number of infiltrated mast cells was observed in histological analysis. These results indicate that ISEE has a potent anti-inflammatory activity and can be used as a pharmaceutical material for many kinds of inflammatory disease.

Stachys affinis tubers are known for its high content of stachyose and eaten as an edible vegetable. In this work, we assessed on the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferation activity of a various type of extracts derived from S. affinis tubers. The n-hexane and dichloromethane fractions were showed the high cytotoxicity on the cell lines including RAW264.7 macrophages, HEK293 human kidney cell, A549 human lung cancer cell, KB human oral cancer cell, and a PC-3 human prostate cancer cell. N-butanol and water fractions were not exhibited cytotoxicity on the tested cancer cells, limited in anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Nevertheless, the ethyl acetate fraction showed little harm to RAW264.7 cells but inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) significantly. In addition, it arrests the cell growth in A549, KB, and PC-3 cell while little cytotoxicity on HEK293 cells. Consequently, these results supported that the ethyl acetate fraction of S. affinis tubers could be a potential anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer ingredient.

This study was conducted to investigate the growth and physiologycal activitis of Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus (Maxim.) H. Hara under the NaCl treatment conditions (0, 100, 200, 300 mM). After 30 days treatment, the growth and physiologycal activitis were investigated. In the growth of plants, the plant height, leaf width, leaf length and ion level were reduced at NaCl treatments of more than 100 mM. The total polyphenol content was decreased by NaCl in a concentrationdependent manner compared to the control group. The contents of total flavonoids did not show any difference at the concentration of 200 mM and 300 mM. However, the content of total flavonoid decreased compared with that of control. In antioxidant activity, the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity and reducing power activity were decreased by NaCl concentration compared to the control. When changes in the content of NO production was monitored by ELISA, production inhibitory effect was 94.5%, 70%, 63%, 56.9% in NaCl concentration of 0, 100, 200, 300 mM, respectively. The growth, ion level, antioxidant and anti-inflammation activity of Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus was reduced at NaCl treatments of more than 100 mM.

본 연구에서는 참마와 명아주의 항산화 및 항염증 효능을 평가하기 위해 참마와 명아주 에탄올 추출물을 이용하여 free radical 소거활성, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 실험을 수행하였다. 참마와 명아주 추출물의 free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) 소거활성(EC50)에서 각각 2.386, 0.524 mg/mL로 측정되었다. 또한 참마와 명아주 추출물의 혼합 시료의 free radical 소거활성은 참마 추출물 : 명아주 추출물 비율이 2 : 1일 때 가장 뛰어난 것으로 나타났다. IL-6와 TNF-α의 ELISA 실험을 통해 항염증 효능을 평가한 결과, 마우스 비장세포에서 IL-6의 경우 1 mg/mL 농도에서 참마 추출물은 대조군과 대비하여 27.17% IL-6 생성을 감소시켰으며, 명아주 추출물은 72.30%의 감소를 나타내었다. TNF-α의 경우 참마 추 출물은 61.97%, 명아주 추출물은 77.85%로 유의성 있는 TNF-α생성 감소 효능을 나타내었다. 이 결과들을 통하여 참마와 명아주 추출물은 항산화, 항염증 효능을 가지고 있으며, 이를 활용하여 항염증에 효과가 있는 천 연물 제제에 응용 가능성이 있음을 확인하였다.

본 연구에서는 백산차추출물의 항산화 활성을 알아보기 위해 추출방법을 달리한 4가지 추출물인 열수추출물 (LPW), 고온가압추출물(LPA), 초음파추출물(LPU), 70% 에탄올 추출물추출(LPE)과 LPE에 대한 4가지 용매 층 분획 물인 n-hexane 층(LPE/H), ethyl acetate 층(LPE/E), n-butanol 층(LPE/B), water 층(LPE/W) 분획물의 DPPH와 ABTS 라디 칼 소거 활성을 측정하였다. 또한 백산차 추출물의 항염 활성을 알아보기 위해 LPS로 자극된 Raw 264.7 대식세포에서 LPE와 LPE/H, LPE/E, LPE/B, LPE/W의 NO, PGE2, TNF- α, IL-1β, IL-6의 생성 저해 활성을 측정하였다. 그 결과, DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성에서 LPE가 1,000 μg/mL 의 농도에서 각각 82.3%와 99.8%의 소거 활성을 나타내었으며, LPE/E의 경우 1,000 μg/mL의 농도에서 각각 91.8%와 99.6%의 높은 소거 활성을 나타내었다. 항염 활성 확인을 위하여 먼저 MTT assay를 수행하였으며 25 μg/mL 농도에서 LPE와 LPE/E 모두 90% 이상의 세포 생존율이 확인 되었다. NO와 PGE2의 생성 저해 활성을 분석한 결과, LPE 와 LPE/E에서 높은 NO와 PGE2 저해 활성을 확인 하였다. LPE는 25 μg/mL의 농도에서 각각 50%와 70%의 저해 활성 을 나타내었고 LPE/E는 같은 농도에서 각각 57%와 73%의 저해 활성을 나타내었다. 마지막으로 TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6의 생성 저해 활성을 측정한 결과 LPE 및 LPE/E의 농도의존적인 저해 활성을 확인 하였으며 LPE가 25 μg/mL의 농도에서 각각 24%, 47%, 40%의 저해 활성을 나타내었다. 특히 LPE/E는 같은 농도에서 각각 51%, 57%, 62%의 높은 저해 활성을 보였다. 이러한 결과들로부터 1,000 μg/mL 농도의 LPE 및 LPE/E는 비타민C와 유사한 DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거능을 가지며 비교적 낮은 농도인, 25 μg/mL 농도에서 도 높은 항염증 활성을 가지고 있는 것으로 결론을 내릴 수 있다. 따라서 추후 항노화, 항균, 미백 활성 등에 대한 더 많은 연구 진행이 이루어진다면 백산차추출물은 염증성 질환의 예방 및 치료와 기능성 식품, 화장품 분야 등에서 효과적인 소재로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Hylotelephium erythrostictum is commonly used as a medicinal herb. In this study, H. erythrostictum leaf (HEL), branch (HEB), root (HER), and above ground (HEAG) extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant properties. The antioxidant activities were assayed by three methods based on scavenging of DPPH, ABTS and superoxide anion radical. HEAG extract showed the highest DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion radical scavenging activities. HEAG extract also exhibited the highest phenolic content (230 mg/g gallic acid equivalent). In our research for anti-inflammatory ingredients, the extract of HEAG inhibited the generation of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. To test the inhibitory effects of HEAG on pro-inflammatory cytokines, we conducted ELISA assay for the measuring the generation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL (interleukin)-1β, and IL(interleukin)-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. In these assays, HEAG ethanol extract showed a dose-dependent decrease in the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Based on these results, extract of HEAG could be the efficient candidate for anti-inflammatory agents.

This study was carried out to investigate the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of hot water extracts of Ligularia fischeri cultivated in Youngyanggun. We obtained hot water extract (HWE) and cold water extract (CWE) from L. fischeri. The anti-oxidative activities of L. fischeri extracts were measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. The anti-inflammatory effects of L. fischeri were evaluated in human mast cell line-1 (HMC-1) cells stimulated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate plus A23187 (PMACI). The solid yields of HWE was 150% higher than CWE solid yield. Total polyphenol contents of HWE were 198.07±0.24 mg/g. The value of anti-oxidative activities of HWE were shown IC50 28.2±0.04 ug/mL. We showed that HWE significantly reduced the PMACI-induced the production of IL-6 (0.01-1 mg/mL), IL-8 (0.1-1 mg/mL), and TNF-α (0.01-1 mg/mL). These results indicate that the HWE of L. fischeri can be used as a functional material due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

This study was performed to investigate the correlation between anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in ripe and unripe fruits of three peach cultivars: Miwhang (MH), Kanoiwa hakuto (KH) and Cheonhong (CH). The unripe fruits had higher levels of total phenols and flavonoids contents than those in the ripe fruits of all the three cultivars. The unripe fruits of CH showed the highest levels of total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activities among the fruit samples analyzed. Nitric oxide inhibition values in RAW 264.7 cells for the unripe fruits of MH and KH were 30 and 29%, respectively. However, the inhibition was not observed in unripe CH and the ripe fruits of either cultivar. Total phenols and flavonoids contents showed high linear correlations with the anti-oxidant activities whereas the anti-inflammatory activity had low linear correlations with them.

Spiraea prunifolia Sieb. et Zucc. var. simpliciflora Nakai (SSN) has been used for the anti-inflammation in traditional folk medicine. To compare water and methanol extracts of SSN, we analyzed major components using LC IT TOF MS. The major components of hot water extract were identified as caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid, but methanol extract was not well established. However, methanol extract was detected with less polarity compounds compared to hot water extract. Next, we investigated the inhibitory effects of SSN water extract on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response or H2O2-induced oxidative stress in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells. SSN strongly suppressed the production of nitric oxide in LPS-induced inflammatory response without cytotoxcity. The SSN possessed free radical scavenging activities such as DPPH (IC50=320.2 ㎍/㎖), ABTS (IC50=124.0 ㎍/㎖), and superoxide anion radical (IC50=122.6 ㎍/㎖). The total phenol and flavonoid content of SSN was 56.7 ㎎/g, and 15.1 ㎎/g, respectively. Furthermore, SSN decreased the H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by enhancing the cell viability, and SSN significantly reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Therefore, SSN may be recommended as an effective strategy to prevent and/or treat various inflammation and ROS-induced diseases.