본 연구는 우리나라에서 생산된 석류를 40일간 단기저장할 때 저장온도에 따른 품질변화를 측정하여 저장력을 증진시킬 수 있는 방안을 찾기 위하여 수행되었다. 이를 위하여 저장온도를 1oC, 5oC, 10oC, 그리고 상온으로 하여 40일 동안 저장하면서 석류의 품질변화를 측정한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 중량감모율은 모든 처리에서 저장기간이 경과할수록 증가하는 경향이었고 저장 40일 후 감모율은 1, 5, 10oC 저장은 8.7~10.7%로 차이가 없었으나 상온저장은 19.2%로 가장 높았다. 2. 당도와 산도는 저장기간에 상관없이 당도와 산도는 저장온도간에 일정한 경향이 나타나지 않았다. 3. 부패과율은 저장온도가 낮을수록 적게 발생하였고, 40일간 저장하였을 때 저장 1oC에서 부패과율이 관찰되지 않았으나 상온에서는 60%로 높게 나타났다. 4. 40일의 저장기간 동안에 석류 과실의 저온장해 증상은 발견되지 않았다. 5. 열과를 저장할 때의 중량감모율은 정상과와 차이가 없었지만 부패율은 정상과 보다 증가하였다. 6. 본 연구의 결과로 보아 80~90%의 상대습도를 유지한 곳에서 석류를 40일간 저장하였을 때 저장온도 0~5oC에서 저장력이 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 40일 이상의 저장을 위해서는 저온장해에 대한 검토가 필요하다.

Metal foam has many excellent properties, such as light weight, incombustibility, good thermal insulation, sound absorption, energy absorption, and environmental friendliness. It has two types of macrostructure, a closed-cell foam with sealed pores and an open-cell foam with open pores. The open-cell foam has a complex macrostructure consisting of an interconnected network. It can be exploited as a degradable biomaterial and a heat exchanger material. In this paper, open cell Mg alloy foams have been produced by infiltrating molten Mg alloy into porous pre-forms, where granules facilitate porous material. The granules have suitable strength and excellent thermal stability. They are also inexpensive and easily move out from open-cell foamed Mg-Al alloy materials. When the melt casting process used an inert gas, the molten magnesium igniting is resolved easily. The effects of the preheating temperature of the filler particle mould, negative pressure, and granule size on the fluidity of the open cell Mg alloy foam were investigated. With the increased infiltration pressure, preheat temperature and granule sizes during casting process, the molten AZ31 alloy was high fluidity. The optimum casting temperature, preheating temperature of the filler particle mould, and negative pressure were 750˚C, 400-500˚C, and 5000-6000 Pa, respectively, At these conditions the AZ31 alloy had good fluidity and castability with the longest infiltration length, fewer defects, and a uniform pore structure.

Bismuth antimony telluride (BiSbTe) thermoelectric materials were successfully prepared by a spark plasma sintering process. Crystalline BiSbTe ingots were crushed into small pieces and then attrition milled into fine powders of about 300 nm ~ 2μm size under argon gas. Spark plasma sintering was applied on the BiSbTe powders at 240, 320, and 380˚C, respectively, under a pressure of 40 MPa in vacuum. The heating rate was 50˚C/min and the holding time at the sintering temperature was 10 min. At all sintering temperatures, high density bulk BiSbTe was successfully obtained. The XRD patterns verify that all samples were well matched with the Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3. Seebeck coefficient (S), electric conductivity (σ) and thermal conductivity (k) were evaluated in a temperature range of 25~300˚C. The thermoelectric properties of BiSbTe were evaluated by the thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT (ZT = S2σT/k). The grain size and electric conductivity of sintered BiSbTe increased as the sintering temperature increased but the thermal conductivity was similar at all sintering temperatures. Grain growth reduced the carrier concentration, because grain growth reduced the grain boundaries, which serve as acceptors. Meanwhile, the carrier mobility was greatly increased and the electric conductivity was also improved. Consequentially, the grains grew with increasing sintering temperature and the figure of merit was improved.

본 연구는 방울토마토 장거리 수출을 위한 적정 유통저장 조건을 확립하기 위하여, 온도관리가 방울토마토의 품질과 저장성에 미치는 영향에 따른 외관상 품질변화와 저장성에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 연구를 진행하였다. 소과종인 '유니콘' 품종을 대상으로, 저장 전 3일간 각각 5, 11, 25℃에서 저장한 후, 각각 5℃와 11℃에서 25일간 저장하였다. 저장온도는 봄, 여름, 겨울철 외부 평균온도에 준하여 설정하였다. 저장 최종일에 25℃/11℃(저장 전 온도/저장온도) 처리구에서 높은 호흡률과 에틸렌 발생량을 나타냈고, 5℃/5℃ 처리구에서 가장 낮은 호흡률과 에틸렌 발생량을 나타냈다. 5℃/5℃ 처리구가 가장 높은 시장성을 나타냈고, 저장 23일간 외관상 품질의 부패 현상은 나타나지 않았다. 생체중 감소율은 저장 전 5℃와 11℃에서 저장된 처리구에서 대체적으로 느리게 증가하였다. 저장 최종일에 5℃/5℃ 처리구와 5℃/11℃ 처리구가 다른 처리구보다 높은 경도와 당도를 나타냈으며, 또한 5℃/5℃ 처리구는 다른 처리구에 비해 높은 비타민 C 농도를 나타냈다. 저장 중 과숙 되어짐에 모든 처리구에서 titratable acidity가 대체적으로 증가하였으나, 과숙이 어느 정도 진행된 후에는 오히려 감소하는 경향이 보였다. 이상의 결과로, 5℃ 3일 저장 후, 5℃로 25일 저장하는 것이 바람직하며, 담적색기의 과실을 저장 유통하는 것이 저장성과 시장성에 적합한 것으로 판단된다. 또한 여름철 25℃ 이상의 고온에서 저장 하였음에도 11℃에서 저장하여 2주간의 저장이 가능하여, 여름철 일본 수출조건으로 적용 가능하다. 이와 같은 조건 조건의 유통조건이 이뤄진다면, 안정적인 시장경제와 소비자들에게 보다 신선한 품질의 방울토마토를 공급하는 데에 효과적일 것으로 생각된다.

Papilio macilentus is the longest tail butterfly of Papilionidae found in Japan, China and Korea and has distinctive morphological differences between male and female. P .macilentus feeds on Zanthoxylum schinifolium and has three generations per year. The lower developmental threshold and thermal constant for adult emergence of P. macilentus overwintering pupae were estimated at four different constant temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C) with photoperiod 10:14 (L:D). The lower developmental threshold of both sexes combined was 7.95°C. The development of overwintering pupae decreased with increasing temperature between 15 and 30°C. Thermal constant of both sexes combined was 251.26DD. The relationship between the developmental rate and temperature was fitted by linear and five nonlinear developmental rate models (Logan 6, Lactin 1, 2 and Briere 1, 2). The development of overwintering P. macilentus pupae was described by the two-parameter Weibull distribution model. The temperature-dependent adult emergence model of P. macilentus developed in this study could be used to predict the full-cycle phenology model of P. macilentus and applied to understand the effects of climate change on the emergence distribution of overwintering pupae.

In this present work, the effect of additional heat-treatment (AHT) in the range from 1800℃ to 2400℃ on the chemical composition, morphology, microstructure, tensile properties, electrical resistivity, and thermal stability of commercial polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers was explored by means of elemental analysis, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, single fiber tensile testing, two-probe electrical resistivity testing, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The characterization results were in agreement with each other. The results clearly demonstrated that AHTs up to 2400℃ played a significant role in further contributing not only to the enhancement of carbon content, fiber morphology, and tensile modulus, but also to the reduction of fiber diameter, inter-graphene layer distance, and electrical resistivity of "as-received" carbon fibers without AHT. The present study suggests that key properties of commercial PAN-based carbon fibers of an intermediate grade can be further improved by proprietarily adding heat-treatment without applying tension in a batch process.

본 연구는 주요 봄배추 품종에 대하여 야간 저온처리가 생육 및 추대에 미치는 영향을 평가하여 봄배추 육묘 시 안정 환경관리의 기준을 설정하고자 수행하였다. 시험에는 '춘광' 등 주요 봄배추 7품종을 이용하였으며 생육상을 이용하여 야간에 5℃ 및 10℃의 저온처리를 실시하였다. 처리시점은 파종 후 5, 10 및 15일째부터, 처리기간은 각 처리시작 시점부터 5, 10 및 15일간으로 각각 조합 처리한 후 포장에서의 생육 및 추대 여부를 조사하였다. 시험에 사용한 모든 품종에 있어서 최대 5℃에서 15일간의 야간 저온처리에 의하여 유묘생육은 크게 저하하였으나 재배기간 동안 추대는 일어나지 않았으며 정식 90일 후 정상적인 수확이 가능하였다. '춘광' 품종에 대한 육묘기 야간 저온처리 개시 시점과 처리기간의 복합 처리 결과, 낮은 온도조건으로 어린식물체의 상태에서 처리기간이 길어짐에 따라 묘 생체중이 대조구에 비해 최대 59.3%까지 크게 감소되었다. 반면 저온처리 후 생육이 극도로 억제된 묘는 정식 후 생육이 다시 회복되어 수확시 생체중은 대조구 대비 72.3~110%의 범위를 나타내어 모든 처리구에서 정상적인 수확이 가능하였다. 또한 5℃ 또는 10℃에서 최대 15일간의 육묘기 야간저온 처리에 의한 추대 현상은 관찰되지 않았다. 본 연구를 통해 봄배추 주요 품종에 대한 육묘기 야간 저온이 생육에 미치는 영향은 제한적으로 나타났다. 육묘기간 동안 단기간 5℃ 이하의 저온에 노출된 경우에도 주간의 적정한 온도관리와 포장에서의 기후조건에 따라 추대를 지연시키거나 방지시킬 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구는 느타리버섯 자실체가 생육온도에 따른 수량성과 자실체의 형태적 특성을 확인하기 위하여 느타리버섯 품종 중에서 저온, 중온, 고온성 품종을 구분하여 12개 품종에 대하여 실험을 실시하였다. 수량성에 있어서는 품종의 온도 반응적 특성에 맞는 온도에서 수량성이 가장 높게 나타났다. 형태적 특성에 있어서는 갓크기는 온도처리에 따른 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았으며, 갓두께에 있어서는 저온 처리인 10℃에서 품종에 관계없이 가장 두껍게 나타났다. 대길이는 삼복 외 4품종은 온도가 증가하면서 같이 증가하였으며, 그 외의 품종은 품종에 따라 약간의 차이를 보였다. 대굵기에 있어서는 대체적으로 온도 증가에 따라 가늘어지는 경향이나 품종간 약간의 차이가 나타났다. 버섯수확소요일수에서는 10℃처리에서 가장 기간이 길었으며, 품종별 가장 짧은 소요일수를 보인 것은 품종의 온도 특성에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 품종에 따라서 온도에 반응하여 기형적 형태를 보이는 경우가 있었는데 이런 특이적 현상은 수한1호의 경우 저온 처리인 10℃에서 버섯이 발이후 어린 버섯 갓 표면에 백색 인피가 형성하며 성장 후에는 갓의 일부분에만 발생하거나 없어지는 현상이 있었으며, 춘추2호에서는 고온인 20℃ 이상에서는 대가 뒤틀리며, 대기 휘어지는 특이적 현상이 발생하였다.

Population dynamics of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, were modeled and simulated to compare the temperature effects of air and tomato leaf inside greenhouse using DYMEX model simulator. The population phenology model of T. vaporariorum was developed and simulated. Leaf temperature on reversed side of cherry tomato leafs was monitored according to three tomato plant positions (top, >1.6m above the ground level; middle, 0.9 - 1.2m; bottom, 0.3 - 0.5m) using an infrared temperature gun. Air temperature was monitored at same three positions using a temperature logger. The leaf temperatures from three plant positions were described as a function of the air temperatures. The number of T. vaporariorum immatures was counted by visual inspection in three positions to verify the performance of DYMEX simulation. A significant positive correlation between the observed and the predicted numbers of immature and adults was found when the leaf temperatures were incorporated into DYMEX simulation, but no significant correlation was observed with air temperatures. This study demonstrated that the population dynamics of T. vaporariorum was affected greatly by the leaf temperatures, rather than air temperatures in cherry tomato greenhouses. This work was supported by Development of field-oriented model for forecasting outbreak of diseases or insect pests based on GIS and IT Program (R1003852) from Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

The occurrence and rapid range expansion of a fulgorid, Lycorma delicatula(White), has recently been reported in korea. It was previously known to occur in China, Japan, Vietnam and India. The first occurrence fo L. delicatula was reported in 2004 in the Cheonan. It has one generation per year and overwinters as egg masses on the bark of host trees. The number of egg per egg mass was 32.69±6.49. The cumulative ratio of hatchability at different temperature was the highest at 25℃ and the lowest at 10, 30℃. The egg hatchability was investigated in different regions in Chung-buk. Since L. delicatula eggs has been stored in -20±1, 0±1, 5±1℃ conditions for 1 ∼60 days, the cumulative ratio of hatchability was 2% stored in -20±1℃ for 3days, But hatchability was 52, 48% stored in 0±1℃ for 3, 14days and 82, 68% stored in 5±1℃ for 3, 14days. And hatchability was 0% for 60days. By straight regression equation(the growth ratio/treatment degree) the growth zero degree of L. delicatula was 10.4℃. The hatchability of L. delicatula in Cheongwon-gun, Okcheon-gun, Cheongju-city where’s winter lowest temperature was over -19℃ was over 79%. But The hatchability of L. delicatula in Jincheon-gun where’s winter lowest temperature was less than -19℃(continuos two days) was 35%.

Kenaf fibers, cellulose-based natural fibers, were used as precursor for preparing kenafbased carbon fibers. The effects of carbonization temperature (700℃ to 1100℃) and chemical pre-treatment (NaOH and NH4Cl) at various concentrations on the thermal change, chemical composition and fiber morphology of kenaf-based carbon fibers were investigated. Remarkable weight loss and longitudinal shrinkage were found to occur during the thermal conversion from kenaf precursor to kenaf-based carbon fiber, depending on the carbonization temperature. It was noted that the alkali pre-treatment of kenaf with NaOH played a role in reducing the weight loss and the longitudinal shrinkage and also in increasing the carbon content of kenaf-based carbon fibers. The number and size of the cells and the fiber diameter were reduced with increasing carbonization temperature. Morphological observations implied that the micrometer-sized cells were combined or fused and then re-organized with the neighboring cells during the carbonization process. By the pre-treatment of kenaf with 10 and 15 wt% NaOH solutions and the subsequent carbonization process, the inner cells completely disappeared through the transverse direction of the kenaf fiber, resulting in the fiber densification. It was noticeable that the alkali pre-treatment of the kenaf fibers prior to carbonization contributed to the forming of kenaf-based carbon fibers.

In this paper, high temperature oxidation behavior of newly developed alloys, Ti-6Al-4Fe and Ti-6Al-1Fe, is examined. To understand the effect of Fe on the air oxidation behavior of the Ti-Al-Fe alloy system, thermal oxidation tests are carried out at 700˚C and 800˚C for 96 hours. Ti-6Al-4V alloy is also prepared and tested under the same conditions for comparison with the developed alloys. The oxidation resistance of the Ti-Al-Fe alloy system is superior to that of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Ti-6Al-4V shows the worst oxidation resistance for all test conditions. This is not a result of the addition of Fe, but rather it is due to the elimination of V, which has deleterious effects on high temperature oxidation. The oxidation of the Ti-Al-Fe alloy system follows the parabolic rate law. At 700˚C, Fe addition does not have a noticeable influence on the amount of weight gain of all specimens. However, at 800˚C, Ti-6Al-4Fe alloy shows remarkable degradation compared to Ti-6Al-1Fe and Ti-6Al. It is discovered that the formation of Al2O3, a diffusion resistance layer, is remarkably hindered by a relative decrease of the α volume fraction. This is because Fe addition increases the volume fraction of β phase within the Ti-6Al-xFe alloy system. Activities of Al, Ti, and Fe with respect to the formation of oxide layers are calculated and analyzed to explore the oxidation mechanism.

Paratlanticus ussuriensis enter prolonged diapause at an egg stage. Environmental conditions, such as temperature, can modify the diapause duration at initial diapause. Eggs enter initial diapause at 20℃, but continued early embryonic development at 30℃. Final diapause at a fully developed embryonic stage is obligatory regardless of temperature conditions. To determine temperature effects on diapause mechanism of P. ussuriensis eggs, we compared weights, DNA and RNA amounts of eggs incubated at either 20℃ or 30℃ for 50 days after oviposition. Both egg weight and total amount of DNA were constant at 20℃ but gradually increased at 30℃. However, total RNA level was rapidly increased at 15 days-old eggs at 30℃ and maintained high levels during further period whereas its level was constant at 20℃. In addition, we identified three heat shock protein 70 (hsp70a, hap70b, hsp70c) genes of P. ussuriensis and determined those expression levels at different temperature conditions. The levels of hsp70a and hsp70b was not detectable until 20 days after oviposition at both temperature conditions, but highly increased at 50 and 60 days when incubated at 30℃. In contrast, hsp70c level was rapidly peaked at 20 days after oviposition, which is the time of initial diapause entrance. Our results suggest that high temperature breakdown initial diapause and a certain hsp gene, such as hsp70c, may involve in the initial diapause mechanism of P. ussuriensis eggs.

We have investigated the structural and optical properties of Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) thin films deposited by RFmagnetron sputtering at various deposition temperatures from 100 to 500oC. All the GZO thin films are grown as a hexagonalwurtzite phase with highly c-axis preferred parameter. The structural and electrical properties are strongly related to depositiontemperature. The grain size increases with the increasing deposition temperature up to 400oC and then decreases at 500oC. Thedependence of grain size on the deposition temperature results from the variation of thermal activation energy. The resistivityof GZO thin film decreases with the increasing deposition temperature up to 300oC and then decreases up to 500oC. GZO thinfilm shows the lowest resistivity of 4.3×10−4Ωcm and highest electron concentration of 1.0×1021cm−3 at 300oC. The mobilityof GZO thin films increases with the increasing deposition temperature up to 400oC and then decreases at 500oC. GZO thinfilm shows the highest resistivity of 14.1cm2/Vs. The transmittance of GZO thin films in the visible range is above 87% atall the deposition temperatures. GZO is a feasible transparent electrode for the application to the transparent electrode of thinfilm solar cells.

This study was carried to investigate the suitable conditions of Pleurotus eryngii through precooling for the more long-term freshness. The time to be same temperatures between P. eryngii and storage room through precooling at 0℃ and 4℃ were showed 2 hours and 5.5 hours, respectively. P. eryngii was cooled within 6 hours and 18 hours at 0℃ and 4℃ with two type, forced air cooling and pressure cooling. After precooling, P. eryngii was packed 400±10g with anti-fog film, and then stored at 4±1℃. In all treatment of precooling, the weight loss was peaked at 25 days and hardness of P. eryngii were decreased at 10 days during storage. There were no significant freshness differences between precooling type and conditions. It was found that the optimum stored period of P. eryngii at 4℃ after precooling was estimated to be 30~35days. Consequently, it is necessary to elucidate efficient and economic precooling conditions.

The evolution of sinterability, microstructure and mechanical properties for the spark plasma sintered(SPS) Ti from commercial pure titanium(CP-Ti) was studied. The densification of titanium with 200 mesh and 400 mesh pass powder was achieved by SPS at under 10 MPa pressure and the flowing +Ar mixed gas atmosphere. The microstructure of Ti sintered up to consisted of equiaxed grains. In contrast, the growth of large elongated grains was shown in sintered bodies at with the 400 mesh pass powder and the lamella grains microstructure had been developed by increasing sintering temperature. The Vickers hardness of 240~270 HV and biaxial strength of 320~340 MPa were found for the specimen prepared at .

국산 칼슘 벤토나이트를 대상으로 온도가 팽윤압에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 벤토나이트를 건조밀도 1.6 g/㎤으로 압축하고, 0.69 MPa의 일정한 수압으로 증류수를 공급하여 팽윤압을 측정하였다. 온도 영향 실험은 25℃, 30℃, 40℃, 50℃, 60℃, 70℃에서 승온조건과 감온조건으로 수행하였다. 압축 벤토나이트가 물과 접촉하여 상온에서 5.3 MPa의 충분히 높은 팽윤압이 작용하는 것을 실험적으로 확인하였다. 팽윤압 은 온도가 높을수록 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 승온조건과 감온조건에서의 온도에 따른 팽윤압 거동에 차이를 보이며, 승온조건에서 온도에 따른 변화가 심하게 나타났다. 향후 온도 조건 외에 벤토나이트의 압축 밀도 변화, 지하수 조성에 따라 팽윤압 특성이 어떻게 변화하는지에 대해 평가한다면, 앞으로 국내 고준위 폐기물 처분장의 개념 설계에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 본다.

The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris (=clavatus) Fabricius (Hemiptera: Alydidae) is a serious pest of soybean in many countries. It enters a reproductive diapause in the winter by short day length (＜13.5 h.) in Korea and Japan. The combined effects of temperatures (25℃ and 8℃) and day lengths (10L:14D and 14L:10D) upon the termination of the male"s diapause were studied. The combinations are ① HTLD = 25℃, 14L:10D treatment for 1, 2, 3 weeks and 30 days, ② HTSD = 25℃, 10L:14D treatment for 1, 2, and 3 weeks, ③ LTLD→HTLD = 8℃, 14L:10D treatment for 1, 2, and 3 weeks followed by HTLD treatment, ④ LTSD→HTLD = 8℃, 10L:14D treatment for 1, 2, and 3 weeks followed by HTLD. The amount of aggregation pheromone components secreted was adopted as the criteria for diapause termination in males. Males did not secrete aggregation pheromone under HTSD conditions. However, the males treated with HTLD for more than 21 days secreted significantly higher amounts of aggregation components, (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate and (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2-hexenoate, compared to the control or HTSD treatments. The three components of the aggregation pheromone were secreted by the 14%, 29%, and 100% males treated with HTLD for 7 days, respectively. However more than 83% of the HTLD-treated males secreted all three components by the 30<SUP>th</SUP> day under the treatment. In comparison, the pheromone amounts secreted by the males treated with LTLD→HTLD or LTSD→HTLD were equal or less than those secreted by males with continuous HTLD treatment.

인피섬유로 한지를 제조하고 남은 닥나무 목질부를 고부가치화 하기 위하여 닥나무 목질부로 제조된 파티클보드를 이용하여 탄화온도 변화에 따른 닥나무재료 우드세라믹을 제조하여 물성을 검토하였다. 밀 도, 휨강도성능, 브리넬 경도, 압축강도 등은 탄화온도가 증가할수록 증가하였으며 밀도와 휨강도성능, 경도, 압축강도사이에는 유의성이 인정되는 밀접한 상관관계를 나타내었다.