The purpose of this study is to observe how balance exercise on an unstable platform and on a stable platform affects balance ability. The subjects were 35 adults in their 20s and were randomly assigned to a stable platform group and an unstable platform group. They performed balance exercise three times per week for six weeks. Balance exercise introduced by previous research was modified and complemented for use in this study. Balance ability of the subjects was measured through center of pressure(COP) area, medial-lateral displacement, and anterior-posterior displacement using a portable balance platform BT4. There was significant difference in the COP area between the unstable platform exercise group and the stable platform exercise group. In comparison in differences between the unstable platform exercise group and the stable platform exercise group after the exercise, there was significant difference in anteriorposterior movement. Therefore, exercise on an unstable platform is more effective than exercise on a stable platform in strengthening balance ability.

From ancient soldier to mordern athletes, it has been discussed that some oral appliance have enhanced performance and decreased stress or improve strength. Since mouth guard was used by Italien Boxer on 1930’s for prevent of orofacial injury, some investigators have researched the co-relationship between jaw position and strength. This experiment was performed to study the relationship between mouth guard and E.M.G. 20 Taekwondo students were participated in this study. They were wearing Mouth guard and checked Brachialis physical activity by E.M.G. The muscle activity of mouth guard wearing group was higher than that of non-wearing group.

Cross knee curl-up is an ideal variation of abdominal curl up exercise to strengthen abdominal musculature without excessive lumbar flexion which can increase the loads on the disc and ligaments. In addition, slowly forced expiration can facilitate the activation of the abdominal musculature. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of slowly forced expiration on activity of abdominal muscles, such as rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), and transverse abdominis/internal oblique (TrA/IO), while cross knee curl-up. Eleven young and healthy subjects (6 males and 5 females) participated. All subjects performed the cross knee curl-up slowly forced expiration and natural breathing. Paired t-test was performed in normalized electromyogram (EMG) muscle activity of the bilateral RA, EO, and TrA/IO to compare the differences between the cross curl-up with slowly forced expiration and natural breathing. Statistical significance was set at .05. There were no significant differences in normalized EMG muscle activity of the bilateral RA, EO, and TrA/IO between the cross curl-up with slowly forced expiration and natural breathing. The finding of this study designates that slowly forced expiration does not induce increasing activity of abdominal muscle in cross knee curl-up; hence, learning step of breathing control might not be necessary to strengthen abdominal muscle in cross knee curl-up.

Pneumatic exercise equipment is a device used for physical exercise. The difference to regular weights or exercise equipment is that the weight stacks, wires and other moving parts are replaced with a pneumatic cylinder whose resistance can be adjusted with air pressure. In this study, power pattern of the equipment in the various pneumatics and the effectiveness of the system were investigated.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combined exercise training during 12weeks on physical fitness, body composition and bone mineral density in university students. Nineteen male university students who were enrolled of 1st grade at department of physical education in Korea National University of Education were participated in this experiment. Subjects were performed combined exercise training - running, physical training using plyometrics and resistance training - of 5days per week, 70min per 1 time, during 12weeks. The measurement items were health related fitness(muscle strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility), motor skill fitness(power, balance), body composition(% body fat, muscle mass) and bone mineral density(T-score). On the basis of the results analyzed in this study and consideration of many pre studies related it, the result were as follows. First, data analysis of 12 week combined exercise training on health related fitness, post level was revealed more significant increase than pre level at muscle strength(p<.05), muscular endurance(p<.05), cardiovascular endurance(p<.001) and flexibility(p<.05). Second, data analysis of 12 week combined exercise training on motor skill fitness, It was not revealed significant differences between the pre and the post level of the power and balance). Third, data analysis of 12 week combined exercise training on body composition, post level revealed more significant improvement than pre level at muscle mass(p<.05), but It was not revealed significant differences between the pre and the post level of the % body fat. Fourth, data analysis of 12 week combined exercise training on bone mineral density, post level revealed more significant improvement than pre level at T-score(p<.05). In conclusion, It was revealed that 12 week combined exercise training increased physical fitness, and improved body composition and bone mineral density. I hope that more studies will be followed on physical fitness, body composition and bone mineral density on various exercise types, exercise intensity, time and frequency in university students in the future.

본 연구는 질적 연구로서 대학교육의 일환으로 부각되고 있는 볼룸 댄스(Ballroom Dance)와 댄스스포트(DanceSport)의 교육방법 및 교수자료 개발이라는 맥락에서 서울에 위치한 S대학교 학생들을 중심으로 실시되었다. 본 연구의 목적은 룸바의 기본 동작들을 본 연구자가 라반동작 분석과 바르테니에프 기본원 리를 토대로 개발한 무한 신체 운동 시스템(ISES)과 발레 탄듀를 적용했을 때 발생되는 결과를 알아보는 것이었다. 본 연구에서 참여자들의 근본적 룸바 움직임이 특징적 탄듀의 미적 동작과 무한 신체 운동 시스템의 안전적 적용을 통하여 증진된다는 결과를 도출했다. 따라서 발레 탄듀 와 무한 신체 운동 시스템은 기본적 룸바 움직임에 유익하며, 특히 앞, 뒤, 옆, 그리고 제자리에 서 이루어지는 기본적인 체중이동에 효과적이었다. 그러나 본 연구는 다섯 명이라는 특정 참여 자들에 관한 사례연구로써 일반화하기에는 주의가 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 자연스럽게 룸바의 움직임을 촉진하고, 효과적으로 기본 동작을 수행하는데 다 음과 같은 세 가지의 핵심 요소들로 함축할 수 있다는 결과를 얻었다. 이러한 요소들은‘발레의 움직임 기반과 무한 신체 운동 시스템 및 룸바’,‘발레 탄듀의 특성 및 룸바’,‘미적 부문의 상 승’ 등이다. 본 연구를 통해 발레, 무한 신체 운동 시스템, 그리고 룸바에는 각각 고유의 움직임 테크닉들이 존재하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 이 유형들의 움직임 간에는 서로 밀접한 관계 를 형성하고 있음을 발견할 수 있었고, 각 유형의 움직임들은 서로 다른 유형의 움직임에 긍정 적인 도움을 주고 있음을 알아냈다. 본 연구에서 제시된 교육방법과 교수자료는 교육과 학습을 위한 대학교육의 참고자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다

Abdominal curl-up exercise may excessively increased superficial neck flexor such as sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle. Also, the muscle activity of the abdominal muscles haven’t investigated during abdominal curl-up with craniocervical flexion (CCF). Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effect of CCF on the muscle activity of the abdominal and SCM muscles during abdominal curl-up. Twelve healthy subjects (six men and six women) with no history of abdominal or lower back pain within 6 weeks were recruited. Surface electromyographic signals were collected on SCM, rectus abdominis (RA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) muscles bilaterally during performing the traditional abdominal curl-up and the abdominal curl-up with CCF. Paired t-tests were used to compare the differences in the muscle activity of the bilateral SCM, RA, EO, and IO muscles between the traditional abdominal curl-up and the abdominal curl-up with CCF (p<.05). There was significantly lower electromyogram (EMG) activity of the both SCMs during the abdominal curl-up with CCF (Right SCM, 39.50±15.29%MVIC; Left SCM, 38.24±17.31%MVIC) than with the traditional abdominal curl-up (Right SCM, 54.85±20.05%MVIC; Left SCM, 53.18±26.72%MVIC) (p<.05). The activity of abdominal muscles were not significantly different between the traditional abdominal curl-up and the abdominal curl-up with CCF. The abdominal curl-up with CCF requires significantly less muscle activity of SCM. Consequently, the abdominal curl-up with CCF is recommended to prevent excessive activation of superficial cervical flexors during abdominal curl-up exercise.

The purpose of this study was to test the effect of Gastrocnemius and Low Back-muscle isotonic exercise on static•dynamic standing balance during the period of 4 weeks. This study was two groups pretest-posttest design. Nineteen subjects who were over 22 years old were randomly assigned to either the experimental group that received the Gastrocnemius muscle exercise(n=9) or the low back muscle exercise(n=10) : The former group performed isotonic exercise(plantar flexion), the latter group performed isotonic exercise(trunk extension) a total of 18 times for three times per week for four weeks. Two groups also performed static and dynamic balance before the exercise and 4weeks after the exercise. The data were analyzed by using the paired t-test and independent t-test. The results were as follows: As compared with change of dynamic balance performance capacity at two groups, a significant difference was shown in the test(p<.05), but not in static balance(p>.05). Also, a significant difference of balance between groups was not shown in the test. In this study indicated that gastrocnemius and low back muscle isotonic exercise will have positive impact on standing balance.

The purpose of this study is to identify the bridge exercise posture for the efficient exercise by comparing the muscle activity of the lower limbs according to the changes in muscle length because of knee angle in bridge exercise. The subjects of this study were 9 randomly selected males in their 20s living in D city from those who satisfied inclusion criteria. The measured muscles were Vastus medialis oblique, Vastus lateralis, Semitendinosus, Biceps femoris, Gluteus maximus, Gluteus medius, Tensor faciae latae, and Adductor longus. Data were analyzed through paired comparison test. In the result, ST, BF, and TFL muscle activities were high when knee joint flexion angle was 90°Although in most cases higher muscle activity was shown at 90°than 60°there was no statistical significance. Interestingly, it was lower at 90°than 60°in VL. In ST, BF, and TFL, it was significantly higher at 90°han 60°(p<.05). Conclusively, knee angles in bridge exercise may affect the muscle activity, and in particular when the activity of two joint muscles such as semimenbranosus muscle, biceps femoris muscle, and tensor fasciae latae muscle increase as the angle gets higher. Therefore, it is considered that this study will provide helpful tips to develop muscular strength enforcement program for the patients with damages in the lower limbs through bridge exercise in clinical situations.

The purpose of this study was conducted in order to analyze the effects of the manual intervention and self-corrective exercise models of general coordinative manipulation(GCM) on the balance restoration of spine & extremities joints with distortions and mal-alignment areas. The subjects were the members who visited GCM Musculoskeletal Prevent Exercise Center from March 1 2012 to December 31 2013 because of spine & extremities joints distortion and mal-alignments, poor posture, and body type correction. All subjects were diagnosed with the four types of the GBT diagnosis. And according to the standards of the mobility vs stability types of the upper & lower body, they were classified into Group 1(40 persons) and Group 2(24 persons). For every other day for three times a week, GCM intervention models were applied to all subjects for four weeks, adding up to 12 times in total. Then the balance restoration effects were re-evaluated with the same methods. The results are as follows. 1) Balance restoration effects of VASdp(Visual analysis scale pain & discomfort) and ER(Equilibrium reaction: ER) came out higher in GCM body type(GBT) Ⅱ·Ⅲ·Ⅳ of Group 1. 2) In case of balance restoration effects in Moire and postural evaluation areas, Group 1 was higher and cervical and scapular girdle were higher in Group 2. The balance restoration of the four GBT types was significant in all regions(p<.05), and the scapular girdle came out as high in the order of GBTⅡ·Ⅳ·Ⅰ. 3) In case of thoracic-lumbar scoliosis and head rotation·facial asymmetric· cervical scoliosis·ribcage forward, the balance restoration effects of the upper body postural evaluation areas came out the highest in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. The balance restoration effects of the four GBT types were significant in all regions(p<.05), and came out the highest in lumbar scoliosis GBTⅢ·Ⅰ, ribcage forward and thoracic scoliosis GBTⅡ·Ⅳ. 4) The balance restoration effects of the lower body postural evaluation areas came out higher in Group 1 and Group 2 for pelvis girdle deviation·patella high·umbilicus tilt and hallux valgus·foot longitudinal arch: FLA·patella direction, respectively. The balance restoration effects of the four GBT types were significant in all regions(p<.05), and came out the highest in pelvis girdle deviation GBTⅢ·Ⅰand patella high-direction GBTⅣ·Ⅱ·Ⅰ. 5) The balance restoration effects between the same GBT came out significant (p<.05) in all evaluation areas and items. The conclusions of this study was the manual intervention and self-corrective exercise models of the GCM about the mal-alignment of the spine & extremities joints across the whole body indicated high balance restoration effects(p<.05) in spine & extremities joints in all evaluation areas.

This study aims to compared effect of balance between general walking exercise and power walking exercise. Twenty subjects were classified into two groups, general walking exercise(n=10) and power walking exercise(n=10). As a result, two group showed difference within the group and there is significant difference between two groups. 1) In compared static balance of sway area at pre-post test to exercise group, general walking exercise group did not change significantly. however, power walking exercise group did change significantly. and At sway distance, two group showed significant changes. 2) In compared Static balance between the groups sway area and sway path at pre-post test, two group showed significant changes. 3) In compared dynamic balance of center distance at pre-post test to exercise group, general walking exercise group was no significant difference in all directions. power walking exercise group was significant difference in all directions. 4) In compared dynamic balance between the groups sway area and sway path at pre-post test, there was no significant difference in leftward, rightward, forward directions and was significant difference in backward, overall direction. Therefore, power walking exercise can be recommended promote balance.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of feedback breathing exercise on respiratory muscle activity. Thirty stroke patients were randomly and equally assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received rehabilitation exercise treatment for 30 minutes and feedback respiratory exercise for 30 minutes and the control group received rehabilitation exercise treatment for 30 minutes and conducted motomed exercise for 30 minutes. All of them conducted exercises five times per week for four weeks. Respiratory muscles including the upper trapezius(UT), longissimus dorsi(LD), rectus abdominis(RA), external abdominal oblique(EAO) and, internal abdominal oblique(IAO) were measured using MP 150WSW prior to and after the experiment. Regarding pulmonary functions prior to and after the experiment, the experimental group showed significant differences in all sections but the control group did not show significant differences in any sections. As for in-between group differences after the experiment, there were significant differences in the UT, LD, RA, and IAO but no significant differences in the EAO. In conclusion, respiratory muscle activity was more effective for the experimental group than the control group. It is considered that feedback respiratory exercise may induce improvement in respiratory muscles in stroke patients through feedback breathing exercise.

Most patients with chronic low back pain experience functional disability of trunk muscle, and limitations in physical activity. While there are many types of exercise programs available, in recent years sling exercise has been emerging as the exercise program for spinal stabilization. It has been supported by a great amount of research with positive findings on its effectiveness. This research studies the effects of bridging exercise, conducted on a sling, on pain level and trunk muscle activation in supine, sidelying, and prone positions during a 4 weeks period. 10 healthy people(normal group, n=10) and 28 patients with low back pain participated in this study. 28 patients were divided into two groups; one group participated in exercise with the sling(experimental group, n=14) and the other group exercised without the sling(control group, n=14). They were asked to use the Numerical Rating Scale(NRS) to answer to the level of their pain they felt (no pain: 0 point, severe pain: 10 points). During sling bridging exercises, the muscle activity level in each muscle measured in each position was standardized as three seconds of EMG signals during five seconds MVIC. In conclusion, the experimental group with four weeks of sling bridging exercise experienced a statistically significant reduction in the pain level(p<.05) and increase in the muscle activities of erector spinae when in supine position, internal oblique when in sidelying position, and rectus abdominis in prone position(p<.05). Regular sling bridging exercise reduces the low back pain and enhances other trunk muscle activation, thereby positively affect spinal stabilization.

ICJ는 ‘Nottebohm 사건’과 관련하여 국가가 자국민을 위하여 외교적 보호를 행사하기 위해 양자 간 ‘진정한 유대’가 존재해야 함을 판시하였으나, 이 이론은 여러 측면에서 비판의 대상이 되었다. 즉, 위 사건에서 Nottebohm이 1939년 리히텐슈타인 국적 취득 이후 수년 간 그 국적을 유지하였음에도 양자 간의 ‘진정한 유대’가 없었다는 ICJ의 주장은 쉽게 납득할 수 없다. 또한 ICJ의 논리에 따르게 된다면, 그가 귀화한 국가 즉 리히텐슈타인이 그를 위하여 국제적 차원에서 외교적 보호권을 행사할 수 없게 되어 귀화의 실효성을 소멸시키게 된다. 이는 곧 국적을 가지고 있음에도 불구하고 국제사회에서 한 개인이 사실상의 무국적자가 되도록 하는 결과를 초래하게 된다.이러한 이론적 맹점 및 개인의 국경 간 이동이 활발해지고 국적에 대한 전통적인 결속력 및 구속력이 희미해지고 있는 최근의 분위기와 맞물려, ‘진정한 유대 이론’은 퇴보를 거듭하고 있다. 그러나 이와 같은 ‘진정한 유대 이론’에 대한 비판은 획일적인 국가와 국민간의 충성 관계 등 지극히 국가가 남용 가능한 형식논리로 이 ‘진정한 유대’의 개념을 이용할 때에만 적용되는 것일 뿐임을 염두에 두어야 한다. 국가와 국민 간의 긴밀한 유대관계의 중요성은 지금도 여전히 전적으로 부인될 수는 없다. 세계화에 따른 국제관계의 변화를 감안하더라도, 국가와 국민의 관계에서 근원적으로 파생될 수밖에 없는 사회, 문화, 경제적 착근에 주목한 유대관계 자체의 비중은 지금도 매우 크다. 다만, 적극적인 국민 보호라는 관점에서 고찰해볼 때, ‘진정한 유대’의 개념을 무리하게 외교적 보호권 행사의 전제조건으로 내세우는 것은 바람직하지 않다. 외교적 보호권이 국제법의 담론체계 상 아직 개인의 권리라고 단언할 수는 없지만, 궁극적으로 외국으로부터 개인이 입은 피해가 국가의 권리 행사의 발단을 이루게 됨으로써 그 권리의 시원성은 개인에게서 찾게 된다. 국적국과 국민 간 국적의 ‘진정한 유대’라는 다소 과도한 기준을 적용하는 것보다 국적국이 자국민을 위해 적극적으로 외교적 보호권을 행사하도록 하는 것이, 점차 개인의 보호에 초점이 맞추어져 가는 외교적 보호제도의 변화에 부합하는 일일 것이다.

목적 : 본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 구강안면운동이 연하기능에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 연구방법 : 연구 대상자는 선정 기준에 따라 10명의 대상자를 선정하여 구강안면운동 및 전통적 연하재활치료를 각각 15분간 1회씩 받는 실험군 5명과 전통적 연하재활치료를 15분간 2회 받는 대조군 5명으로 나누었다. 각 치료는 4주 동안 주 5회로 실시하였고, 치료 전·후 연하기능을 비교하기 위하여 새로운 비디오 투시 연하검사 척도(New Video Fluoroscopic Swallowing Study; New VFSS)를 사용하여 점수를 측정하였으며 구강안면근력을 비교하기 위하여 아이오와 구강 수행 기구(Iowa Ooral Performance Instrument; IOPI)를 사용하여 압력을 측정하였다. 결과 : 치료 전·후 연하기능은 구강안면운동 집단과 전통적 연하재활치료 집단 모두 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 치료 전·후 구강안면근력에서 실험군은 혀의 거상, 혀의 외측와, 혀 내밀기, 볼의 압박, 입술의 압박 압력에서 모두 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 그러나 대조군에서는 혀의 거상 압력에서만 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 나머지 항목에서는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 연하장애가 있는 뇌졸중 환자에게 적용된 구강안면운동은 연하기능과 구강안면근력을 향상시킴을 알 수 있었다.

This study is aimed to investigate the association between anaerobic․aerobic exercise intensity and hand steadiness. Hand steadiness is the decisive contributor to affecting the job performance just as in the rifle shooting and archery in sports and the microscope-related jobs requiring hand steadiness in industries. In anaerobic exercise condition hand steadiness is measured through hand steadiness tester having 9 different diameter holes after each subject exerts 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of maximum back strength. In aerobic exercise occasion it is evaluated at each time heart rate reaches 115%, 130%, and 145% of reference heart rate measured in no task condition after they do jumping jack. The results indicate that an increased intensity in both types of exercise reduces hand steadiness, but hand steadiness at 25% of maximum back strength and 115% of reference heart rate is rather greater than at no exercise. Just as the relation between cognitive stress and job performance has upside-down U form, so does the association of physical loading to hand steadiness, which means that a little exercise tends to improve hand steadiness in comparison with no exercise.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance exercise training on % body fat and insulin resistance in obese middle school male students. Subjects were composed of 20 students(exercise training group: 10, control group: 10, body

This study aims to suggest the basic data for the effectiveness of「Seoul Students 7560⁺ Exercise」 in the school scene by analyzing the elementary teachers’ awareness of the operational conditions, expected effects and stimulation methods of the「Seoul Stud

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quantitative data of downward pulling tension in subjects with scapular downward rotation syndrome (SDRS) before and after 6-week self scapular upward rotation exercise (SURE) program. Eleven subjects with bilateral SDRS. The downward pulling tension(DPT) was measured digital tension-meter. The tension force data were collected using a surface electromyography before and after a 6-week self-scapular SURE program. The significance of difference between pre- and post-program was assessed using a paired t-test, with the level of significance set at =.05. The results showed that significant differences between pre- and post-SURE program were found for DPT (p<.05). These findings suggest that 6-week self SURE program is effective for reducing DPT in subjects with SDRS. Additionally, our DPT measurement can be useful for maintaining shoulder position and providing quantitative data between pre- and post-SURE program during passive correction of scapular position test.

This study is to examine the effects of a feedback breathing device exercise and diaphragm breathing exercise on pulmonary functions of chronic strokes patients. The selection of 20 subjects was divided equally and placed into a experiment group and a control group and the intervention was applied four times per a week for five weeks. In each session, both groups received rehabilitative exercise treatment for 30 minutes, and a feedback breathing device exercise for 15 minutes. In addition, experimental group conducted a combination of diaphragm breathing exercise for 15 minutes. Prior to and after the experiment, patients’ pulmonary functions were measured using a spirometer. The pulmonary function tests included FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF, VC, TV, IC, ERV, IRV. With respect to changes in the pulmonary functions of both groups, the experimental group significantly differed in FVC, FEV1, TV, ERV but did not in PEF, FEV1/FVC, VC, IRV. The control group did not significantly differ in any of the tests. There were significant differences in FEV1, FEV1/FVC, TV, ERV between the two groups, but no significant differences in FVC, PEF, FEV1/FVC, VC, IRV between them after the experiment. The experimental group, which conducted a combination of a feedback breathing device exercise and diaphragm breathing exercise, saw their respiratory ability increase more significantly than the control group. The breathing exercise was found to improve pulmonary function in chronic stroke patients.