Finding the critical path (or the longest path) on acyclic directed graphs, which is well-known as PERT/CPM, the ambiguity of each acr's length can be modeled as a range or an interval, in which the actual length of arc may realize. In this case, the min-max regret criterion, which is widely used in the decision making under uncertainty, can be applied to find the critical path minimizing the maximum regret in the worst case. Since the min-max regret critical path problem with the interval arc's lengths is known as NP-hard, this paper proposes a heuristic algorithm to diminish the maximum regret and the computational experiments shows the proposed algorithm contributes to the improvement of solution compared with the existing heuristic algorithms.

본 논문은 宣祖∼光海君연간에 활동했던 서얼 문인 李再榮(?∼1623)의 삶과 문학 활동을 해명하는 데에 목표를 둔다. 특히 이 과정에서 그간 알려지지 않았던 그의 詩話集『秇苑詩話』의 내용을 소개하고 그 성격을 밝힘으로써 당대 문학사 의 실상에 다가설 하나의 입지점을 마련하고자 한다. 이재영은 뛰어난 文章能力에도 불구하고 신분적 한계로 인해 사대부 사회의 일원이 될 수 없었다. 다만 漢吏學官의 職을 수행하면서 문장 능력을 인정받았고, 또 발휘할 기회를 가지면서 점차 자신의 입지를 다져나갔다. 그는 어린 시절부터 許筠과 절친한 사이였다. 광해군 집권 이후에는 당시 권력의 핵심으로 부상하던 李爾瞻과 밀접한 관계를 맺는다. 이 무렵 廢母論議에 동조하고 이를 확산시키 위한 여론 형성에 노력하는가 하면, 이이첨 아들들의 과거 답안을 代述하기도 한 다. 이러한 행적은 당시 士類의 지탄으로 이어졌고, 癸亥反正이 일어나면서 체포 되어 죽음을 당한다. 사대부 사회의 진입에 실패하면서, 그는 자신의 문학 능력을 비정상적인 방향에서 펼쳤다. 李達문집의 편찬을 담당했으며, 『前五子詩』의 대상 인물로 당대에 으뜸가는 시인으로 언급되기도 했지만, 자신을 받아들이지 않는 세상에서 그의 문 장 능력은 不正과 謀議의 道具로 전락하게 된다. 대표적인 예가 許蘭雪軒문집에 있는 『白玉樓上樑文』의 위작에 관여한 일이다. 이재영의 『예원시화』는 그의 문학 견해에 대해 살필 수 있는 좋은 자료다. 다만 20개의 항목이라는 적은 분량에다 대부분의 자료가 『詩人玉屑』의 범위 내에 있 다는 한계가 있다. 그렇지만 전체적으로 詩體로부터 시작하여 실제 작품의 예시 를 통해 종결되는 구조를 갖추고 있으며, 시의 본질, 창작과 비평상의 고려점 등 한시 일반의 주요 문제를 두루 포괄하고 있다. 양적인 면에서 宋代자료가 상당 부분을 차지하지만, 창작과 비평상 송시를 典範이나 기준점으로 설정하고 있지는 않다. 한편 明末王世貞의 『藝苑卮言』에 수록된 내용을 인용하여 宋代의 詩史를 설명한 부분에 주목할 필요가 있다. 이것은 이재영이 明末復古派의 저작을 독서 범위 안에 두고 있었음을 보여주는 근거로, 허균과 문학 교유를 나누었던 권필이 復古派관련 내용을 남기지 않은 사실과 대비되는 부분이다. 복고파와 관련한 방 대한 작업이 개인적인 애호와 정리 차원을 넘어서는 것이라 할 때, 이에 수반되는 의견 교환이나 토론 등에 있어서의 누군가의 역할이 있었을 것으로 생각된다. 말 하자면 허균이 명말 문단에 대한 관심이나 수용과 관련한 문제에 있어서, 권필과 공유할 수 없었던 부분을, 이재영과 함께 했을 가능성에 대해 생각할 수 있을 듯 하다.

The history of art during the first half of the last decade was founded the discussion with highly impressive and confident. The art might establish its unique area based on self recognition at that era. The self-confidence of modern art may be possible on enlightenment, which is the firm relationship for knowledge and reality. However the faith of modernism which shows rational tendency, objective, and the existence of universal knowledge has been drastically doubted and criticized thereafter. A internal ideological system which had leaded the modern art was exhausted. Postmodernism revolved to the dramatic openness leaning against the deoedipalizational confession. According to the dissipation of the vitality of modern art postmodern art has been evolved and then various phenomena which follow the trends has been emerged. The avant-garde and resisteive attribute of modern art was diluted fast due to the influx of popular culture. As time goes it can be attracted by spectacle taste than metaphysical peculiarity. It has to inevitably justified the drift of light and quick themes, contents, and images. Such as these phenomena realistically shows fact that postmodern art had been failed to open a new chapter of consilience which intermediates beauty and usual communication to overcome the solipsism of modernism. A trial to pursuit the opened esthetics conceived more ‘heroic’ ‘Star-Subject’ than before by dismantling the modern ‘Hero-Subject’. Postmodernism has been recorded as a regression of art, which is the technology of profound spirit that mitigates antagonism and confrontation and mediates mutual encountering of human being. Prevailing of postmodern freedom had been accompanied by popularity, osetentation consumption, marketing, gambling level exitement, mixtures of desires with price fluctuations. We witness ‘self-confinement’ and ‘lasting absence of exit’ phenomena in postmodernism ideology and practice. We have to deal postmodernism as an ‘ideology which closes the discussion for the future’ in the context of ‘absence of way’ at this point. We are going to investigate how postmodern ideology and practice takes part in the prospection beyond thereafter through discussion. We also pay attention to the ‘absence of prospection’ as a internal problem in itself nevertheless mention the three merge points such as tradition or memory, earthy thought, the self who confrontation others as the clue of prospecting thought which is allowing coming over postmodern absence.

It is becoming more and more important to develop safety-critical systems with special attention. Examples of the safety-critical systems include the mass transportation systems such as high speed trains, airplanes, ships and so forth. Safety critical issues can also exist in the development of atomic power plants that are attracting a great deal of attention recently as oil prices are sky-rocketing. Note that the safety-critical systems are in general large-scale and very complex for which case the effects of adopting the systems engineering (SE) approach has been quite phenomenal. Furthermore, safety-critical requirements should necessarily be realized in the design phase and be effectively maintained thereafter. In light of these comments, we have considered our approach to developing safety-critical systems to be based on the method combining the systems engineering and safety management processes. To do so, we have developed a design environment by constructing a whole life cycle model in two steps. In the first step, the integrated process model was developed by integrating the SE (ISO/IEC 15283) and systems safety (e.g., hazard analysis) activities and implemented in a computer-aided SE tool environment. The model was represented by three hierarchical levels: the life-cycle level, the process level, and the activity level. As a result, one can see from the model when and how the required SE and safety processes have to be carried out concurrently and iterately. Finally, the design environment was verified by the computer simulation.

2007년 경찰청 통계자료에 따르면 사업용 차량(시내, 시외, 기타버스)의 교통사고 건수는 당 해 교통사고 건수의 3.5%에 해당하지만 사업용 차량의 경우 운전자 외 다수 승객의 안전을 책임져야 하므로 더욱 심각한 사회적, 경제적 문제를 초래한다. 이러한 사업용 차량의 교통사고 감소 및 안전운전에 대한 사회적 요구에 부흥하기 위하여 디지털 주행기록계, 차량용 블랙박스 등 다양한 형태의 시스템이 사용되고 있으나, 이러한 시스템은 사고 후 차량데이터를 기반으로 위험운전여부를 분석하여 운전자를 관리하기 때문에 실시간으로 운전자를 관리하기에는 큰 한계가 있다. 또한 현재 운영되고 있는 주행기록계는 운전자에게 경고 정보를 제공하지만 실제 위험운전 여부와 상관없이 차량의 속도와 RPM정보만을 이용하여 운전자에게 경고를 제공하고 있어 효율이 매우 떨어지는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구의 선행연구에서는 차량 운전자의 운전행태에 따른 차량 동역학 데이터를 저장?판단하여 운전자에게 실시간으로 경고정보를 제공해 줄 수 있는 위험운전 판단장치를 개발하였으며, 개발된 위험운전 판단장치에서 운전자의 안전운전을 향상 시킬 수 있는 위험운전 유형에 따른 임계값을 개발하였다.

Louis I. Kahn is cleary one of 20th century great architects. The character of his philosophy of architecture can be condensed as simple words; Architectural Essence, because the very nature of his work based on historicity is so fundamental. Some contemporary architects and architectural critics regard it as a symbol of Post-Modern Architecture era expressing relative multiplicity or an expression of Heideggerian existentialism, but others do as the attribute of fundamentalist like absolute Plato's Idea. Comparing the former, studies of the latter theme have been executed superficially and somewhat biasedly for last decades. In the context, this paper attempt to reanalyze Kahn's idea of ‘Architectural Essence’ with the deep view of Platonist focused on the concept of binary opposition and causality.

본 연구에서는 일명‘자살 홈페이지 사건’의 대법원 판결이 제시한 ISP 법적 책임의 기준이 매체의 현실을 반영하고 있는지, ISP가 행동 가이드라인으로 삼을 수 있을 만큼 구체적인 기준을 제시하는 것인지를 살펴보았다. 대법원 판결의 다수의견에 의하면 1) 게시글의 불법성이 명백하고, 2) 사업자가 인식하였다고 볼 수 있고, 3) 기술적, 경제적으로 게시물에 대한 관리∙통제가 가능한 경우에는 ISP에게 그 게시물을 삭제하고 향후 같은 인터넷 공간에 유사한 내용의 게시물이 게시되지 않도록 차단할 주의의무가 있다. 이 때 사업자가 인식하였다고 볼 수 있는 근거로서는 1) 피해자로부터 구체적∙개별적 게시물 삭제 및 차단 요구를 받은 경우, 2) 직접적인 요구를 받지 않은 경우라 하더라도 게시물이 게시된 사정을 구체적으로 인식하고 있었던 경우, 3) 직접적인 요구를 받지 않은 경우라 하더라도 게시물의 존재를 인식할 수 있었음이 외관상 명백히 드러나는 경우를 들었다. 이러한 기준을 매체 관련 현실에 비추어 본다면, 게시글의 불법성의 명백함을 사업자가 판단하기에는 어려움이 있고, 사업자에게 관리감독의 의무를 적극적으로 부과하려는 현 입법 상황에 비추어 볼 때 사업자가 인식할 수 있었음이 외관상 명백한 경우가 아닌 경우를 상정하기가 점점 더 어려워지며, 게시물에 대한 관리∙통제가 기술적, 경제적으로 가능한 경우를 ISP의 게시글 삭제 노력 등에 근거하여 결과론적으로 해석하였다는 점에서, 비현실적인 측면이 크다. 이렇게 논리적으로는 진일보하였으나 현실적으로는 ISP들에게 구체적인 행동 지침이 되기에 한계가 있는 대법원 판결의 기준은 결국 ISP들로 하여금 보다 적극적인 모니터링 및 게시글 삭제∙임시조치 등을 행하게 만들 가능성이 있고 이로 인한 표현의 자유 및 이용자의 권리 침해 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 더욱 문제가 되는 것은 정보통신망법 조항에 의해 ISP들은 사전 모니터링을 해야만 면책이 될 수 있고, 법원 역시 컨텐츠 모니터링과 금칙어의 설정 등 적극적인 편집권 행사를 격려하는 입장에 있다는 점이다. 한편으로는 편집권을 행사해야 면책이 되거나 주의의무를 위반하지 않은 것이 되고, 다른 한편으로는 바로 그 편집권을 행사하기 때문에 책임을 지게 된다는 것은 모순적인 일이다. 그러므로 대법원 판결의 기준을 향후 좀 더 정밀하게 다듬어 현실적인 맥락에 맞게 발전시킬 필요가 있을 뿐 아니라, ISP의 항시적 사전 모니터링 의무를 면제하는 방향으로 입법이 이루어져야만 ISP의 구체적인 행동에 기반한 책임 기준을 제시하는 것이 가능해질 것이다.

This paper intends to examine the significance of the “Minjoong Misool(People's art)” of the 1980s emerged in Korea in its social, cultural, and art historical context. This paper also aims to provide an analysis of the meaning and form of the individual artist's works, which have been overlooked under the dominant discourse that has emphasized their political role as a collective group. In particular, this paper scrutinizes the work of “Critical Realists” by examining the way in which they perceived Korean society in the early 1980s and visualized their experiences of the period. The figurative art newly emerged in the early 1980s challenged the formalist Modernism, which was adopted into Korea and translated into monochrome paintings and the work of the conversative academicism of the 1970s. The figurative art encouraged a social communication and moreover it intended to criticize the conflicts in the political, economical, and social domains in Korea. The targets of its critique include the unavoidable results of the unprecedented development of economy, various social phenomena of the post-industrial society, and the growth of the commercialized kitsch culture. Along with Shin, Hak-chul's work that incorporates collage technique since the 1980s, the work of some members of “Reality and Utterance” and “Im- sul-nyun” exemplify their critical interests in disclosing the false dream of wealth and happiness by both referring to and drawing on the utopian fantasy manipulated and distributed by mass media and commercial advertisements. This paper pays particular attention to Nouvelle Figuration emerged in France and Europe during the 1960s, which is comparable to the new figurative art emerged in Korea during the 1980s. Nouvelle Figuration criticized the autonomy in art isolated itself from political and social reality after WWII, in particular the indifference of Informel and abstract art as well as American abstract art. Moreover it became rather politicized around May of 1968. Given that French Nouvelle Figuration was introduced in Korea in 1982 and made a significant contribution to the formation of figurative art in Korea, it should be noted that the new figurative art emerged in the 1980s in Korea cannot be categorized merely in relation to People's Art. This paper intends to critically redress the notion that People's art was formed in the particular political, economical, and cultural context of Korea independent of the contemporary artistic practices outside Korea. It will provide a critical examination and analysis of the content and form of the new figurative art, from which People's Art was germinated, in the global context.

교통사고의 여러 요인 중 대부분의 사고가 운전자의 특성과 운전행태가 교통사고에 가장 큰 영향을 미치고 있음을 2006년 경찰청 사고건수 자료를 통하여 파악할 수 있다. 현재 교통사고 감소 및 안전운전에 대한 사회적 요구에 부응하기 위하여 디지털 주행기록계, 차량용 블랙박스 등이 출시되고 있다. 주행기록계, 차량용 블랙박스 등은 사고 후 차량의 주행데이터를 이용하여 사고발생 원인에 대한 명확한 해석이 가능하다. 그러나 사고를 미연에 방지해 줄 수 있는 시스템은 현재 개발되지 못하고 있는 것이 사실이다. 본 연구는 실험차량을 이용하여 디지털 주행기록계, 차량용 블랙박스 등의 안전운전관리 시스템의 업그레이드가 가능할 뿐만 아니라, 운전자의 위험운전 정도를 분석할 수 있는 임계값을 개발하였다. 개발된 임계값을 이용하여 운전자의 안전운전 습성을 도모하고 안전운전 관리업무를 체계화하는데 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

For the fabrication of core-shell structure bimetallic lead-free solder balls, both the critical temperature (Tcr) for the phase separation of two immiscible liquid phases and the temperature coefficient of the interfacial tension between the two separated liquid phases are required. In order to obtain this information, the temperature dependence of the surface tension of 60%Bi-24%Cu-16%Sn(-REM) alloys was measured using the constrained drop method. The slope of the temperature dependence of the surface tension changed clearly at a critical temperature for the separation of two immiscible liquid phases. The critical temperature of the 60%Bi-24%Cu-16%Sn alloy was estimated to be 1097K. An addition of 0.05% Ce decreased the critical temperature to 1085K, whereas that of 0.05% La increased it to 1117K. It was found that the surface tension and its temperature coefficient of the 60%Bi-24%Cu-16%Sn alloy were slightly increased by the addition of 0.05% Ce and 0.05% La. In addition, additions of Ce and La increased the temperature coefficient of the interfacial tension.

Numerical simulations of the powder extrusion need an appropriate pressure-dependent constitutive model for densification modeling of the magnesium powders. The present research investigated the effect of representative powder yield function of the critical relative density model. We could obtain reasonable physical properties of pure magnesium powders using cold isostatic pressing. The proposed densification model was implemented into the finite element code. The finite element analysis was applied to simulation of powder extrusion of pure magnesium powder in order to investigate the densification and processing load at room temperature.

This study suggest a way to improve duty process of KTX(Korea Train Express) high-speed train driver. A new operating system which based on safety was introduced to operate high-speed train which travel above 300km/h on the high-speed railroad but below 200km/h on the general railroad. There were some studies on the operation of high-speed train which travel on the high-speed railroad and on the general railroad with safety. However they overlooked the elements of human errors. The duty-load of KTX train driver's 14 basic operation processes was measured using NASA-TLX and found four processes with high duty-load. In this paper, critical tasks of the high duty-load processes are determined using a questionnaire. Some suggestions which include the improvement of facilities, operating system and operating skill are proposed to lighten duty-load of the critical tasks. The validity of the proposed new task processes is demonstrated by making question to KTX train driver. To use this results cost-benefit analysis, hazards analysis etc. should be performed additionally.

The recent dramatic growth of ERP has changed the way organizations conduct their businesses, and resulted in significant tangible and intangible benefits being realized by participating firms. Despite these various benefits, firms still have problems in implementing and diffusing ERP due to some reasons, such as resistance to the change. This study primarily aims at identifying what factors are significantly affecting the diffusion of ERP system and finding out how these identified factors can be effectively managed.

In this study, bottom-up powder processing and top-down severe plastic deformation processing approaches were combined in order to achieve both full density and grain refinement with least grain growth. The numerical modeling of the powder process requires the appropriate constitutive model for densification of the powder materials. The present research investigates the effect of representative powder yield function of the Shima-Oyane model and the critical relative density model. It was found that the critical relative density model is better than the Shima-Oyane model for powder densification behavior, especially for initial stage.

Dongbu HiTek had a focal group depth interview with pesticide sales dealers and farmers in 2007. With results, dealers assessed a white fly as a most difficult pest in up-land crop cultivation, and answered the increase and change of pests and pathogen from climate change as a most concerned event. Farmers pointed that important jobs in vegetable cultivation were the control of pest and pathogen (34%) and the prevention of pest and pathogen (24%). And difficult works was the control of pest and pathogen (24%), and the climate change (18%). When choosing the insecticide, the long lasting activity (44%) and the completeness of control (34%) were the important factors. Among customers’ claims related with white fly, claims on insufficient efficacy was dominant and occupied 86% in spite of efforts of producers, and it reflected that commercial agrochemicals did not meet the expectation level of the farmers. Common agrochemicals for the control of white fly are Neo-Nicotinoids in Korea today and CGAR of it is about 13% average increased per year from 2003. As Bio Type Q showed higher resistant level to the Neo Nicotinoids than other Bio type (Nauen et al. 2002), Bio Type Q would spread easily and counter-plan is needed.. Market size of agrochemical for white fly is assumed to be about 9.6 million US dollars. The market size is smaller than that of aphids or lepidopterous pests, but the market would increase because of suffering and failure in control due to resistance and resurgence problems. As the increase of vegetable consuming, host crop for the white fly is also increasing. As green house cultivation area of host vegetable increases, natural enemies to foreign invading pest like sweet potato white fly are limited. Also it is important that that management of pest and pathogen in green house environment. It is essential to build pest management model and to develop and commercialize agrochemicals according to the critical customer (farmer) requirement.