Spring phenology of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, was monitored using sex pheromone traps in apple cultivating areas. Their occurrence was earlier in southern areas and their population sizes were significantly different among orchards even in a local cultivating zone. The overwintering populations appeared to move between local orchards, based on the fact that monitoring data obtained at the sites between orchards were similar to those of nearby orchards. However, within orchards, these adult movements appeared to decrease and showed skewed occurrences at the side of upwind direction or close to neighboring orchards. At initial occurrence peak (April 20-25), the overwintering populations of the different localities were collected and analyzed in their genetic distances. PCR-RAPD analysis indicated that there were significant genetic differences among the overwintering populations of G. molesta. This genetic differentiation of overwinterin populations may be due to genetic bottleneck following differential selection pressures against the subpopulations of G. molesta during winter on the basis of the RAPD analysis that each early spring population was significantly different to its previous fall population in the same locality.

본 연구에서는 자바틸라피아(체장 10±1.0cm, 체중 173±4.2g)를 사용하여 염분의 변화에 따른 산소소비율, 아가미 호흡수 및 암모니아 배설률을 조사하였다. 담수(0 psu)에서 사육하던 자바틸라피아를 염분 0(대조구), 3, 9. 15, 21 및 32 psu로 이동하였을 때 시간경과에 따른 생존율을 조사하였다. 단계적 인 염분변화는 담수(0 psu, 대조구)로부터 염분을 1일 3psu씩 증가시켜 3, 9, 15, 21 및 32 p

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different objects and target location of dominant hand on the non-dominant hand movement kinematics in a bimanual reaching task. Fifteen right-handed volunteers were asked to reach from same starting point to the different target point of right and left hand with grasping the objects of different size. Independent variables were 1) three different object types (small mug cup, name pen, and PET bottle), and 2) three different target locations (shorter distance, same distance, and longer distance than the non-dominant hand) of the dominant hand. Dependent variables were movement time (MT), movement distance (MD), movement mean velocity (MVmean), and movement peak velocity (MVmean) of the non-dominant hand. Repeated measures two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for differences in the non-dominant hand movement kinematics during bimanual reaching. The results of this study were as follows: 1) MT of the non-dominant hand was increased significantly when traveling with grasping the mug cup and reaching the far target location, and was decreased significantly when traveling with grasping the PET bottle and reaching the near target location of the dominant hand. 2) MD of the non-dominant hand was significantly increased during reaching the far target location, and significantly decreased during reaching the near target location with dominant hand. 3) MVmean of the non-dominant hand was increased significantly when traveling with grasping the PET bottle, and was decreased significantly when traveling with grasping the mug cup of the dominant hand. Therefore, it can be concluded that the changes of the ipsilateral hand movement have influence on coupling of the contralateral hand movement in bimanual reaching.

목적 : 가정환경에서 실시한 강제유도운동치료(Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy: CIMT)와 건측제한(Forced Used: FU)치료법이 편마비 환자의 상지기능과 일상생활활동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 개별실험 연구방법 중 실험 집단간 다중기초선설계를 사용하였다. 뇌졸중으로 편마비 진단을 받은 6인을 3집단(각 집단 2인)으로 분류하였다. CIMT는 건측제한(5시간)과 함께 환측 집중훈련(3시간)을 실시하였다. FU는 하루 중 활동이 가장 많은 5시간 동안 건측에 장갑을 착용하여 사용을 제한하였다. 기초선과 치료과정 동안에는 상자와 나무토막검사(Box and Block Test: BBT), 치료 전·후에는 울프운동기능검사(Wolf Motor Function Test: WMFT)를 사용하여 상지기능을 측정하였다. 일상생활활동은 치료 전·후에 운동·처리기술평가(Assessment of Motor and Process Skills: AMPS)와 운동활동지표(Motor Activity Log: MAL)를 사용하여 측정하였다. 결과분석은 그래프를 통한 시각적 분석과 치료 전·후 측정값의 변화를 비교하였다.결과 : WMFT와 BBT에서 모든 대상자의 수행능력이 향상 되었다. AMPS 능력치와 MAL의 환측사용빈도와 움직임 질도 모든 대상자에서 향상을 보였다. 특히 각 집단에서 CIMT 대상자들이 모두 FU 대상자보다 많이 향상되었다.

Anticipatory postural adjustments are pre-planned by the central nervous system (CNS) before the activation of agonist muscles in the limbs, and minimize postural sway. Most previous studies on this topic have focused on upper-limb movement, and little research has been conducted on lower-limb movement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the recruitment order of left and right trunk muscles during limb movement. Fifteen healthy subjects (10 male, 5 female) were enrolled. Electro-myographic signals were recorded on the muscles of: (1) deltoid, lumbar erector spinae, latissimus dorsi and internal oblique during shoulder flexion, (2) rectus femoris, rectus abdominis, external oblique and internal oblique during hip flexion. During right upper limb flexion, the onset of left erector spinae muscle and left internal oblique muscle activity preceded the onset of right deltoid by 8.09 ms and 19.83 ms, respectively. But these differences were not significant (p>.05). A similar sequence of activation occurred with lower limb flexion. The onset of left internal oblique muscle activity preceded the onset of right rectus femoris muscle by 28.29 ms (p<.05). The onset of right internal oblique muscle activity preceded the onset of left rectus femoris muscles by 23.24 ms (p<.05). The internal oblique muscle was the first activated during limb movement. Our study established the recruitment order of trunk muscles during limb movement, and explained the postural control strategy of the trunk muscles in healthy people. We expect that this study will be used to evaluate patients with an asymmetric recruitment order of muscle activation due to impaired CNS.

목적: 콘택트렌즈 착용시 렌즈가 각막에 부착된 상태를 정확하게 파악하기 위해서는 콘택트렌즈 운동에 대한 이해가 필요하다. 이 중 순목에 수반되는 렌즈의 움직임은 각막에 산소 공급 뿐 아니라 안정된 교정시력을 확보할 수 있다는 점에서도 매우 중요하다. 방법: 순목시 콘택트렌즈의 위치 이동은 눈꺼풀이 렌즈를 누르는 압력, 안쪽 눈꺼풀과 콘택트렌즈 사이의 미끄럼 마찰, 순목에 소요되는 시간, 눈꺼풀이 움직이는 최대 수직거리 등에 의해 결정되므로 순목 직후의 콘택트렌즈 위치는 이러한 순목 관련 요소와 함수관계에 있다고 생각할 수 있다. 결과: 눈꺼풀과 렌즈의 마찰력이 관여하는 눈꺼풀의 운동을 설명할 수 있고, 순목시 콘택트렌즈의 직경, 순목시간, 눈꺼풀의 압력 등의 변수에 따른 콘택트렌즈 위치 및 콘택트렌즈 착용시 발생할 수 있는 문제점을 예측할 수 있는 뉴턴의 운동 방정식 모델을 수립하였다. 결론: 본 연구의 운동방정식 모델을 측정 가능한 변수인 순목 속도와 눈꺼풀 두께를 이용한 선행된 임상연구와 비교한 결과 좋은 일치를 보여 타당성을 확인할 수 있었다.

  Goal of "Single PPM Quality Innovation Movement" is to achieve perfect quality through participation of all members in the production line to achieve zero defects.   Six Sigma has been used by many leading corporations as a tool for Management Innovatio

The church & beyond movement could be a good term for church renewal. The church & beyond movement revitalizates the kingdom of God by overcoming the boundaries of each church. The local-church-centrality (decentralization of denominational power by a self-governing-local-church) has been an engine for the revitalization of the kingdom of God for over a generation now in the Korean church. When, however, it is changed into the egocentricity of the church (extreme selfishness of each local church), it has been a stumbling block to revitalization of the kingdom of God. The author suggests the church & beyond movement as an antidote of the egocentricity of the church. Chonja (seeds) is a North Korean term for a poetical imagination or a musical motif. As an effort of developing missiology in a unified Korean context, the author uses ‘seeds’ of church renewal studies instead of ‘inspirations’ of church renewal studies as a part of the title. In chapter 2, the author deals with seeds of church renewal studies using economic terms. The author points out the danger of M&A of the church by using economic terms such as reverse-synergy, multiprocessing, and the monopoly of trade. In chapter 3, the author handles seeds of church renewal studies harvested in a soccer field. Field-vision and teamwork is essential for church renewal as well as for soccer. The author introduces Howard A. Snyder’s 8 marks of a mediating model of renewal, which is a combination of elements of both the institutional and the charismatic model of renewal: 1) The renewal movement exists as an ecclesiola. 2) The renewing movement uses some form of small group structure. 3) The renewal movement has some structural link with the institutional church. 4) The renewal structure is committed to the unity, vitality, and wholeness of the larger church. 5) The renewal structure is mission-oriented. 6) The renewal movement is especially conscious of being a distinct, covenant-based community. 7) The renewal movement provides the context for the rise, training, and exercise of new forms of ministry and leadership. 8) The renewal structure maintains an emphasis on the Spirit and the Word as the basis of authority. The author uses theological methodology of storytelling. The author concludes this article with a high hope that the church & beyond movement would work as disinfected seeds for the Korean church which is diseased with an egocentricity of the church.

日本近代美術史上での大正期新興美術運動の意義のひとつは, 術家が?滑の美術の領域を超えて演劇, ダンス, 建築, 文芸といったさまざまな分野に果敢に進出し, 美術と他分野を合一した特異な美術表現を行ない, 美術の領域を大幅に擴大したという点に求められる. 美術と舞台の領域をまたぐ「人形座」もまた, この運動と密接なかかわりを持った. 人形座は伊藤熹朔(1899~1964)とその妻智子, 熹朔の弟の千田是也（本名·伊藤挑夫, 1904~1994）らを中心に, 1920年代の東京で活動した新興人形劇のグル─プである. これまで注目されることがなかったが, 新興美術運動にかかわる美術家が積極的に參加したことで, 日本に新興人形劇を勃興させたことや, この運動とさまざまな接点を持っていた点で, 美術史の視点から考察することに意義が認められる. 本發表では, 最初に, 活動の要となった1923年10月の試演會, 1926年9月の第一回公演會, 1927年7月の臨時公演會`─`以上の公演會の槪要とそのとき上演された作品`─`順にメ─テルリンク作「アグラヴェ─ヌとセリセット」, K.A.ウィットフォ─ゲル作「誰が一番馬鹿だ?」, 小山內?作「三つの願ひ」と「人形」のあらましを確認する. つづいて上演作品の內容が象침主義からプロレタリア, さらに一般大衆化へという揀化を見せたことに注目し, 上演툭時の社뀜的, 文化的環境を踏まえながら人形座が公演會ごとに目指した人形劇について浮き彫りにする. そして最後に人形座同人だった美術家の人形座以外での美術活動に注目しつつ 人形座と大正期新興美術運動とのつながりを明らかにし, さらに「美術の領域としての舞台」という視点を導入することによって, 人形座がこの美術運動におけるひとつの活動袴式であったことを浮き上がらせる.

The aim of this study was the kinematics and kinetics analysis of the movement of throwing a ball between boy and girl middle school students. The subjects of this study were seven boys and girls respectively and all of them were middle school students. T

This article aims to analyze and apply to the Great Revival Movement of Pyugyang 1907 by using the revitalization movement model of Anthony Wallace with the complement of the innovation model of Homer Barnet. Socio-cultural change is the result of any transformation of customs, values, and ways of thinks or behaviors in a society. The religious meaning of this change is the worldview change in a society as a form of religious conversion. Wallace defines revitalization movement as “a deliberate, organized, conscious effort by members of a society to construct a more satisfying culture.” In the process of revitalization there are three factors presented: (1) the perception of the culture as a system; (2) dissatisfaction with that system; and (3) an organized effort to change that system. The process of revitalization movement shares a common structure, consisting of the following five stages: (1) steady state; (2) period of increased individual stress; (3) period of cultural distortion; (4) period of revitalization(in this period there are six functions: formulation of a code, communication, organization, adaptation, cultural transformation, and routinization); and (5) new steady state. Anthony Wallace’s anthropological model of revitalization movement, in combination with Homer G. Barnet’s model of innovation can provide a useful framework for examining and understanding of the Great Revival Movement of Pyengyang 1907. He defines an innovation as “any thought, behavior, or thing that is new because it is qualitatively different from existing forms.” The emphasis in this model is on the reorganization of ideas rather than on quantitative variation. Culture change takes place not when there is just more or less of the same thing, but when idea, a behavior pattern or a material object is qualitatively different from existing forms. He has contributed to the understanding of culture change as he suggested the theory focusing on the innovator’s behavior pattern. As an outsider the role of the missionary is important, but the change agent is the indigenous leadership, the one who mainly influences on the decision on the reception of the socio-cultural change. The change by the outsider(or missionaries) may be destructive so that the cross-cultural witness should attempt to contextualize the gospel through a careful examination of the local culture, because they are the persons who use to bring sociocultural changes as well as individual change. In the end of the Chosen Dynasty, people had experienced a religious vacuum. The reasons were because Korean traditional religions, Buddhism and Confucianism, has lost their ability to provide people mental framework. This religious vacuum caused people to desire for fervently seeking a new religion. Also the Tonghak revolution and Chinese-Russian war and following the assassination of the queen Min drove people into fear and frustration. The year 1884 was one of the darkest eras in the Chosen history because there was no sign to resolve the current situation. Endemic disease spread all around the country accelerated the crisis and fear felt by the people. So people were trying to seek some solution to resolve the crisis. The stress level of people became increased, in fact, facing the crisis the colonial Japan began to occupy the country with power. In this circumstances there was a candle ignited for a revival by American Methodist missionary Hardie from Wonsan in 1903 August. In his confession we can find a transforming code for overcoming the national crisis and desperate situation, which was radical and super cultural. The revival movement started from Wonsan became spread to Kangwon province, Seoul, Gaesung, Pyugyang, and all around the country. Finally this movement exploded at Changdaehyun church in 1907 January. At that time, there were around 1,000 men for bible studying meeting and missionaries gathered for noon prayer meeting. Then how can the code as a spiritual awakening be interpreted and communicated by the Korean believers? The revival movement as a renovative code was interpreted and communicated as means of salvation, and it was diffused to beyond Pyungyang. The leaders of the movement included Korean church leaders such as Kil Sunju, Chun Kyeeun, and Chung Chuhsoo as well as foreign missionaries. They had lead revival meetings with a clear motivation to breakthrough the desperate situation in faith, which were combined with the prayer meetings of the missionaries. In fact, the Korean church leaders were involved in the revival movement with a strong desire to find a clue of overcoming the crisis, while the missionaries started the revivals with repentance and reflect of their mission works. But these two different motives were directly connected to the Great Revival, and they were finding a new code and goal culture. The Great Revival movement had played an important role to rapidly grow churches and to encourage evangelism among Korean churches through making young people to commit their lives for ministry, and to develop church structure. A turning point made by the Great Revival movement was the organization of the church structure, the unity of denominations, and missionary endeavor such as working together for medical and educational mission works. The Great Revival was really successful, and it had influenced on the development of the church structure, theology, and church growth. It can be evaluated that not only did it include repentance and awakening in a spiritual dimension, but it was closely related to socio-cultural transformation. So it is a crucial factor to examine the socio-cultural and political dimensions of the Great Revival movement. From a missiological perspective, socio-cultural change must include a transforming factor of the gospel. Any socio-cultural change in Christianity is not merely the change of individual's mind and behavior, but should be extended to social and cultural movements. During socio-cultural changes, the role of the church is to provide a valid biblical framework in order for people to change their worldview to biblical one and to suggest an alternative theological agenda for a relevant contextual theology to overcome the gospel reductionism and syncretism. To some extent, critical evaluation to the Great Revival movement might be something that it had done in an American form of Christian faith. In this reason, from the beginning the Korean Christianity had difficulties to indigenize and contextualize the gospel, difficulty that it was to transplant the gospel message into the Korean soil. In this respect it is suggested a problem that the movement has hardly contributed to the contextualize the gospel for the Korean church. Though there are both positive and negative aspects to the Great Revival movement, it must be the crucial event that the Korean church today reexamines and rediscovers as the event that has a huge contribution for the formation of Korean believers’ faith pattern in the critical time when the country lost her national right and identity. The challenge the Korean church are facing is that the church has to attempt to discover a new code and ideal culture that can inspire in believers’ mind and diagnose the today’s crisis through the Bible and the church history.

This study is to investigate the relation between the revival and the growth of churches. This is, however, not to verify but to examine the historical process of it. I will show how the revival and the growth of churches have been related historically. For this, two kinds of data will be used. The first, in relation to a revival, is the novel A Revival by Giyoung Lee(1895-1984). the writer of North Korea, which satirized revivals of Korean churches from a critical perspective. Through this novel, I discriminate the difference and similarity between the present revivals of church and the early revivals of 80 years ago. And I approach the features of revivals and then the essence of revival movements. Secondly, concerning church growth, I discuss the relation between church growth and its revival movement which is based on McGavran’s Understanding Church Growth. I approach the relation by McGavran’s point of view. Finally I consider the situation of today’s Korean churches and presented their revival movement as a challenging subject.

In the 20th century, Christian churches and mission agencies had a great revival and missionary movement. The revival movement made an huge impact on Christian believers to repent of their sins and to commit themselves into the missionary works. The mission mind that was coming out of revivalism must be a power to transform the churches and societies in order to evangelize their family members, friends, relatives, and even those who were in the physical and spiritual needs through all over the world. From the viewpoint of sociological stands, the 20th century revivalism tends to deny the theory of secularization. Even though the society of the 20th century became more secular than the previous century, the churches and mission minds could not be weaken by the secularization process. However, from the economic and political standpoints, it was negatively evaluated, because it should be closely connected with Western capitalism and American right wing sides. Lastly, from the socio-cultural aspects, it had a crisis of destruction threatened by the popular cultures and multi-cultures. In conclusion, revivalism and Christian missions have to go together. The missionary works should firstly recover the power and enthusiasm from the Holy Spirit. The missions, however, should not be royal only to a specific culture and nation but to the archy type of Christianity in the biblical first church. The major task of Christian missions should be the recovery of enthusiasm experienced in the biblical first church and the application to the all nations and people.

The Fagus Factory at Alfeld on the Leine in Germany, which was built in 1911 and 1914, is a well-known and very important object in the history of modern architecture. Alan Colquhoun mentioned that it is "prophetic of the 'objective' (sachlich) Modern Movement of the 1920s". Vittrio M. Lampugnani evaluated it as "a Pioneer building of the architectural Realism". Most of historian of architecture explain that these achievements were accomplished mainly by the master architect Walter Gropius and sometimes by his co-worker Adolf Meyer. Through investigating the background in the planning stage and the process of design it is to try to find out what is truly happened during the project time. Furthermore, historical meanings of the building in the modern architecture is reinterpreted in the following aspects; who or which elements have influence on the Fagus Factory? and what kind of problems can be caused by the digested architectural history?

Although many children with cerebral palsy have problems with their eye movements available data on its intervention is minimal. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the postural movement normalization and eye movement program on the oculomotor ability of children with cerebral palsy. Twenty-four children with cerebral palsy (12 male and 12 female), aged between 10 and 12, were invited to partake in this study. The subjects were randomly allocated to two groups: an experimental group received the postural movement normalization and eye movement program and a control group which received conventional therapy without the eye movement program. Each subject received intervention three times a week for twelve weeks. The final measurement was the ocular motor computerized test before and after treatment sessions through an independent assessor. Differences between the experimental group and control group were determined by assessing changes in oculomotor ability using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The changes of visual fixation (p<.01), saccadic eye movement (p<.01) and pursuit eye movement (p<.01) were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. These results show that the postural movement normalization and eye movement program may be helpful to treat children with cerebral palsy who lose normal physical and eye movement.

The purpose of this study was to obtain correlation of blinking velocities and RGP contact lens movements, and to understand lens movements related to blinking velocity through the measurement of upper-lid movement. The lens used in this experiment was two types. One was a standard contact lens and another was a fenestrated contact lens that has three holes(diameter of about 200 11m) at optic zone boundary part. But all of parameter were same in two type of contact lens design. With 4 7 subjects(94 eyes), we measured the refractive error, the radius of cornea curvature, the axial length and the thickness of upper-lid. We measured blinking times per second and the contact lens movement after blinking by high speed camera(l frame = 1/60 sec). Blinking average velocity of upper lid and lens movement amount were no significant correlation both two types of contact lenses, but the blinking average velocity and lens reorientation velocity after blinking showed significant correlation (Standard C!L: r = 0.586, Fenestrated C!L: r = 0.504). Mean difference of reorientation velocity between low and high groups in blinking average velocity was significant as well(Standard C/L: p = 0.002, Fenestrated C/L: p = 0.003). There was no statistically different of lens movement amount in standard and fenestrated contact lenses. But reorientation velocity of standard contact lens was faster than fenestrated contact lens(p = 0.002). There was no significant correlation between blinking velocity of upper-lid and lens movement and rotation. While it had strong correlation with blinking velocity and reorientation velocity. lt might be understood through the approach of Bernoulli's equation that is being used commonly in fluid mechanics. As mentioned above, this study is considerably used to evaluate contact lens movements related to blinking and to make some basic information that the upper-lid has an effect on contact lens fitting.

목적 : 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 실시한 강제유도운동치료(Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy)가 환측 상지의 운동 형상학적 변화를 유발하는 지 알아보기 위하여 수행되었다. 연구방법 : 8명의 편마비 환자들이 주 5회의 강제유도운동치료에 2주 동안 참여하였다. 훈련에 의한 상지의 운동 수행동안의 운동 형상학적 변수들의 변화를 평가하기 위하여 대상자들이 컵 옮기기와 연필 옮기기 과제를 수행하는 동안 삼차원 동작분석 시스템 (CMS-HS Zebris uMedizintechnik GmbH, Isny, Germany)을 이용하여 어깨, 팔굽, 손목 관절에서 움직임을 분석하였다. 운동 형상학적 변수들인 동작의 순발력과 부드러움, 그리고 이동거리의 효율성을 측정하였다. 순발력은 컵(또는 연필)을 잡는 동작과 내려놓는 동작 두 구간에서 최대 속도 도달시간으로 측정하였고, 움직임의 부드러움을 평가하기 위하여 각 관절 움직임의 속도반전의 횟수로 움직임의 변동(fluctuation)정도를 측정하였다. 또한 이동거리의 효율성은 실제 관절별 움직임 궤도의 변화량을 측정하였다. 결과 : 1) 관절별 최대 속도 도달시간은 컵 옮기기 과제 중 컵을 잡는 동작과 내려놓는 동작 두 구간에서 어깨 관절, 팔굽 관절, 손목 관절 모두 치료 전․후로 유의하게 감소하였다(p<.05). 반면에 연필 옮기기 과제에서는 내려놓는 동작에서 어깨 관절에서만 유의한 감소를 보였다(p=.05). 2) 속도반전 횟수는 컵 옮기기 과제에서 모든 측정 관절의 전후 방향에서 유의미한 감소를 보였으며(p<.05), 어깨 관절에서는 수평 방향과 수직 방향에서 역시 유의미한 감소를 보였다(p<.05). 또한 연필 옮기기 과제에서 손목 관절의 전후, 수평 요인을 제외한 전 관절의 축 방향에서 유의미한 감소를 보였다. 3) 관절별 움직임 궤도의 변화량은 컵 옮기기 과제에서 어깨 관절과 팔굽 관절에서 유의미한 감소를 보였으며(p<.05), 연필 옮기기 과제에서는 전 관절에서 유의미한 감소를 보였다(p<.05). 결론 : 본 연구에서 강제유도운동치료는 삼차원 동작분석 평가를 통하여 환측 상지의 다양한 관절에서 순발력과 부드러움, 효율성의 향상을 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 편마비 측 상지의 운동역학적 변수들의 향상을 객관적으로 보임으로서 상지 강제유도운동치료의 치료적 활용에 대한 근거를 제시한다.

Quality management has been applied to the industry for strengthening the competitiveness regardless of the size of company. However, it has been argued that the operational models for quality management used in the large-sized enterprise could not be applied to the small & medium-sized enterprise (SME) directly. This paper analyzes the states and outcomes of movements for quality innovation in the SME and tries to give some suggestions for improving and spreading the movements within the framework of the cooperation with the large sized company. Survey results show that the preferable quality movements depends on the size of company. Especially, the Single PPM movement is most preferable in the SME. It contributes th decreasing the fraction defective and to vitalizing the communication and cooperation between large-sized company and SME.