The mixed matrix membranes for CO2/N2 separation, which is composed of commercially available MgCO3 and amphiphilic comb polymer matrix based on poly(ethyleneglycol) behenyl ether methacrylate and poly(oxyethelene methacrylate) synthesized via a facile free radical polymerization, were fabricated. The use of a CP improved the dispersion of the MgCO3 in ethanol due to the specific interaction between CP and MgCO3. The MMMs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM), and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). The best performance of gas separation for CP/MgCO3 MMM was shown in the case of 45wt% MgCO3 with the highest CO2 /N2 selectivity(93.8) and good CO2 permeance (30.9GPU). This performance of this CP/MgCO3 MMM is higher than other MgCO3 commercially available MMMs.

본 연구에서는 식품을 용기·포장 채로 조리하는 경우 니트로사민의 함량이 증가하는 사례에서 용기·포장에서의 니트로사민이 용출되는지 확인하였다. 조리를 할 수 있는 용 기·포장 31종에 대해 각 식품 유형별로 침출용매를 선택 하여 단면용출시험을 진행하였다. 용출 시험을 진행한 결과, 용기·포장에서는 NDMA, NDEA, NDBA가 모두 정량 한계 미만으로만 검출되었다. 따라서 용기·포장물질에서 침출용매로의 용출은 미미하였고 침출용매가 아닌 특정 식품에 의한 차이가 있는지 확인하고자 하였다. 토마토소 스를 제외한 레토르트 시료는 조리 전과 후의 유의적인 함량 차이가 없었으며 컵라면 시료의 경우는 모든 시료에서 조리 전 NDMA가 불검출되었지만 조리 후 NDMA 함 량이 trace~0.93 μg/kg로 검출되었다. 컵라면의 NDMA 함 량 증가 원인을 파악하기 위해 구성요소인 면, 분말스프, 건더기스프, 물을 면밀히 검토하였다. 그 결과, 면과 분말 스프를 조합하여 조리한 경우에만 NDMA가 생성되었으며 폴리스티렌 제품의 경우 모든 구성요소를 함께 조리할 때보다는 NDMA 함량이 적게 검출되었다. 따라서 컵라면 시료는 면과 분말스프 내의 니트로사민 전구체가 NDMA 생성에 기여하는 것으로 추정되며 건더기스프도 NDMA 함량 증가에 기여하는 것으로 보였다. 따라서 각 구성요 소 내의 전구체에 대한 검토가 필요하며 조리 중 가열에 따른 반응을 검토하는 후속연구가 필요할 것으로 추정된다.

The gas sensor sensitivity value of three methods (simple application method, vaporization method, and chamber method) were compared in order to establish a method for the measurement of liquid odor substances. In order to select the representative sensors from among the 16 sensors constituting the gas sensor array, cluster analysis, regression analysis, and correlation analysis were performed. Sensors with excellent correlation in terms of reactivity were selected as representative sensors of each measurement method. As a result, it was shown that the reactivity and the correlation increased in the order of simple application method < vaporization method < chamber method. Through a variance analysis using the sensitivity values of selected representative sensors, it was shown that the simple application method had statistical significance at the level of 99.9% (p<0.001) in three of the representative sensors in four clustering groups. The vaporization method and the chamber method showed statistical significance at a level of 99.9% (p<0.001) for all representative sensors in each clustering group. If the reactivity were improved by controlling the sensitivity of the sensor, the simple application method and vaporization method could also be used as a method of measuring the liquid material with gas sensor array.

Currently, the social networks of the rural areas which may have the low social vitality are insufficient or absent, due to the industrialization according to the growth oriented economic policy of China; the farmers’ organizations(FOs) for forming or restoring the social relations can be the alternative. Recently, the government of China increased the policy support regarding the FOs of which the representative example is the Specialized Farmers Cooperatives. Thus, it is necessary to understand and support the FOs that is the gathering of lots of farmers, which is the most fundamental factor of the systematization, for reaching the strengthening the FOs competitiveness which is the policy goal of China government. In this context, the intention of participating in the Specialized Farmers Cooperatives and the preferred types of FOs in Húnchūn were investigated.

A thin film thermoelectric generator that consisted of 5 p/n pairs was fabricated with 1 μm-thick n-type In3Sb1Te2 and p-type Ge2Sb2Te5 deposited via radio frequency magnetron sputtering. First, 1 μm-thick GST and IST thin films were deposited at 250 oC and room temperature, respectively, via radio-frequency sputtering; these films were annealed from 250 to 450 oC via rapid thermal annealing. The optimal power factor was found at an annealing temperature of 400 oC for 10 min. To demonstrate thermoelectric generation, we measured the output voltage and estimated the maximum power of the n-IST/ p-GST generator by imposing a temperature difference between the hot and cold junctions. The maximum output voltage and the estimated maximum power of the 1 μm-thick n-IST/p-GST TE generators are approximately 17.1 mV and 5.1 nW at ΔT = 12K, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of PineXol® on H2O2-induced cell death in SK-N-MC cells, and in early stage focal ischemia rodent model. SK-N-MC cells were pre-treated with 200 μM H2O2 or various concentrations of PineXol® (10, 30, and 50 pg/mL) for 24 h, and then exposed to H2O2 for 3 h. Cell death was assessed by the CCK-8 assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, and lactate and dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) expressions were also analyzed by western blotting. Focal ischemia rodent model was used as the in vivo model, and different concentrations of PineXol® (1, 10, and 100 mg/kg) were administered. One week after administration, reduction of infarct volume was analyzed by TTC staining. Cell viability of H2O2-treated SK-N-MC cells significantly increased by pre-treatment of PineXol® (p<0.05). PineXol® pre-treatment also induced significant decrease of ROS and LDH expressions. However, PineXol® did not affect the infarct volume. These results suggest that PineXol® has significant neuroprotective effect in vitro, but statistical significance was not confirmed in the in vivo focal ischemia mo

본 연구에서는 게나 새우의 껍데기에서 추출된 키틴을 탈아세틸화 하여 얻은 NAG를 화장품 원료로서 적용하고자 하였다. NAG와 GLC를 비교하기 위하여 피부세포에 대한 세포독성, 항염증, 멜라 닌 생합성 억제능에 미치는 영향을 확인하고, 피부에 적용하였을 때 멜라닌과 홍반변화의 효과를 측정하 였다. 연구 결과 Raw 264.7세포와 B16F10세포에 대해 유의한 세포독성을 나타나지 않았으며, Raw 264.7세포에서 LPS에 의해 유도된 NO 생성 항염증 저해효과는 미비 하였고, NAG는 B16F10세포에 α-MSH로 멜라닌 생성을 유도한 후 멜라닌 생합성 억제능을 측정한 결과 멜라닌의 생성 증가를 농도 의존적으로 억제되는 것을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 결과로 NAG가 함유된 크림을 만들어 피부에 적용하 였을 때 멜라닌 지수, 홍반지수의 감소가 통계적으로 유의미한 변화를 보여 NAG 함유 화장품이 피부 미백개선을 위한 기능성화장품으로 활용 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

Generally speaking, classifiers xie(些) and dian(点) only involve the unspecified quantities of objects, and can not be used to describe the objects’ features and properties. However, when used in reality, xie(些) and dian(点) can co-occur with other classifiers by forming the construction like “(yi) xie(些)/dian(点)+X+N”. Since there is a tendency to make the expression alive, vivid and concrete, this new type of construction can be regarded as the result of this tendency. Along with the wide use of this construction, the relation between “(yi) xie(些)/dian(点)” and “X” becomes more and more tight, and starts to fossilized. Especially the classifier “ge (个)”, it can appears relatively free in this structure, and the function of “ge(个)” is to make the structure of “(yi) xie(些)/dian(点)+N” discrete. Besides, in some circumstance, “ge(个)” in the structure of “(yi) xie(些)/dian(点)+ge(个)+N”is mandatory in the usage; sentence would be ungrammatical without “ge(个)”. Moreover, this paper will discuss the effect of this new construction on “N”and the whole sentence. And also will point out the similarities and differences between “(yi) xie(些)+X+N” and “(yi) dian(点)+X+N”.

Chinese Character studies have mainly been focused on four areas: orthography, phonology, meaning, and character frequency. To add a new dimension to the existing approaches, this paper will provide and examine a quantitative data about the range of the vocabulary in Chinese character dictionaries. As a promising new method, the new approach, both diachronic and dynamic, will be very useful in exploring changing aspects of Chinese Characters usage, compared with the existing synchronic and static approaches. This paper aims to provide analysis of all Chinese Characters included in Chŏnun-okp'yŏn, the most authoritative dictionary of Joseon dynasty published in 1805 meaning ‘Chinese Rhyme Dictionary’, and in Sinjajeon, meaning ‘New Dictionary of Chinese Characters’ published in 1915, to explain their changing aspects in the entries of two dictionaries, and then to show how social change affected the use of Chinese Characters in early twentieth-century Korea. To that end, I construct the database of the two dictionaries on the basis of a detailed analysis of all the characters with respect to the radicals, strokes, components, and structures of these characters, which shows that Chŏnun-okp'yŏn includes 10,997 Chinese characters and Sinjajeon contains 13,348 characters with 13,084 in the body text and 264 in three appendices. 2,114 characters were newly inserted and 7 characters were removed in the body text of Sinjaeon. In particular, the number of the radical headings containing more than 20 newly inserted characters are 35, with 1,624 new characters in total, accounting for 77.1% of the total. The total number of radical headings including more than 30% newly inserted characters are 26. In addition, the number of radical headings containing more than 10 newly inserted characters with a growth rate of more than 20% is 903, accounting for 43% of the total number of characters. Based on these data, modern Koreans appears to have a wider vocabulary consisted of Chinese characters. The number of characters under the radicals meaning animal and plant ( 犬 (dog), 牛 (cow), 肉 (meat), 木 (tree), 米 (rice), 禾 (pine), 田 (farmland), 虫 (insect) etc.), those meaning mineral (石 (stone), 玉 (jade), etc), those meaning industrial products (皮 (leather), 巾 (towel) ect.), those meaning pathology (疒 (illness), 歹 (broken bones), etc.), increased quite a bit, the words reflecting newly emerged phenomena of industrialization or modernization in the early 20th century. In addition, it can be pointed out that the words used for spoken Chinese newly appears in Sinjaeon.

PS-N-heterocyclic carbene-metal catalysts were prepared using chloromethyl polystrene bead via two-step reaction. For the preparation of novel catalyst, imiazolium chloride salt provided ionic liquid moitery. The formation of metal complex with the polymer-supported N-heterocyclic carbene ligand was analyzed by XRD, FT-IR, SEM and EDX the reaction possibility was founded by viscosity measurement.

본 연구에서는 친수성을 가지고 있으며 외부 온도에 따라 형태를 변하는 특성을 가지는 N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM)를 이용하여 상용화 된 정삼투막인 HTI 분리막에 표면 개질을 하고 그에따른 표면 및 투과 특성 변화를 고찰 하고자 한다. 표면 개질을 확인 하는 방법으로 푸리에 변환 적외선 분광기 (FT-IR) 및 광전자분광기 (XPS)를 이용하였으며, 이러한 표면 개질이 정삼투 공정에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 표면의 친수성을 측정 할 수 있는 접촉각 측정 및 수투과도/Reverse salt flux와 같은 투과 특성 평가를 이용 하였다. 위와 같은 표면 및 투과 특성 평가를 바탕으로 성공적으로 표면 개질을 되었음을 증명 할 수 있었다.

기체분리막에 널리 사용되는 소재인 poly(ether-b-amide)는 고분자 사슬 내 아마이드기 간의 수소결합으로 인해 crystallinity가 높아 투과도가 낮은 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 수소결합과 그에 따른 crystallinity를 줄여 투과도를 향상시키려 한다. 이를 위해 poly(ether-b-amide)의 아마이드기를 N-alkoxymethyl로 치환하여 수소결합을 방해한다. 개질된 poly(ether-b-amide)로 재조된 기체분리막의 crystallinity는 감소하고, 투과도는 향상되길 기대한다. 현재 N-methoxymethyl group이 치환된 정도에 따른 poly(ether-b-amide)들의 기체 투과특성을 평가 중이다.

Using current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements, the electrical properties of Au and Cu Schottky contacts to n-Ge were comparatively investigated. Lower values of barrier height, ideality factor and series resistance were obtained for the Au contact as compared to the Cu contact. The values of capacitance showed strong dependence on the bias voltage and the frequency. The presence of an inversion layer at the interface might reduce the intercept voltage at the voltage axis, lowering the barrier height for C-V measurements, especially at lower frequencies. In addition, a higher interface state density was observed for the Au contact. The generation of sputter deposition-induced defects might occur more severely for the Au contact; these defects affected both the I-V and C-V characteristics.

During the oocyte maturation, antioxidants may be beneficial for futher developmental competence against reactive oxygen species (ROS) because the media for oocytes lack boiomolecules that serve as scavengers. In this study, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), N-acetyl-L-cysteine amide (NACA), glutathione (GSH) and cysteamime were compared to determine the effects of protection for ROS from GV to MII stage when supplemented during in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro culture (IVC) of bovine oocytes. NAC is one of well known ROS scavanger and NACA is modified form of NAC to help permeation into cytosolic area of oocytes. Significant improvement on the development undergoing blastocysts (32%, vs 18%, 22%) were found when cysteamine (0.1mM) was added to the maturation medium than NAC (0.3 mM), NACA (0.2mM) or GSH (0.5 mM) as compared to control medium with antioxydents. However, the addition of NAC(18%) or NACA(21%) to media did not improve the proportion of oocytes undergoing development to morula and blastocysts than control (24%) and GSH (26%). Our study showed that medium supplementation with cysteame during IVM and in vitro culture (IVC) improved the rate of bovine embryo development, in contrast to extracellular antioxidants like NAC, NACA and GSH that caused no improvement.

We investigated pollination and foraging activities of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.) during flowering season of the asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia N.) under different weather conditions. There was no significant statistical difference about the pollination activities of two species. However, the pollination activities of bumblebee were more active than those of honeybee under low temperature and rainfall period. The activities of honeybee and bumblebee were more influenced by temperature than other factors (i.e. illumination and wind velocity). Honeybee was more sensitive to temperature and illumination than bumblebee. At low temperatures (<20℃) on cloudy days (<30,000 lux) with a certain wind velocity (>4.0 m/s), the pollination activity of the honeybee was lower twice than that of bumblebee.