This study is to understand North Koreans' language assimilation process in South Korea. 10 North Koreans participated in the interviews. Most of North Koreans seriously recognize language differences and put their effort to overcome the differences. They think that proper language use is very important in their adjustment process. Most of them are not satisfied with their current job but very confident of better future. According to the results form this research, North Koreans who arrived earlier perform better in the language assimilation process on the whole. Also, it is found that North Koreans with higher educational background and stronger will to adapt themselves score better in the test of language assimilations.

Quand on apprend une languε 하rangère ， il est reconnu que le système de la languε matεmεIIε constitue toujours pour l'apprεnant de langue étrangère un P이ot de repère fondamental. Cela signifie que 10rs de 1’εnsεignement d’une languε étrangère, iI faut tenir compte de cε qui existe déjà chez 1’ appren때t， à savoir la langue matemelle, et y 5Upεrposer une nouvεIIε pratique et connaissances. Aussi, compte tεnu dε l’importance de la langue maκmelle ， cette étudε consiste à proposer l'enseignεmεot de la grammaire française pour des apprenants coréens portant sur la contrastivité métalinguistiquε entre le français εt Iε coréen. Pour ce faire, notrε intérêt est centré sur les tεrmεs grammaticaux qUi ne constituent qu’une partie du rnétalangagε gramrnatical. En particulier, nous prεnons ici pour exernplε le complémζnt d’objet indirect qui est trζs révélateur de cεttε différence ζntre la terrninologiε grammaticale coréenne et cε11ε française. Ce qui va montrer la nécessité de tenir compte des différences métalinguistiques commençant par la terminologie grammaticale pour renouveler les descriptions grammaticales d헤 à existantes.

목적 : 본 연구는 초등학교에 재학중인 7～11세 자폐성 장애 아동 3명을 대상으로 구조화접근을 통한 부모교육이 아동의 문제행동 및 언어발달에 미치는 효과를 살펴보기 위하여 실시되었다. 연구방법 : 대상아동은 떼쓰기, 자해행동, 반향어 등을 보이는 전형적인 자폐성 장애 아동으로서 실험설계는 대상자간 복식기초선 설계(multiful-baseline across subjects)에 의하여 이루어졌다. 제공된 프로그램으로는 음악, 미술, 여가용 자료 사용 등의 가정에서 쉽게 사용할 수 있는 활동이 고안되었다. 종속변인은 문제행동 및 어휘 사용 빈도였다. 결과 : 문제행동의 경우 대상 아동 1은 기초선 평균 15.3회가 중재에서 12.5회로 감소되었고 15.5회로 유지되었다. 아동 2의 경우 기초선 평균 6.3회가 중재 평균 7.1회를 보였으며 유지 기간에는 6.5회로 나타났다. 아동 3의 경우 기초선 6.6회, 중재 7회, 유지기간에는 7.3회를 보였다. 언어발달에서의 결과로 아동 1의 경우 기초선 평균 26회였던 어휘수가 중재에는 40.5회로 증가하였으며 유지기간에는 44.3회로 나타났다. 아동 2의 경우 기초선 기간 동안 34회의 어휘수가 중재 기간 에는 17회로 나타났으며 유지기간에는 10.2회로 나타났다. 아동 3의 경우 기초선 34회, 중재기간 50.6회, 유지기간에는 81.5회로 높게 나타났다. 따라서 대상 아동 들은 문제행동상의 감소는 적게 나타났으나 언어발달에는 매우 높은 중재효과를 보였으며 유지 또한 높게 나타났음을 알 수 있었다. 결론 : 본 실험을 통하여 구조화접근을 통한 부모교육은 아동의 중재에 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this article is to show characteristics of complaints of Korean native speakers (KNs), Korean learners (primary, intermediate, and high class) of Japanese language of (KLs), and Japanese native speakers (JNs). When fourteen displeased situations happening occasionally in daily life were given to them, for their complaints about the situations, the degree of complaints and the expression behavior of complaints were investigated. Particularly the complaints by speech act were analyzed with a point of view on the use of strategy and the degree of face-threat (FT). The degree of complaints was higher in order of JNs>KLs>KNs. For the expression behavior of complaints, all of three group (KNs, KLs and JNs) tended to use speech act. For the strategy of complaints and the degree of FT, JNs tended to use strategy of lower degree of FT than that of KN. And KLs showed a tendency of interlanguage which was getting close to targeting language, using strategy of lower FT degree than that of mother language group (KNs) even at a primary class. These results give the following implications for the education of Japanese language for KLs. 1) As the most useful method to resolve the situations of complaints, JNs also use speech act, but JNs recognize the situations more seriously than KNs and their degree of complaints is higher. 2) Nevertheless, JNs are contrasted with KNs by that they would minimize the probable trouble with a person due to their complaints by selecting strategy of low FT degree.

The first part of this paper examines foreign language enrollment statistics from 1960 to 2002 in United States institutions of higher education. Spanish has been the most widely taught language for more than 35 years, and it counts for more than half (54.3%) of all enrollments in 2002. The second part of this paper reviews United States language policy history and its main debate focusing on two different policies: Bilingual Education and English Only Movement, and it reviews also their different points of view about the national identity of U.S.A. and their perspectives on foreign languages. The last part of this paper recommends that foreign languages be considered as precious resources for Korean future, not only several but more various foreign languages be taught in Korean middle and high schools, and bilingual education system or immersion program be introduced and implemented in special purpose institutions at least from middle school level.

The objective is to investigate the aspect of language attitude, people's knowledge about standard form, and attitude toward standard form. Important findings from the questionnaire survey results can be summarized as follows. With an exception of 25% who are not really concerned about a norm, most of the participants think that they should defend a norm of language. However, when they realized their everyday language is not a norm, they show tendency to defend their use and think, there is no need to change it. Changing this two-fold language attitude seems to be the priority in leading people to use a standard form of language

In Korean, there are many words which have the identical or similar meaning but different honorific usages. The words 'gamsahada' and 'gomapda' (thank) are used differently though they have the similar meaning. Korean speakers think that 'gamsahada', a loanword from Chinese, sounds far more polite than the pure Korean counterpart 'gomapda'. In this regard, for the most time, we use 'gamsahada' for a person with a higher rank than us, instead of using 'gomapda'. By contrast, we can say 'gomapda' to a person who has a lower rank than us. The two words have no difference in the propositional meaning. Nonetheless, the facts that they are used differently in connection with the relation of speaker and hearer imply that they have different functions in the use of honorifics. In this paper, we aim to analyze 'gamsahada' and 'gomapda' from the sociolinguistic perspective. We will use the data of modern Korean corpus of KAIST to understand how the two words are used differently in connection with the relationship between the speakers and the hearers. Furthermore, we identify the difference of usages by means of analyzing that they have what distribution or relative importance at the speech levels of hearer honorifics. This study is not only useful attempt for clarifying the detailed features of Korean honorifics, but also an essential task for understanding the Korean language profoundly.

This study aims to see the change of language attitude in Korea by comparing research done in 1988 and research done in 2005. The research in 1988 and the research in 2005 have in common four domains of language attitude questions. The four themes are the standard language and dialect, honorific, loan words, the use of Chinese letters and the Roman alphabet. Koreans have changed their attitude toward standard language and dialect. They acknowledge the need of a standard language and many people(84.6%) agreed that people on television programs have to use a standard language. Koreans still have a positive attitude toward the use of the honorific. Analyzing the attitude of the honorific revealed that the status of husbands and wives have changed for the better(the status of wife is up). In business the age of speakers has more influence on the use of honorific more than the status of the speakers. Koreans have also changed their attitude towards the loan words. They had a negative attitude about the loan words but this attitude has changed. The attitude towards the use of Chinese letters and the Roman alphabet have changed as well. Koreans have a more positive attitude toward the Roman alphabet and the need of learning Chinese letters has increased. On the basis of these results, we will predict the change in language and implement a language policy.

한자와 한자어는 우리말을 형성하고 있는 중요한 요소이며,한자와 한자어를 떠난 언어생활은 상상할 수 없다.우리의 언어생활에서 한자와 한자어가 비록 문자 언어로서 기능하고 있지만 그 쓰임은 구두 언어와 다름없다고 할 수 있다.본고는 언어 학습의 이론 가운데 하나인 스키마 이론과 문식성 이론에 기반을 두고 한자 교육을 논의하였다.먼저 독자의 인지 구조로서 ‘사전 지식’또는 ‘배경 지식’의 의미를 지닌 스키마(scheme)이론에 근거하여 한자․한문 스키마를 활성화시킬 수 있는 방법을 살펴보았다.한자․한문 스키마의 활성화는 국어 교육에서 읽기 교육의 스키마 활성화 방법을 원용하여 고찰하였는데,그 방법으로 질문하기,연상하기,예측하기,추론하기 등을 활용하였다.이와 같은 한자․한문 스키마 활성화는 학습자들이 능동적으로 텍스트를 이해할 수 있는 힘을 길러준다.또한 교사들에게 텍스트를 학습하기 전과 학습하는 중간,학습한 후의 활동이 각각 중요한 것이라는 인식을 하게 한다.그 결과 교사들은 텍스트를 교수하는데 동기 부여 활동이 매우 중요하다는 생각을 갖게 된다.다음으로 文識性(literacy)이론에 근거하여 한자․한문에서의 문식성을 정의하였다.본고에서는 한자․한문의 문식성이란 ‘文字의 解讀(decoding)과 意味의 理解’라고 정의하였다.한자의 음과 뜻을 알아야 한자어의 음과 뜻을 알 수 있고,이를 토대로 한문 문장이나 한시를 이해할 수 있으므로 한자․한문 교육에서는 일차적으로 한자를 읽고 뜻을 이해하는 것이 중요한 과제라고 본 것이다.본고에서는 한자의 문식성 능력을 키우기 위해 한자의 형․음․의를 식별하는 학습 방법과 그림에 맞는 한자․한자어를 연관지어 학습하는 방법을 제시하였다.학습자들이 言語를 통해 知識을 구성한다는 構成主義와 관련하여 기초 기능 수준의 문식성(minimallevelofliteracyskills)과 고등 기능 수준의 문식성(highlevelofliteracyskills)을 살펴보았다.기초 기능 수준의 문식성이란 메시지 전달의 매체인 글을 읽어 낱낱의 語彙나 文章의 意味를 讀解하는 내용 위주의 읽기와 머리 속에 떠오르는 대로 생각을 글자로 옮기는 단순한 쓰기 수준의 문식성을 말한다.한문과 敎育課程과 관련하여 볼 때,①한자의 음과 뜻 알기 ②자전에서 한자의 음과 뜻 찾기 ③한자로 이루어진 한자어를 이해하고,언어생활에 활용하기 ④한자를 이용하여 문장의 내용 이해하기 ⑤한자어의 음과 뜻 알기 ⑥한자어를 바르게 읽고 쓰기 ⑦학습한 한자어를 언어생활에 활용하기 등이 기초 기능 수준의 한문 문식성이라고 할 수 있다.고등 기능 수준의 문식성이란 글을 읽고 글의 내용이나 구조를 학습자 나름대로 構成하고 分析하고 批判하는 수준의 문식성을 말한다.한문과 교육과정과 관련하여 볼 때,①한자의 음과 뜻을 한자의 짜임을 통해 알기 ②한자어의 짜임을 통해 한자어를 바르게 이해하기 ③성어를 풀이하고 속 뜻 이해하기 ④한자어에 담긴 선인들의 삶과 지혜 이해하기 ⑤격언․속담,명언․명구를 풀이하고 일상생활에 활용하기 ⑥한문에 담긴 선인들의 삶과 지혜 이해하기 ⑦문장의 형식을 알고 문장 풀이에 활용하기 등이라고 할 수 있다.본 논의는 언어학습 이론을 한자 교육에 적용해 본 시론적 탐색이라고 할 수 있다.한자․한자어․한문이 우리 언어생활에서 사라진 언어가 아니라 살아있는 언어로서 기능하고 있기에 언어 학습 이론과 한자 교육을 접맥시키려는 노력이 필요한 것이다.

The purpose of this paper is to cross-culturally analyze the meaning of 'love' in Korean and American pop lyrics of 1980's. Pointing out that the information provided by dictionaries is not sufficient to understand the cultural meaning of 'love', the corpus analytic method of semantic prosody is introduced as it is explicated by Hunston (2002). Using this semantic prosody technique, three different sets of pop lyrics are analyzed with WordSmith Tools software. The three data sets, one Korean and two American, represent 150 pop lyrics. Specifically, these texts are analyzed in terms of distribution patterns of 'love' in the lyrics. First, the modification pattern of 'love' is investigated. It is found that the Korean data is significantly skewed toward negative expressions, producing negative semantic prosody of 'love', while the American data which reflect American culture is overwhelmingly skewed toward positive expressions, producing positive semantic prosody. That is, Koreans experience 'love' in a fairly negative terms in their pop music, while Americans basically treat it positively. Interestingly, the American pop lyrics popular with the Korean public show in-between characteristics. Next, the predication patterns of 'love' are investigated when it plays the role of subject NP. The result again shows that these two cultures define 'love' drastically differently in their pop music. In sum, the semantic prosody technique proved to be useful as an analytic method for cross-cultural studies.

There have been various discussions as to women's images and roles depicted in mass media. I would like to show in this paper how men's and women's roles are presented in the programs and what sorts of the words are used for women as well. The target subjects in this research were news programs, educational programs, and entertainment programs dealing with current affairs broadcasted in the 3 broadcasting stations(KBS, MBC and SBS) during 2 weeks from May 1st through 14th, 2006. I am sure that this research clearly illustrates women's social status in mass media through specific data. I also hope that it helps us to know how our ideas of women in society have changed.

This study examines the effects of Korean EFL learners’ motivation and anxiety on their English speaking skills with a structural equation approach. The participants of the study are 193 college students enrolled in English conversation classes. The questionnaire on learning orientations, attitudes toward the community of native speakers of English, motivational intensity, class satisfaction and anxiety are given to the college students and their English speaking skills are assessed in terms of IATEFL’s criteria: Range, ease of speech, attitude, delivery, and interaction. Reliability and factor analysis are employed to confirm the internal consistency of questionnaire items and the validity of construct, and a structural equation model is run to examine the relation of Korean EFL learners’ affective aspects to their English speaking skills. The findings of the study are as follows: (1) while Korean learners’ attitudes toward native speakers of English and their community do not contribute to their desire to learn English, their learning orientations are found to affect their desire to learn English. (2) class satisfaction and desire to learn English are found to affect learners’ efforts to learn English, while anxiety is found to negatively contribute to leaners’ motivation intensity. (3) both integrative orientation and anxiety have direct effects on English speaking skills, integrative orientation affirmatively but anxiety negatively. Based on the findings, some suggestions are given for effective second language learning and teaching.

The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 14(2). Working with others in organizations, people often need to express conflicting opinions. An argument is the process of harmonizing and compromising conflicting opinions. Many researchers have recognized the value of argument and conducted research on interpersonal argument, ranging from specialized contexts with special issues to more general conversational contexts. However, there has been relatively little research conducted on this important interpersonal communication aspect in Korea. This study examines the relationship between personal traits related to argument and personal success within organizations. Three personal traits - argumentativeness, argumentative flexibility, and verbal aggressiveness - were used to measure individual characteristics towards argument; and, the time spent for promotion, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment were used to assess organizational success. In addition, the present study attempted to discern if there is any difference in the participants' personal traits toward argument according to the group they belong to. The participants' background information such as the type of organization they work for, the type of work they currently do, gender, age, marital status was collected. The results of a survey administered to 202 office workers are discussed in light of implications.

The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 14(2). This paper explores the characteristics of feminine and masculine language use through an examination of word frequency in modern Korean novels. Through several blind tests of sample paragraphs from sixteen novels by Kong Seon-ok, Kim So-jin, Shin Kyeong-suk, and Yun Dae-nyeong, subjects were required to identify the gender of the author. The most striking result of the blind tests involved the unanimous identification of two paragraphs from the same novel as feminine. Applying the monoconc program to this novel by Shin Kyeong-suk, an analysis was conducted on word frequency. The result showed that there was a high frequency of words that functioned as hedges, mitigators, and positive back-channel cues. Taking these words that apparently led the blind test subjects to deem the author of Shin's novel to be feminine, a word search was conducted for the other fifteen novels. Though certain words in Shin's novels showed a similar rate of frequency, it was discovered that they involved different collocations. Hence, it may be speculated that this brought about a more mixed response from the blind test subjects. Such explorations show that the perception of feminine/masculine language use involves not only individual words but more importantly, their collocation within sentences.

On the basis of 24 speakers' recorded speech this paper examines the variable deletion of w in two regional dialects, Cheonan-Asan Korean and Daegu Korean. Varbrul analyses are conducted using the 3965 tokens of (w). Results of the combined and separate analyses show that the two dialects are subject to very similar constraints in w deletion, though deletion rates and the strengths of the constraints on the deletion process are somewhat different. It is suggested that the syllable structure of young Daegu Korean speakers might be rather different from that of older speakers, and that dialect leveling from contact with Standard Korean could be the cause of this change.

Communication, culture and language cannot be separated from teaching the foreign language. In other words, the successful communication between different cultures required not only linguistic fluency but also cultural competence. Nonverbal expression involved deeply with the cultural dimension of language is rarely taught in language class because it has largely focused on the expression as the language form for a long time. As a result of this fact, it demands to the educational necessity of them. It is needed to be aware of the cultural nonverbal pattern for the effective communication. This study is an attempt to explore the nonverbal expression that has not been much interesting so far in the process of communicating. Therefore, it examines the pattern of the nonverbal expression, the other studies related with this, and Korean textbook represented the nonlinguistic utterance for the purpose of this study. Finally, as based on this research, this study suggests the necessity to teach the nonverbal utterance and the educational plan about them.

이 논문은 한국한시에 대한 언어의 일연구로 한자로 된 시어의 상징과 이미지에 관한 연구의 일환이며 그 새로운 텍스트로 문자유집에 천착한 연구이다. 이 책은 창작 년대나 작가에 대한 언급이 없고 목차와 유별로 나누어진 한자어들만 잔뜩 기록된 채로 책의 편찬의도와 내용을 소개하는 서문이나 발문이 없어서 정확한 용도를 잘 모르고 있었다. 이 책의 목차를 살펴보면 天道門 36조항, [地道門] 25조항, [萬物門],118조항, [人倫門], 52조항, [人事門],54조항, [君道門],29조항, [臣道門],13조항, [天官門]13조항, [地官門],45조항. [春官門],36조항. [夏官門],25조항. [秋官門],6조항. [冬官門], 9조항. 으로 분류하여 13개의 유목으로 나누어 정리하였다. 뒷부분에 두 글자, 세 글자, 네 글자로 된 한자어들이 순서대로 분류목외에 실려 있고, 사자성어가 분류 목을 떠나서 무려 900여개가 실려 있다. 총 13개 대목으로 분류하여 나누고 각 대목마다 각 세목으로 나누어 총 460여 항목에 일만여 개의 시어를 수록하고 있으며. 목판본으로 112면을 이루고 있다. 이 책은 한시의 창작을 위하여 고안된 일종의 시어 사전이다. 한시가 생활화된 당시 문자예술의 편의를 위해 만들어진 시어 사전으로 여러 가지 생활 주변에서 만들어 질 수 있는 시어를 정련하여 한시의 형식에 맞게 다듬어서 분야별로 엮어 놓은 것이다. 이 책에는 까다로운 한시형식에 적용될 수 있는 일만여 개의 시어들은 하나하나가 모두 글자 수와 음조와 대구가 고려된 것이다. 시어에 대한 조어의 묘에는 시인의 예술혼이 살아 숨 쉬며, 함축과 비유, 상징과 이미지, 압운의 음조미, 대구의 조응미 등의 문예미학이 주옥같이 서려 있다. 문자유집은 시어사전으로 비유사전이면서 동시에 이미지 사전이며 상징사전이다. 문자유집은 시어의 보고이며, 문자예술의 혼이 담긴 시어의 소우주이다.

The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 14(1). The objective of this study was to investigate university students's pronunciation, their knowledge of standard pronunciation, attitudes toward standard pronunciation through a questionnaire on the relation between actual pronunciation and attitudes toward standard pronunciation. Analysis of the questionnaire shows several notable results. University students make nonstandard pronunciation such as ㅅ→ㅆ, ㅈ→ㅉ in initial positions and in consonant clusters of a declinable word stem ㄺ→ㄹ, ㄼ→ㄹ. University students also show a good knowledge of orthoepy. They tend to think that people should follow orthoepy as much as possible but at the same time, people can make use of nonstandard pronunciation if the pronunciation is easier for speaker. The result on attitudes toward orthoepy showed that if a speaker's own pronunciation corresponds with standard pronunciation, people think they should observe orthoepy. Results regarding the pronunciation of consonant clusters of a declinable word stem ㄺ→ㄹ, ㄼ →ㄹ, suggest that standard pronunciation of a declinable word stem ending in ㄺ, ㄼ should be modified.

Hong, Mi-ju. 2006. A Study on the Relation between Actual Pronunciation and Attitudes toward Standard Pronunciation. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 14(1). The objective of this study was to investigate university students's pronunciation, their knowledge of standard pronunciation, attitudes toward standard pronunciation through a questionnaire on the relation between actual pronunciation and attitudes toward standard pronunciation. Analysis of the questionnaire shows several notable results. University students make nonstandard pronunciation such as ㅅ→ㅆ, ㅈ→ㅉ in initial positions and in consonant clusters of a declinable word stem ㄺ→ㄹ, ㄼ→ㄹ. University students also show a good knowledge of orthoepy. They tend to think that people should follow orthoepy as much as possible but at the same time, people can make use of nonstandard pronunciation if the pronunciation is easier for speaker. The result on attitudes toward orthoepy showed that if a speaker's own pronunciation corresponds with standard pronunciation, people think they should observe orthoepy. Results regarding the pronunciation of consonant clusters of a declinable word stem ㄺ→ㄹ, ㄼ →ㄹ, suggest that standard pronunciation of a declinable word stem ending in ㄺ, ㄼ should be modified.

Cho, Tae-rin. 2006. Positions on the Status and the Signification of Sociolinguistics. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 14(1). The purpose of this article is to examine the status and the signification of sociolinguistics by providing a comparative analysis of the various positions on this issue. Numerous positions have been distinguished too simply by denominations such as ‘OO sociolinguistics’ but have to be classified by criteria which show their essential difference (i.e., sphere of the object of study, relation with neighboring fields, autonomy as a field of science, epistemological viewpoint, consideration for the language user, viewpoint of the society, relation with real problems, etc.). After a brief examination of the logic, persuasiveness and limits of each position, this article clarifies its own position by offering a conceptual definition of sociolinguistics as a ‘study of the dynamic interaction between language, language user and social structure from a trans-disciplinary, hermeneutic and participatory point of view’. This discussion will contribute to elucidating the nature and the actual reality of sociolinguistics and exploring ideal ways toward its future development.