Background:After a stroke, the control of the trunk muscle may be severely impaired. Due to the importance of trunk control in complex daily postures, the ability to adopt a correct sitting posture is considered a determinant of the recovery of independent function after a stroke.Objects:The purposes of this study were to compare differences in buttock pressure between the left and right sides of hemiplegic patients and differences in their pelvic tilting angles (sagittal and coronal planes) after sitting training with visual biofeedback (VBF) in real time.Methods:Twenty-two individuals with unilateral strokes (11 left-side and 11 right-side hemiplegic stroke patients) participated in this study. Buttock pressure was measured using a pressure mat, and pelvic angles were measured using a palpation meter.Results:The asymmetry of pressure between the right and left (first and third chamber) sides was significantly decreased after the VBF training. The measurements obtained using the palpation meter revealed a significant decrease in the pelvic angles pre- versus post-intervention.Conclusion:VBF training may be distribute a patient’s buttock pressure equally while in a sitting posture and increase the length of time a stroke patient can maintain a symmetrical sitting posture. It can also improve pelvic control while sitting in a neutral position.

The qualities of rice cooked on heat plate, induction heat and heat plate with pressure, were investigated. The weight, volume, water soluble index (WSI), hydration by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), and gelatinization by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), as well as the consumer acceptability of cooked rice were analyzed. The weight, volume and WSI of rice cooked on heat plate with pressure were higher than those of rice cooked on heat plate and induction heat. The rice cooked on heat plate with pressure also showed higher degree of hydration and gelatinization, and lower degree of enthalpy of gelatinization than the rice cooked on heat plate and induction heat for 5~15 min. The consumer acceptability revealed that the odor, appearance, taste, texture and overall acceptance of rice cooked on induction heat were better than those of rice cooked on heat plate and heat plate with pressure. During storage in a cooker for 0~12 h, there was a decrease in the consumer acceptability of cooked rice. Overall results indicate that the qualities of rice cooked on induction heat and heat plate with pressure were higher than those of rice cooked on heat plate.

In this study, two Fe-30Mn-0.2C-(1.5Al) high-manganese steels with different surface conditions were hydrogencharged under high temperature and pressure; then, tensile testing was performed at room temperature in air. The yield strength of the 30Mn-0.2C specimen increased with decreasing surface roughness(achieved via polishing), but that of the 30Mn-0.2C- 1.5Al specimen was hardly affected by the surface conditions. On the other hand, the tendency of hydrogen embrittlement of the two high-manganese steels was not sensitive to hydrogen charging or surface conditions from the standpoints of elongation and fracture behavior. Based on the EBSD analysis results, the small decrease in elongation of the charged specimens for the Fe-30Mn-0.2C-(1.5Al) high-manganese steels was attributed to the enhanced dislocation pile-up around grain boundaries, caused by hydrogen

본 연구는 대기압 유전체장벽방전 플라즈마 처리에 따른 식품유해 미생물 사멸효과를 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 플라즈마 처리 시, 활성종 생성 및 농도에 영향을 미치는 노출시간, 노출거리, 산소비율, 전력 변화에 따른 E. coli의 사멸효과를 조사한 결과, E. coli의 사멸율은 플라즈마 처리를 위한 노출시간, 산소비율, 전력의 증가에 따라 증가한 반면, 노출거리의 증가에 따라서는 사멸율이 감소하였다. 이 결과는 미생물 시료가 플라즈마에 노출되는 시간이 증가됨으로서 시료 내 NO 농도가 증가되고, E.coli의 사멸율 역시 증가되는 결과로 뒷받침할 수 있고, 미 생물 사멸효과를 높이기 위해서는 활성종의 농도가 증가 되어야 함을 의미한다. E. coli와 함께 B. cereus, B. subtilis, B. thuringiensis, B. atrophaeus를 대상으로 대기압 유전체 장벽방전 플라즈마에 의한 살균효과를 조사한 결과, 72.3~91.3%의 높은 사멸율을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과로 미루어, 대기압 유전체장벽방전 플라즈마기술은 다양한 미생물에 적용될 수 있는 유용한 살균기술임을 확인하였다.

Background:Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) rely on their upper limbs for body-lifting activity (BLA). While studies have examined the electromyography (EMG) and kinematics of the shoulder joints during BLA, no studies have considered foot position during BLA.Objects:This study compared the effects of different foot positions during BLA on the shoulder muscle activities, peak plantar pressure, knee flexion angle, and rating perceived exertion in individuals with SCI.Methods:The study enrolled 13 mens with motor-complete paraplegic SCI, ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) A or B. All subjects performed BLA with the feet positioned on the wheelchair footrest and on the floor independently. Surface EMG was used to collect data from the latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, and triceps brachii. The peak plantar pressure was measured using pedar-X and the knee flexion angle with Image J. Borg’s rating perceived exertion scale was used to measure the physical activity intensity level. The paired t-test was used to compare the shoulder muscle activities, peak plantar pressure, knee flexion angle, and rating perceived exertion between the two feet positions during BLA.Results:The activity of the latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, and triceps brachii and rating perceived exertion decreased significantly and the peak plantar pressure and knee flexion angle increased significantly when performing BLA with the feet positioned on the wheelchair footrest compared with on the floor (p<.05).Conclusion:These findings suggest that individuals with SCI may perform BLA with the feet positioned on the wheelchair footrest for weight-relief lifting to decrease the shoulder muscle activities and the rating perceived exertion and to increase the peak plantar pressure and the knee flexion angle.

we present a novel pressure-cascaded stripping configuration for membrane contactor biogas upgrading processes. Employing polypropylene (PP) hollow fiber membrane modules and water as physical absorbent, the effects of absorption pressure, gas-liquid flowrate, and vacuum mode were systematically studied. In addition, exploiting the solubility difference between CO2 and CH4, as well as the preferential absorption of CO2 in water, a pressure-cascaded stripping tank was implemented to recover and recycle the absorbed CH4 in high purity. The proposed configuration simultaneously enhanced the bio-methane yield (90%) and purity (97%). This project is supported by the "R&D Center for reduction of Non-CO2 Greenhouse gases (2013001690002)" funded by Korea Ministry of Environment(MOE) as "Global Top Environment R&D Program".

A salinity gradient power (SGP) system holds a great potential to generate continuous and clean electricity for 24 hours. Recently, incorporating with seawater reverse osmosis, SGP has been recognized as a alternative to solve the brine issue as well as energy saving. For commercialization, many scientists would sympathize that one of main hurdles is the limited performance of each membrane to extract the high power. In case of pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) closer to commercialization, the membrane must have the high water permeability and salt rejection. There are two type of modules; hollow fiber membranes and spiral type. Toray Chem. (Korea) already shows that 4th generation PRO module, but there is no still large size PRO hollow fiber modules. Therefore, this study presents 2 and 3 inch size of PRO hollow fiber membrane prepared by inside interfacial polymerization techniques.

The straight nanopores in cellulose acetate (CA) polymers for battery gel separators were generated by utilizing both Ni(NO3)2·6H2O and water pressure. When polymer film was exposed to water pressure, the continuous nanopores were generated after complexing with Ni(NO3)2·6H2O. These results could be explained by that polymer chains were weakened because of the plasticization effect of the Ni(NO3)2·6H2O incorporated into the CA. The well controlled CA membrane after water pressure treatment enabled fabrication of highly reliable cell by utilizing 2032-type coin cell structure. The resulting cell performance exhibited both the effect of the physical morphology of CA separator and the chemical interaction of electrolyte with CA polymer which facilitates the Li-ion in the cell.

Cutting tools tend to wear gradually with progressing of machining process due to extremely high surface loads and temperature from the relative motions between tool and workpiece. Especially, the high cutting temperature is a dominant factor in the relation to tool life. High-pressure coolant has been reported as an effective method to prevent the severe wear from cutting temperature. This research investigates efficient supplying conditions of high-pressure coolant with the CFD results from a internal-flush drilling process. The flow rate of coolant is increased drastically up to three times under 70 bar compared to conventional way.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the correlation between obesity, threshold of salty taste, optimal saltiness and blood pressure in middle school students in a fishing village. The subjects were 115 boys and 103 girls in middle school in a fishing village. The BMI index and systolic and diastolic blood pressures of subjects were measured, and the subjects were divided into a normal and obese group according to their BMI. The threshold of salty taste and salt preference for a semisolid dish (steamed egg dish), liquid dish (bean sprout soup), and a solid dish (raw radish salad), were estimated by sensory evaluation. Calorie intake was measured using the weighing plate method. The boys in the obese group showed significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures than those in the normal, but girls did not. Furthermore, calorie intakes of the boys in the obese group were significantly higher than those in the normal group, but this was not shown in girls. On the threshold of salty taste, both boys and girls in the obese group needed higher concentration of salt than those in the normal group. The threshold of salty taste were significantly positively correlated with systolic pressure and diastolic pressure in boys. Regarding the salt preference in the steamed egg dish, bean-sprout soup, and raw radish salad, both boys and girls in the obese group preferred higher concentrations. The higher concentration they preferred, the higher the systolic and diastolic pressures were in boys, but only systolic blood pressure was higher in girls. From these results, it is evident that a nutritional education program is needed in school to help restricting middle school students salt consumption and decreasing obesity to prevent hypertension.

In this study, FLUENT v.16.1 was used to investigate the compressible flow generated by the supersonic jet spewed from a high pressure tube. As the boundary condition for CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis, the inlet temperature of air was constantly 300 K and the variation of JPR (Jet Pressure Ratio) were 5, 50, 100, 150 and the variation of tube diameter were 10, 20, 30 cm. As a result, it was confirmed that the effective range was increased as the JPR was higher, but it was confirmed that the effective range was lower than the JPR rise, and that the effective range was increased as the diameter was larger. Therefore, it is found that the tube diameter is more sensitive than the JPR among the influence factors of jet, and if the result of this study were reflected in the design of high pressure system, it will contribute to the design of the system for preventing the second accident.

This study was aimed to examine the potential of pre- and post-harvest treatment of chitosan and high pCO2 on the shelf-life of oriental melon fruit. Post-harvest dipping treatment of chitosan and high pCO2 did not bring any significant effect on the freshness of fruit in general, even at 1% of chitosan. Unlike post-harvest treatment, pre-harvest spray of chitosan significantly increased fruit firmness and firmness increase was higher in double sprays than single one. The internal quality such as soluble solid content and acidity was not altered by chitosan spray. No additional effect of high pCO2 with pre-harvest treatment of chitosan was found. Double sprays of chitosan showed significant effect on keeping visual appearance through delaying the incidence of skin browning. There was a potential of pre-harvest chitosan treatment on the shelf-life increase of oriental melon fruit and double sprays were better than single spray. However, high pCO2 seemed not to be effective on the storability of oriental melon fruit.

선창은 선박의 화물을 싣는 공간으로 구조적 문제로 인해 세정작업은 위험성이 크고 작업 난이도가 높은 작업이다. 이 연구에서는 전용 선창세정기의 설계 자료로 활용하기 위해 압력변화에 따른 분무특성을 고찰한 결과 노즐 형상의 최적화를 위한 변수 요소를 확인 하였다

In order to investigate the low-cycle fatigue behavior of Inconel 718 alloy used for pressure vessels, the strain-controlled fatigue test was performed in the room and high temperatures of 550°C. High temperature test was done using an electric furnace attached on the hydraulic fatigue test system. Tensile strength and elastic modulus of the Inconel 718 alloy at the temperature of 550°C decreased by 8% and 10%, respectively, compared to those at the room temperature. Subjected to the repeated cyclic loading under the strain-control, the material exhibited cyclic softening behavior with decreasing yield strength at both room and high temperatures. The low-cycle fatigue properties determined in this research could be effectively used for the fatigue life estimation of high temperature components made of Inconel 718 alloy.

Seismic analyses of a pile under a large rigid basement foundation embedded in the homogeneous soil layer were performed practically by a response displacement method assuming a sinusoidal wave form. However, it is hard to take into account the characteristics of a large mat foundation and a heterogeneous soil layer with the response displacement method. The response displacement method is relevant to the 2D problems for longitudinal structures such as tunnel, underground cave structure, etc., but might not be relevant with isolated foundations for building structures. In this study, seismic pile analysis by a pseudo 3D finite element method was carried out to compare numerical results with results of the response displacement method considering 3D characteristics of a foundation-soil system which is important for the building foundation analyses. Study results show that seismic analyses results of a response displacement method are similar to those of a pseudo 3D numerical method for stiff and dense soil layers, but they are too conservative for a soft soil layer inducing large soil pressures on the foundation wall and large pile displacements due to ignored foundation rigidity and resistance.

This study was undertaken to achieve a high bleaching efficacy with plasma, through longer application and reparative bleaching processes, by different shade evaluation methods. Extracted human teeth were divided into 6 groups (n=10). All teeth were treated in pairs. Low concentration of 15% carbamide peroxide (CP) was applied, with and without plasma, for 10, 20, and 30-min tooth bleaching, respectively. The bleaching procedure was repeated once daily for four days. The teeth were maintained in a moist environment provided by artificial saliva. The Vitapan Classical shade guide and Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage (CIELAB) color system were collectively used to measure the bleaching efficacy. Color evaluation was statistically analyzed using Student t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) complemented by Tukey’s test. Combining the plasma with 15% CP showed significantly greater color changes compared to bleaching without plasma (p<0.05). A high bleaching efficacy with plasma is proportional to the repetitive application and the treatment time. A 30-min application with plasma provided the best bleaching. Repetitive bleaching showed lower probability of color relapse of the bleached tooth. The color change by shade guide correlated with the changes in CIELAB color system. A value of 1 color change units (CCU) conversion factor for overall color change (ΔE) values comparisons was 3.724 values. The two measuring methods provide a more accurate correspondence of color change. The repetitive and longer application for tooth bleaching, combined with plasma, has a strong bleaching effect and produces whiter teeth.

In general, polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and ductile cast iron pipes are widely used in the water supply pipeline system. However, they have some disadvantages such as reduced durability due to material degradation, defects in connections, breakage of pipelines, and difficulties in continuous maintenance. To mitigate such problems, recently, research on durable and outstanding corrosion resistant glass fiber reinforced polymer plastic (GFRP) pipe is being actively conducted. GFRP is classified into the flexible pipe and when soil pressure and live load act on buried GFRP pipe, the load acting on the pipe is transferred to the surrounding soil. So, it should review the structural behavior and interaction between buried pipe and its surrounding soil because pipe will support the load with the surrounding soil together at the same time. To apply GFRP pipe for the water supply pipeline system, the structural reliability of GFRP water supply pipe buried underground should be investigated by examining the mechanical properties of GFRP pipe as well as the soundness of the pipe under buried state. The field test of buried pipe is conducted and the results are analyzed and discussed.

Medium pressure and mixed enzyme were used to hydrolyze raw anchovy under controlled conditions at a batchpilot plant-scale process for the production of anchovy protein hydrolysates (APH). Mass balance calculations were carried out so that the degree of protein solubilization and yields could be estimated. Almost complete hydrolysis could be achieved in 12 h, at 50oC and 75 MPa, with no pH adjustment, at 1% (10 g/kg) mixed enzyme using raw anchovy. This was achieved with the addition of water (1/2 raw anchovy/water). The degrees of protein solubilization and yield were 63.50% and 55.61%, respectively. Fractionation using UF/NF pilot scale systems was carried out for producing four different fractions on the APH. Successive fractionation on UF and NF membranes allowed the concentration of the peptides of selected sizes without, however, carrying out sharp separations, and with some MW classes being found in several fractions. Spray drying processes for 10 kDa permeate were described to increase their usability. The free amino acid profile of the fractions was identical to that of the APH.