PURPOSES: It is difficult to estimate tunnel stability because of lack of timely information during tunnel excavation. Tunnel deformability refers to the capacity of rock to strain under applied loads or unloads during tunnel excavation. This study was conducted to analyze a methods of pre-evaluation of stability during tunnel construction using the critical strain concept, which is applied to the results of tunnel settlement data and unconfined compression strength of intact rock or rock mass at the tunnel construction site. METHODS: Based on the critical strain concept, the pre-evaluation of stability of a tunnel was performed in the Daegu region, at a tunnel through andesite and granite rock. The critical strain concept is a method of predicting tunnel behavior from tunnel crown settlement data using the critical strain chart that is obtained from the relationship between strain and the unconfined compression strength of intact rock in a laboratory. RESULTS: In a pre-evaluation of stability of a tunnel, only actually measured crown settlement data is plotted on the lower position of the critical strain chart, to be compared with the total displacement of crown settlement, including precedent settlement and displacement data from before the settlement measurement. However, both cases show almost the same tunnel behavior. In an evaluation using rock mass instead of intact rock, the data for the rock mass strength is plotted on the lower portion of the critical strain chart, as a way to compare to the data for intact rock strength. CONCLUSIONS : From the results of the pre-evaluation of stability of the tunnel using the critical strain chart, we reaffirmed that it is possible to promptly evaluate the stability of a tunnel under construction. Moreover, this research shows that a safety evaluation using the actual instrumented crown settlement data with the unconfined compression strength of intact rock, rather than with the unconfined compression strength of a rock mass in the tunnel working face, is more conservative.

본 연구에서는 마늘 특유의 매운 맛과 냄새를 억제하고 대표성분인 alliin을 보호하기 위해 코팅물질과 건조방법을 달리하여 미세캡슐화하였다. 코팅물질은 말토덱스트린(MD), 분리유청단백질(WPI), 전지분유(WMP), 탈지분유(SMP)로 하고 건조방법은 분무건조(spray-drying)방법과 동결건조 (freeze-drying)방법을 이용하여 캡슐화 후 코팅물질 별, 건 조방법 별 alliin 보호특성, 관능특성 그리고 분산성을 알아 보았다. 코팅물질을 증류수에 완전히 분산시키기 위해 24 시간 동안 교반한 후 동결건조 마늘분말을 천천히 첨가하 였다. 1:1 비율의 동결건조마늘분말과 코팅물질을 혼합한 용액을 균질기를 이용하여 균질화하고, 분무건조기 또는 동결건조기를 이용하여 코팅물질을 달리하여 분말화하였 다. 미세캡슐화된 마늘분말의 추출물을 HPLC로 alliin 함 량을 정량 분석하였다. HPLC 분석결과 전지분유를 코팅물 질로 하고 분무건조방법으로 캡슐화한 마늘분말의 alliin함 량이 4.131 mg/g으로 최대함량을 보였으며, 관능평가 결과 로서 코팅물질을 분리유청단백질로 하고 분무건조방법으로 캡슐화한 마늘분말이 매운 맛과 냄새를 억제하는데 효과적 이었다. 또한 혼탁도 측정을 통한 캡슐화된 마늘 분말의 분산성을 측정했을 때, 전지분유로 캡슐화한 마늘분말의 안정성이 가장 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 코팅물질 중 유 지방과 단백질이 황화합물에서 발생하는 특유의 매운맛과 냄새를 억제해주며 alliin의 보호에도 기여함을 알 수 있었 다. 본 실험결과, 지표물질 보호특성, 이취개선 등의 기초 자료는 기능성 식품 산업에 있어서 마늘 소재 개발을 위한 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것이다.

산소 분리를 위한 세라믹 중공사막을 상전이 방적기술을 통해 제조하였다. 초기 BSCF 선구물질은 고상반응법을 이용하여 합성한 상용 분말이며, 고분자 용액에 분산시킨 후 이중관형 노즐을 통해 사출하였다. 사출된 분리막은 상전이 과정을 거친 후 건조시켰으며 중공사막의 한쪽 끝을 밀봉하였다. 한쪽 끝이 막힌 중공사막의 표면에 dip coating 방법으로 LSCF를 코팅하였으며 1100 ℃에서 소결하여 치밀성을 갖는 한쪽 끝이 막힌 LSCF coated BSCF 중공사막을 제조하였다. 분리막의 공급측은 대기 중 공기를 사용하였으며 투과측은 진공상태를 유지하였다. 투과된 기체의 유량 및 산소의 농도를 측정하였으며 장기투과 실험과 EDS 분석을 통해 분리막의 안정성 평가를 진행하였다.

Standard thin disk theory predicts that an inner disk region dominated by radiation pressure is thermally unstable. However, this kind of instability isn't detected in the observations of X-ray binaries. In this work, we revisit this issue by investigating the stability of a thin disk with magnetically driven winds. It is found that the disk winds can help to make a thin disk stable by taking away most of the energy released in the disk, resulting in a much cooler disk. The disk can always be stable even for a very weak initial field strength βp,0 ≤ 400 when α = 0.05 and Bø = 10Bp are adopted.

In this paper we have examined the linear stability of triangular equilibrium points in the photogravitational restricted three body problem when both primaries are triaxial rigid bodies, the bigger one an oblate spheroid and source of radiation. The orbits about the Lagrangian equilibrium points are important for scientific investigation. A number of space missions have been completed and some are being proposed by various space agencies. We analyze the periodic motion in the neighbourhood of the Lagrangian equilibrium points as a function of the value of the mass parameter. Periodic orbits of an infinitesimal mass in the vicinity of the equilibrium points are studied analytically and numerically. The linear stability of triangular equilibrium points in the photogravitational restricted three body problem with Poynting- Robertson drag when both primaries are oblate spheroids has been examined by A. Kumar (2007). We have found the equations of motion and triangular equilibrium points for our problem. With the help of the characteristic equation we have discussed stability conditions. Finally, triangular equilibrium points are stable in the linear sense. It is further seen that the triangular points have long or short periodic elliptical orbits in the same range of μ.

After the catastrophic financial crisis in of 2008, a significant portion of the legal academia in the globe has started to concentrate on the interrelationship between law, financial stability and economic development. Through reviewing the voluminous literature in this field, it is figured out that the scope of law has been largely confined to strengthening regulation of the pre-crisis unbundled derivative transactions and enhancing cooperation among sovereign States by making formal sources of international law. Few discussions have been made to scrutinize the existing regulatory structures for the domestic financial markets of sovereign countries and demonstrate the potential possessed by informal international law in reinforcing the efficacy of these regulatory structures. By comparing the financial regulatory structures in Hong Kong, Mainland China, the UK and the US and the core principles of the BIS, the IOSCO and the IAIS, this article attempts to fill in the above research gap to some extent.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of various emulsifiers on the formation of nanoemulsions and their stability properties. MCT (medium chain triglyceride) nanoemulsions were prepared (10 wt% oil, 10 wt% emulsifiers, 20 mM bis-tris, pH 7) with emulsifier such as Tween 20 (Polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monolaurate), Almax 3800 (Sorbitan monooleate), soy lecithin, and SSL (sodium stearoyl lactylate) and changes in fat globule size with respect to storage period and stability properties by Turbiscan were investigated. In case of control nanoemulsion with 10 wt% Tween 20, the initial fat globule size was 89.0 nm and 113.4 nm after 28 day of storage and this large increase (ca. 24 nm) was thought to be caused by Ostwald ripening. When Tween 20 was partially replaced with Almax 3800, lecithin and SSL in nanoemulsions, their physicochemical properties (i.e., fat globule size and stability) were changed accordingly. In general, the intial fat globule size was decreased with increasing the concentration of the emulsifiers and the stability against Ostwald ripening increased. The most stable nanoemulsions against Ostwald ripening could be prepared with emulsifiers of Tween 20 and Almax 3800 or lecithin in the ratio of 6:4 (wt%), which was verified with Ostwald ripening rate (ω). In addition, the emulsion stability by Turbiscan was observed to be consistent with results of changes in fat globule size with storage period.

NiO catalysts/Al2O3/FeCrAl alloy foam for hydrogen production was prepared using atomic layer deposition (ALD)and subsequent dip-coating methods. FeCrAl alloy foam and Al2O3 inter-layer were used as catalyst supports. To improve thedispersion and stability of NiO catalysts, an Al2O3 inter-layer was introduced and their thickness was systematically controlledto 0, 20, 50 and 80nm using an ALD technique. The structural, chemical bonding and morphological properties (includingdispersion) of the NiO catalysts/Al2O3/FeCrAl alloy foam were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectronspectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy. Inparticular, to evaluate the stability of the NiO catalysts grown on Al2O3/FeCrAl alloy foam, chronoamperometry tests wereperformed and then the ingredient amounts of electrolytes were analyzed via inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. We foundthat the introduction of Al2O3 inter-layer improved the dispersion and stability of the NiO catalysts on the supports. Thus, whenan Al2O3 inter-layer with a 80nm thickness was grown between the FeCrAl alloy foam and the NiO catalysts, it indicatedimproved dispersion and stability of the NiO catalysts compared to the other samples. The performance improvement can beexplained by optimum thickness of Al2O3 inter-layer resulting from the role of a passivation layer.

In this study, a shape design and an analysis considering structural stability were investigated to develop an icosahedron-based hemispherical modular dome. To design this modular dome, a program that can perform icosahedron shape modeling, modularization of joint connection members, and the analysis of structural stability was developed. Furthermore, based on the adopted numerical model, the eigen buckling mode, unstable behavior characteristics according to load vector, and the critical buckling load of the modular dome under uniformly distributed load and concentrated load were analyzed, and the resistance capacities of the structure according to different load vectors were compared. The analysis results for the modular dome suggest that the developed program can perform joint modeling for shape design as well as modular member design, and adequately expressed the nonlinear behaviors of structured according to load conditions. The critical buckling load results also correctly reflected the characteristics of the load conditions. The uniformly distributed load was more advantageous to the structural stability than concentrated load.

Carbohydrate derivatives of cyanidin, a class of anthocyanin pigments, are major component of red cabbage, which is responsible for the characteristic reddish color. The color of cyanidin derivatives is quite stable against heat, and here we aimed to identify the chemical component of glucoside-derivatives of cyanidin which is responsible for the thermal stability. By comparing the thermal stability of color from unmodified cyanidin and cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside with the color of cyanidin derivatives from red cabbage, we found that the glucoside modification confers the thermal stability. We believe that our finding will contribute to the preparation of heat-resistant anthocyanin pigments for food coloring and other applications.

For design research of teenagers' posture correcting shirt, postures of teenagers were analyzed and became the base of inventing suitable patterns. The subjects of this study were 198 of both female and male middle school students from the city of Seoul. Students' postures in classroom and length change of body surface were observed and analyzed; based on this, total of 5 postures was selected, and length changes of body surface were applied. The patterns in this study were designed with stretch material to help antagonism by muscle movements. Each fabric that was used in this study had 110% of stretch, 120~140% of stretch, and 150~170% of stretch. Both of one-way-fabric and duplex-fabric were used in this study, depending on application site.

In this study, structural stability of large diameter high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe during installation was numerically investigated in order to investigate the effect of concrete collar dimension, water depth and tension (pulling force). From the numerical simulation results, the total stress of HDPE pipe with designed concrete collar was within 2.5%, so the total weight of concrete collar for sinking of HDPE is important rather than concrete collar dimension. Furthermore, the tension area for possible installation is decreased as the air filling rate is increased. Therefore, it is important to calculate the reasonable tension range before actual installation for safe installation of HDPE pipe.

The worldwide abundance of various jellyfish appears to have increased in coastal ecosystems in recent years. The enormous jellyfish blooms cause a variety of problems for the local ecology, fisheries, and aquatic-sports in coastal locations. In this study, jellyfish sting protection net was installed to ensure the safety and reduction of the inflow into the Haeundae beach. In order to confirm the stability of the protection net, the tension for protection net was measured from variation of current speed. The periods for maximum tension were observed correspond to the periods of maximum current speed. The maximum tension for protection net was measured up to 4,100 kg. From field evaluations, the jellyfish sting protection net has demonstrated to stability from the current and tide in the Haeundae beach.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the structural stability of pavement due to water infiltration at the road with infiltration trench as using the FEM(finite element analysis). Five cases for FEM is divided considering the amount of rainfall and rain duration time. The results of FEM show that the more rainfall in a short period time is faster the change of moisture content. Also, it is the proportional relationship between and changing area of moisture content of more than 40% due to rainfall. Case 3 and 4 are necessary to check the installation of infiltration trench because of moisture content of more than 40%, recovery time of initial moisture content, and changing area of more than 40%. Case 1,2, and 5 have no a significant effect on road pavement structure due to lower moisture content and shorter duration time of higher moisture content.

The blending schemes of Saengshik powder with water were established to retain the dispersion stability of the Saengshik beverage in order to develop a ready-to-drink type product. The effect of the blending on the rheological properties and the dispersion stability of Saengshik beverage were determined. The Saengshik beverages, blended with low shear force for a short time, showed dilatant fluid characteristics, while those with high shear force for a long time had pseudoplastic fluid ones. The consistency of Saengshik beverage increased with the blending speed and time. Saengshik beverage blended at low shear showed rheopexy while becoming time independent by a highshear blending action. A logarithmic model fitted well to the changes in backscattering light flux with the rest time of Saengshik beverage. Based on sedimentation kinetics, the migration speed of clear front, and the thickness of sedimented layer, Saengshik beverage with maximum dispersion stability was obtained by a high shear blending at 15,120 rpm for 25 s.

This study aimed to investigate the changes in antioxidant activities, quality characteristics, and storage stability of mayonnaise prepared with perilla oil with the addition of mulberry powder ranging from 0 to 5%. The antioxidant activities of perilla oil mayonnaise (PM), as determined by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, as well as FRAP and total phenolics content were improved by the addition of mulberry powder compared with the control sample. Antioxidant activities were dependent on the amount of mulberry powder added. Lipid oxidation of PM decreased with a higher amount of mulberry powder, based on measurements of peroxide value. The emulsion stability of PM increased with decreases in the amount of mulberry powder level. The a-value in PM color increased with increasing amount of mulberry powder. Sensory evaluation showed that the highest score in overall acceptability of PM was achieved with 4% mulberry.