Polygonatum is a genus placed in the family Liliaceae, distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere and 16 of the species are grown naturally in Korea. In oriental medicine, the rhizomes of Polygonatum have been used as two different medicines, Okjuk (Polygonati odorati Rhizoma) and Hwangjeong (Polygonati Rhizoma). However, it is difficult to identify the morphological and chemical differences between the medicinal groups and thus easy to confuse the one with the other. Therefore, a clear classification standard needs to be established so as to be able to discriminate between them. In the study, the morphological characteristics of the plants, Polygonatum spp., were examined. Then, the differences in SNPs among the DNA sequences of 7 of the Polygonatum spp. and 1 of the Disporum spp. were analyzed by DNA barcoding with rpoC1, rpoB2, matK, and psbA-trnH of the cpDNA region. In the results, three regions, rpoC1, rpoB2, and matK were useful for discriminating the species, P. stenophyllum and P. sibiricum. Furthermore, it was possible to discriminate the individual germplasm within the species by using the combination of the results obtained from rpoB2, rpoC1, and matK.
1. 본 연구에서는 완두유래의 세포질성 PsAPX1 유전자를 대상으로 산화스트레스 유도성 프로모터를 연결하여 엽록체에 targeting 되는 과발현 운반체를 제작하고 벼에 도입한 결과 형질전환체에서 도입유전자 수가 1~3 copy인 것으로 나타나, 적은 수의 유전자가 안정적으로 도입되었음을 확인하였다. 2. 염, 오존, 자외선, 한발과 같은 다양한 환경스트레스 조건에서 내성이 증진된 우수 계통을 선발하기 위하여 작성된 형질전환 벼 계통들을 대상으로 생물
지모 (Anemarrhena asphodeloides)는 탁월한 해열작용과 진정작용을 갖는 한약재로 한국, 중국, 일본에서 널리 이용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 먼저 국내 연구소에서 형태학적 분류 결과 지모로 확인된 3종의 식물체를 수집하여 엽록체 DNA의 trnL-F 염기서열을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 국내 연구기관에서 보관중인 지모 식물체들이 모두 동일한 trnL-F의 염기서열을 보여서, 형태학적 분류와 계통유전학적 분류가 동일함을 확인하였다. 최초로 얻어진 지모 trnL-F 염기서열은 NCBI database에 등록하였다. 다음으로 국내 한약재 시장과 중국 한약재 시장에서 유통 중인 지모 한약재를 다량 구입하여 trnL-F의 염기서열을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 유통 중인 지모 한약재들이 모두 기원식물과 동일한 TrnL-F의 염기서열을 보여서 지모 약재의 경우 진품이 유통되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. TrnL-F의 염기서열로 계통수를 작성한 결과 지모는 아스파라거스목 (Asparagales), 용설란과 (agavaceae)에 속한 것으로 보여 졌다. 엽록체 rbcL 유전자 염기서열로 얻은 계통수와 비교한 결과 trnL-F 계통수와 rbcL 계통수가 비슷한 결과를 보여주어서 분자유전학적 분류에 두 유전자가 상호보완적으로 이용될 수 있음을 확인하였다.
The somatic hybrids between Solanum brevidens and S. tuberosum (cv. ‘Superior’ and ‘Dejima’) can be selected through the number of chloroplasts in the guard cells, SSR (simple sequence repeats) and AFLP. In order to facilitate the identification of hybrid
To assess resistance of transgenic tobacco plants which overexpress superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in chloroplasts to water stress, changes in leaf water potential, turgor potential, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were measured. Leaf water potential in all plants remained high up to day 4 after withholding water but thereafter decreased markedly. In spite of a remarkable decrease in leaf water potential, some of transgenic plants maintained higher turgor potential compared with control plant on day 12. In particular, the transgenic plant expressing MnSOD showed an outstanding maintenance in turgor pressure by osmotic adjustment throughout the experiment, resulting in high stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. However, among transgenic plants, osmotic potential was reduced more effectively in multiple transformants such as the double transformant expressing both MnSOD and APX, and the triple transformant expressing CuznSOD, MnSOD and APX than single transformants. Consequently, further research is needed to get general agreement on the tolerance of transgenic plants to water stress at different growth stages for each transgenic plant.
염색의 농담에 따른 엽록소의 함량과 수량과의 관계를 밝히고자 연녹색잎 표지인자를 가진 Taichung 65(pgl)와 녹색엽인 수원345호 및 두 계통간의 교잡 BC1 F2 에서 농업형질과 엽록체의 특성을 밝히고자 수행한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 연녹색 및 계통인 T.65(pgl)와 수원345호의 조합 F2 에서 연녹색 잎 개체군은 T.65(pgl)와 차이가 없었으나 녹색잎 개체군의 평균 개체수량은 수원345호에 비하여 월등히 높게 나타났다. 2. T.65(pgl)의 엽록소 함량은 수원345호에 비하여 적었으며, 감소되는 유형은 비슷하였으나 Ca/Cb 비율은 출수후 15일부터 60일까지 오히려 높게 나타났다. 3. 출수 후 T.65(pgl)의 지엽은 수원345호에 비하여 낮은 SPAD 값을 보였지만 2엽, 3엽은 모두 유의한 차이가 없었다. 반면 F2 에서 연녹색잎 개체군의 지엽, 2엽, 3엽에서의 SPAD 값은 녹색잎 개체군에 비하여 모두 낮게 나타났다. 4. 출수후 20일에 지엽의 엽록체를 투과전자현미경으로 검경한 결과 T.65(pgl)에서 osmium granule의 수가 많은 것으로 나타났다.
To investigate the effects of strong acidic electrolytic water on the chloroplast, barley leaves were treated with strong acidic electrolytic water(pH 2.5). And to investigate the effects of weak acidic electrolytic water on the chloroplast development, etiolated barley leaves were treated with weak acidic electrolytic water(pH 6.5) during greening period. Chl contents, Fo, Fv, and Chl fluorescence quenching coefficient in barley leaves were measured during and after treatment of acidic electrolytic water. The following results were obtained.
Chl a, b, and carotenoid were decreased with treatment of strong acidic electrolytic water. Chl contents were significantly decreased than that of the control after 5 min. These results provide evidence that the strong acidic electrolytic water dissimilate the Chl and so that the value of Fo was slightly increased. The strong acidic electrolytic water damaged PS Ⅱ because Fo was increased and Fv, Fm, and Fv/Fm ratio were decreased. qP, qNP and qE were decreased. On the other hand qI was increased than that of the control. But Chl content and Chl fluorescence patterns were a little changed as the pH increase over 4.0. Chl a, b, and carotenoid were increased with treatment of weak acidic electrolytic water during greening period. Chl contents were significantly increased than that of control after 12 hours greening. These results provide evidence that the weak acidic electrolytic water accelerated the chlorophyll synthesis. And the weak acidic electrolytic water accelerated PS Ⅱ development because Fv, Fm, qP and Fv/Fm ratio were increased than that of the control.
To find heavy metal-specific effects on the photosynthetic apparatus of higher plants, we investigated effects of CuCl_2, HgCl_2 and ZnCl_2 on electron transport activity and chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics of chloroplasts isolated from barley seedlings. Effects on some related processes such as germination, growth and photosynthetic pigments of the test plants were also studied. Germination and growth rate were inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by these metals. Mercury was shown to be the most potent inhibitor of germination, growth and biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments of barley plants. In the inhibition of electron transport activity, quantum yield of PSⅡ, and chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics of chloroplasts isolated from barley seedlings, mercury chloride showed more pronounced effects than other two metals. Contrary to the effects of other two metals, mercury chloride increased variable fluorescence significantly and abolished qE in the fluorescence induction kinetics from broken chloroplasts of barley seedlings. This increase in variable fluorescence is due to the inhibition of the electron transport chain after PSⅡ and the following dark reactions. The inhibition of qE could be attributed to the interruption of pH formation and de-epoxidation o1 violaxathin to zeaxanthin to thylakoids by mercury. This unique effect of mercury on chlorophyll fluorescence induction pattern could be used as a good indicator for testing the presence and/or the concentration of mercury in the samples contaminated with heavy metals