포스트모던 사회가 점점 수평사회로 이동되면서 공존, 협력, 네트 워킹이 키워드가 되었다. 기업은 소비자 일대일 맞춤형 서비스를 제공 하고 있고, 교육도 개개 학생들의 재능에 따라 다양한 기회가 주어져야 하는 시대가 되었으며, 리더십 유형에도 변화를 가져왔다. 이에 삶의 파트너로서 고민을 들어주며 질문으로써 고착되어있는 고리를 풀고 스스로 길을 찾아가도록 용기를 주며 돕는 코치의 역할이 부각되고 있다. 크리스천 코칭 중에서 선교 코칭(missional coaching)은 사랑의 하나님이 사람들을 품고 들어주고 질문하면서 스스로 깨닫게 하시는 것처럼 코치이(coachee)를 대한다. 아직 선교 코칭에 대한 이론이나 모델의 제시가 부족한 형편인데, 필자는 영화 The Shack <오두막> (2017)을 통한 선교 코칭 사례연구로써 선교 코칭 모델개발에 조력하고자 한다. 불확실성 속에서 정체성 위기를 겪고 있는 이 시대에 선교 코칭을 통해 많은 사람들이 하나님의 사랑받는 자녀라는 새로운 정체성을 부여받고 삶에 대한 관점의 변화로까지 나아가기를 기대한다.

This study is about the investigation of the walking environment of the First Experimental Elementary School in Shapingba District of Chongqing City and the Zaozilanya Elementary School in Yuzhong District and the analysis of the pedestrian's consciousness. The improvement plan is obtained by comparing and analyzing the walking environment around the school. The survey results are as follows. According to the survey results of the walking environment around the school, the sidewalks of the two schools are relatively narrow, and there are more pedestrians crossing the road. There is a phenomenon of parking in both schools. The phenomenon of parking in Zaozilanya Elementary School is even more serious. In investigating the most important elements of the school's pedestrian environment, the setting of the signpost, the setting of the crosswalk and signal lights, the setting of the fence, the setting of the vehicle's deceleration facilities, and the control of the school gate are all necessary. Therefore, in order to create a safe and comfortable improvement plan for the surrounding environment of the school, first of all, in the improvement of the facilities around the school, the setting of the fence, the setting of the speed bump, the improvement of the crosswalk and the signal light. Second, in terms of restrictions, the scope of protection around the school needs to be expanded, and restrictions on parking and restrictions on vehicle traffic need to be implemented. Third, in terms of education and publicity, it is not only necessary to provide safety guidance for students to go to school, but also to provide drivers with driving safety education and publicity.

PURPOSES: Case studies of an asphalt-overlay project with a performance-based contract method were conducted on a national highway in Korea to evaluate the effect of the method on asphalt pavement maintenance. This study evaluated the procedure of the performance-based contract method. METHODS: In this study, an asphalt-pavement maintenance project for a national highway was assessed with a performance-based contract to investigate the advantage of the new contract procedures. This is the first trial applying the performance-based contract to a pavementrehabilitation project in Korea. In the four case studies, the warranty period of the performance-based contract was designed for seven years. The research team monitored the construction site to compare the normal contract method with the performance-based contract method. The case studies’project sites were investigated after the end of the construction. RESULTS : Based on the limited case studies, the performance-based contract method could extend the service life of the asphalt pavement and reduce the pavement-maintenance budget because the quality control was well managed by the contractors. However, a few construction laws would be necessary to apply the performance-based contract method in the future. CONCLUSIONS : Using the performance-based contract, the construction company made great efforts to guarantee the warranty period and to apply the optimal maintenance method, based on the pavement distress condition. The contractor and the agency would need to understand the new performance-based contract system for it to be activated. Therefore, a proper education program for the performancebased contract system would be needed to educate the stakeholders regarding the procedures and their effects on the pavement management and maintenance.

Introduction The manufacturing of apparel is the third-largest industry in the world, generating $700 billion annually (Jacobo, 2016). However, over the last 20 years, the US has lost 90% of its apparel manufacturing jobs (Bland, 2013). In response, the US Department of Commerce considers the importance of strengthening American manufacturing to be a key piece of economic recovery. They stated that large manufacturers needed to play a key role in, “cultivating the capabilities of small firms in their supply chains and spurring cross-pollination of expertise across firms” (Supply Chain Innovation: Strengthening Small Manufacturing, 2015, p. 3). This National Science Foundation funded research investigates the development of new, small US cut and sew firms as providing a potentially important link with larger, urban firms in the US apparel manufacturing supply chain. The objectives of this qualitative research are to: 1) ascertain social as well as economic challenges to establishing viable cut and sew firms in two rural US communities; and 2) examine the emerging issues in the apparel manufacturing supply chain; and 3) build propositions for research directions. Theoretical framework From an economic-sociological perspective, business, organizations, are embedded in larger institutional environments (DiMaggio & Powel, 1983, Granovetter, 1985, Meyer & Rowan, 1977, Meyer & Scott, 1983). The firm is seen as a part of a social-economic system with strong ties to others that can offer both business advantages (Di Maggio & Powel, 1983) or disadvantages (Uzzi, 1997). Institutional theory thus links social and cultural meaning systems or norms to the business environment (Handelman & Arnold, 1999). An Institutional theoretical framework proposes that in the economic environment, there are norms or rules that participants are expected to comply with if the organizations involved are to receive support and achieve legitimacy (Arnold, Handelman, & Tigert, 1996). Business owners or managers strive to legitimize their businesses, thus elevating investors’, suppliers’, and potential collaborators’ confidence in their competency to provide the specified products or services. This theory provides a foundation for examining the process through which small startup businesses, particularly rural apparel cut and sew firms, balance economic strategic actions and adherence to societal norms internally within their community and externally across a variety of apparel supply chain businesses located in non-adjacent urban communities. Current approach and preliminary results Using the Institutional theoretical perspective, we follow the initial stages of development for two apparel cut and sew centers in rural communities and their navigation of new businesses into the apparel manufacturing industry. Prior to outsourcing of apparel, many small agricultural-based communities across the state had manufacturing centers that provided income for local community members. Community leaders have long sought ideas for returning light manufacturing to their communities for local investment, job creation, and economic growth. Rural county economic development officers set up community interest meetings to see if there was interest in addressing the apparel industry need for quick speed-to-market and greater quality control through domestic manufacturing located closer to company headquarters within the state. Meetings in two communities, located in the northeastern part of the state, generated interest from local investors who have recently moved to open cut and sew centers. Four additional communities, located in the southeastern section of the state, await proof-of-concept prior to moving forward. Given the larger plan for the centers, the concept of specialization in manufacturing was determined for growth and expansion across the state; thus, one center was focused on woven apparel production and the other on knit apparel production. Cooperation and collaboration were important business values to prevent price competition and to potentially provide fulfillment of large scale orders. Longitudinal approach and research questions To address the objectives of this early stage work we used a case study approach to capture information. Data was collected from US Census Bureau and from interviews with investors, managers, workers, large manufacturing management, industry specialists in sourcing and equipment, as well as individuals connected to economic development and Extension. Please see Table 1. summarizing case study findings and emerging themes. In addition to these findings we employ a method frequently found in the analysis of an institutional theoretical perspective known as event history analysis. In time, this study will measure the temporal and sequential unfolding of unique events that transform the interpretation and meaning of social and economic structures (Steel, 2005; Thorton & Ocasio, 2008). This method will enable accommodation of data at multiple levels of analysis involving the individual (members of the cut and sew centers), organizational (cut and sew center firms), and environment (community and industry interactions). Event history is used to assess the five elementary concepts of – state (dependent variable, cut and sew center continuance), event (defines the transitions or experiences of the cut and sew centers), duration (length of time), risk period (potential for exposure to the particular event), censoring (not experiencing the event) (Vermunt, 2007). Thus far, we have initial case study data and documentation of events for two newly established cut and sew centers, but will continue to collect data as four additional cut and sew centers evolve. The following research questions address the five elementary concepts. We address the following research questions in meeting Objective 1 of this study: RQ 1. What are the social institutional centered events and consequences? RQ 2. How do different economic organizations contribute to firm evolution? RQ 3. What risks are involved that could inhibit or enable firm development? To address Objective 2 of this study, we focus on the following research questions framed around emerging issues expected to shape the apparel industry: RQ 4. What are the local capabilities? RQ 5. What role does technology play in firm emergence and development? RQ 6. How does the speed to market capability evolve? RQ 7. What are the industry expectations for domestic apparel production? Implications Early analyses of the two cut and sew centers highlights commonalities that are central to Institutional theory. In partially addressing Research Questions 1 through 3, we have found that there are several emerging issues that stem from weak or delicate linkages of social and cultural meaning systems or norms to the business environment (Handelman & Arnold, 1999). Though the investors, managers, and workers desire to meet industry expectations, there is a gap between the localized perspective and industry perspectives with neither having a strong understanding as to how to return the production to a domestic process. Years of outsourcing have weakened linkages and knowledge has been lost. Training is needed in commercial sewing, creating connections to industry, sourcing trims, ownership of goods, and pricing the production. Thus, as proposed in an Institutional theoretical framework, there are norms or rules that participants are expected to comply with if the organizations involved are to receive support and achieve legitimacy; however in this business arena, the rules are no longer clearly established. Further, the embeddedness of the cut and sew firms in the communities, though appearing to be currently well supported, may be moved as the cut and sew firms gain linkages beyond the community. In addressing Research Questions 4 through 7, we have found that though the support from the local communities has been strong both socially and financially, the learning curve was steep for both of the cut and sew centers in working with clients and educating clients in the product development process of sample pattern to grading to marker making for production cutting as well as procuring thread, findings, labels, hangtags, and packaging for delivery to stores. The move from home sewing to commercial sewing has involved considerable training of the managers and workers. Training featured understanding of the different machines, threading, and tension issues to ensure quality standards for apparel construction. Collaboration was facilitated by a technical consultant’s interface with an industrial sewing supplier and equipment repair company. Training of one-piece flow manufacturing work improved timing efficiency and quality control. The technical consultant spent days on-site and sewing with the team to solve process flow problems and study quality control issues. Issues of timing and efficient production process revolved around changing thread and adjusting machine and stitch tension for various contracts. Issues also emerged in the supply chain of contract manufacturing. Many of the clients were not ready for production, either due to financial commitments or understanding of the process from designing sample lines to marketing apparel products to retail stores and consumers. This required a change in plans to market the cut and sew center directly to the industry. The industrial sewers were flexible with producing various knit or woven sewn products. Issues related to managing a domestic cut and sew facility involved ensuring that all components were received on time, planning time, and estimating the costs involved with fulfilling manufacturing contracts. Data collection continues as the two established centers advance and four additional centers launch in the next two years. From this initial data and to meet the third objective of this inductive research, we offer propositions that warrant further analyses as the cut and sew centers more through various phases of development. Data will be collected to address propositions. P1 The greater the agreement in norms or rules that guide the apparel supply chain process, the stronger the business relationships among contractors, manufacturers, and cut and sew centers. P2 Legitimization of rural community cut and sew centers among the more urban supply chain members will build collaboration and reduce perceived risk in competency to provide specified products or services. P3 Increased collaboration among rural cut and sew centers in terms of shared knowledge and resources will increase perceived economic benefits to the individual centers and to the rural communities.

The objective of study was to find the relationship in hilly pasture landscape expectancy and tourist’s satisfaction on grassland facility. It was followed by literature reviews and visitors’ survey in Daegwallyeong Yangtte Farm on 31, July, 2014. 367 respondents were analyzed by F-test, t-test, Chi-square and Fisher’s Exact Test at 0.05 level after data screening process. Computing factors were sex, marital status, age, academic career and occupation. The results was as followed; First, major respondents group of survey were in oder of woman, forty years old group, married office worker, and university graduate. Second, the expectancy for grassland was significant difference in age, but pasture color expectancy was not significant difference in gender, age, educational background, marital status, and there was significant difference in favorite grassland type with age, marital status. Third, favorite fence type was not significant difference along with all group of participants. However, color and material of fence was significant difference in marital status. Fourth, preferred ranch road was significant difference with occupation and marital status. There was significant difference in favorite grassland type near ranch road along with age and occupation type. Fifth, the mean satisfaction was 3.6 point in 5.0. Therefore, all respondents were generally satisfaction in visited. Tourists were more interested in ranch landscape than experience or contacts to animal.

PURPOSES: Concrete pavement has been used in the construction of the Jungbu expressway in 1987. More than 60% of the pavement on the expressway is currently made of concrete, but most has been used far beyond their design life. Pavement life has been extended through routine maintenance or overlay. However, the structural capacity of the pavement has reached its limit, and extensive rehabilitation/reconstruction with long time traffic blocking should be considered. The three following issues on concrete rehabilitation/reconstruction will be discussed: (1) economic comparison of asphalt inlay and asphalt overlay, (2) economic comparison preventive overlay on a section which is currently good and routine overlay on the section which will be poor, and (3) economic analysis of early-strength concrete when it is used in concrete reconstruction. METHODS: First, various life cycle cost analysis tools were compared, and the proper tool for the extensive rehabilitation/reconstruction was selected. Second, a sensitivity analysis of the selected tool was performed to find the influential input variables, which should be carefully selected in the analysis. Third, three case studies, which can be issues in the rehabilitation/reconstruction of the expressway concrete pavement in Korea, were performed. RESULTS: Asphalt overlay without milling the deteriorated concrete showed 18~25% lower life cycle cost than the current asphalt inlay with milling. The good current preventive overlay on the section was economically justified within the scope of this study. The construction cost limit of the early strength concrete was suggested to be economical for 1, 3, and 7 days of construction alternative opening. CONCLUSIONS: CA4PRS was a viable tool for comparing various rehabilitation/reconstruction issue alternatives. Several concrete issues associated with the rehabilitation/reconstruction of the deteriorated concrete pavement were discussed as mentioned above.

입자의 확산을 모사하는 Lagrangian 기반의 HYSPLIT과 PUFF 모형을 이용하여 화산재의 확산 해석을 수행하였다. 미국의 스퍼와 리다우트 화산은 각각 1992년과 2009년에 폭발성 분화가 발생하여 화산재가 광범위하게 확산되었다. 이 때 발생한 공기 중에 부유하는 미세입자와 퇴적되는 화산재로 인해 공항이 폐쇄되고 통신 교란이 발생하는 피해가 발생하였다. 또한, 인도네시아의 켈루트 화산은 최근까지 활발한 활동을 하고 있으며 1919년과 2014년의 대분화로 인해 인명피해가 속출하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 입자 확산 모형을 이용하여 이와 같이 화산재로 인해 피해가 발생하는 영향범위와 경로를 분석하였다. 수치 계산의 신뢰성을 평가하기 위해서 다중 수치 모형으로 예측된 화산재의 확산 범위와 실측치에 의한 확산 경로를 비교하여 검증하였다. 또한, 화산재가 영향을 미치는 범위를 평가한 결과 HYSPLIT과 PUFF 모형의 확산 분포는 70% 내외로 일치하는 것을 확인하였다.

UF와 MF막은 주로 중공사막으로 제조되고 있으며 단일막과 복합막으로 구분할 수 있다. 단일막의 경우 장기간 사용시 단사와 탁도 유출 등의 문제점을 가지고 있으며, 이를 해결하기 위해 고강도 직물을 이용한 Braid 지지체 위에 polymer를 코팅한 고기능성 복합막이 개발되어 적용되고 있다. Braid 보강막은 높은 인장강도를 가진 지지체를 사용함으로서 장기간 사용에 의한 강도 저하와 막성능 회복을 위한 물리⋅화학적 세정에 의한 막의 단사 등을 보완해준다. 이러한 Braid 보강막은 소재, 구조, 물성에 따라 다양한 분야에 적용되고 있으며 침지식 MBR공법은 물론 하수처리를 위한 가압형 모듈로도 적용되고 있다. 본 발표에서는 ㈜필로스가 직접 생산하는 Braid 보강막을 이용한 적용 사례를 소개하고자 한다.

This research paper will describe the current process and practice of Education for sustainable development (ESD) implementation in Korean schools through a case study that was carried out in Tongyeong city. This study is based on a field study and empirical observation in South Korea (Tongyeong city), with the subject of research being 2 schools. The scope of this research focuses on ESD implementation within school which consists of curricular design, an extracurricular program, and learning and teaching model on ESD in the classroom. There were 2 elementary schools which were chosen in this case study in Tongyeong city. They are Inpyeong elementary school and Yongnam elementary school. The method of research through depth interview, observation, and document review on ESD and the analysis in this research includes the process and teaching strategy of ESD in schools. Other analysis includes extracurricular activities and school programs. The result of this research shows that ESD issues in Korean schools have strongly focused on eight areas; they are improving the basic quality of education, a sustainable and healthily lifestyle, equity, environmental ethics/education, sustainable consumption and production, democratic sustainably, children protection, cultural understanding. Specially, this research showed that Korean schools has a concern in a clean plate movement, environmental awareness, energy saving, and waste management. Meanwhile, in Indonesian schools the emphasis is on environmental awareness and cultural preservation and protection. Additional programs related to ESD implementation were found in extracurricular activities such as field trips, cultural preservation activities and club activities on environmental protection. Basically, two schools in Tongyeong City have implemented ESD in various activities before the term ESD was created. It is clear that ESD could develop and increase student’s awareness about the environment, life, and the future of the earth.

Occupational injury rate of Korea recently slides slightly downward after stagnating around 0.7%'s for more than 10 years. To accelerate this trend, injury prevention for small enterprises is crucially important because vast majority of injuries take place in small enterprises. Considering huge number of small enterprises, we need to focus our efforts to type of riskier industries. By analysing detailed injury data, we select type of industries which need our concentrated prevention efforts. Several preventive measures are recommended, after we made literature survey of case studies for small enterprises. The result identifies riskier type of industries including transportation machinery manufacturing industry type(B), woods & veneer manufacturing industry, etc. Safety of machinery, new enterprises less than 2 years in service and new employees serving less than 6 months are in need for focused prevention efforts. To cope with these vulnerable spots, recommended preventive measures include strengthening of machinery safety standards, early assistance for safety to new enterprises, mandatory safety education before employment, etc.

백두산 폭발에 대한 국민의 우려 증대는 과학적이고 체계적인 화산연구가 부족했던 한국의 여러 분야에서 화산을 연구할 수 있는 환경을 마련해주었다. 화산은 고유의 지질학적 특성에 의거하여 폭발 양상이 달라지므로 모델링 및 일반화하기에 어려운 점이 있다. 또한 화산학자의 수가 매우 적어서 관련된 연구 프로그램 및 해외전문가의 협력이 절대적이다. 이에 V-hub, GVM, VOGRIPA라는 세 곳의 연구 그룹에 대한 기초조사 및 상호관계의 이해를 통한 기술협력 대상을 발굴할 목적으로, 홈페이지 분석, 관련자 방문 및 인터뷰를 수행하였다. 연구의 궁극적 목적은 백두산 연구를 통하여 구축될 화산연구포털을 단순한 벤치마킹이 아닌 차별화 및 기여라는 관점에서 시사점을 도출하고자 하는 것이다. V-hub 는 화산연구자들의 커뮤니티 사이트이자 자료공유의 사이트로, GVM은 내용을 채울 수 있는 연구와 데이터 공유를 위한 표준 마련이 주된 역할이며, VOGRIPA는 화산폭발사건에 대한 데이터베이스화와 정보표출을 목표로 하고 있다. 지도학 및 공간정보차원에서 보면 이들은 분석의 도구로 GVM에서 일부 다루어지고, VOGRIPA에서 화산의 위치를 웹GIS로 표출하는 수준에 국한되어 있다. 화산연구포털이 다음 단계로 발전하기 위하여, 한국이 기여할 수 있는 바와 지도학적으로 발전시킬 수 있는 항목 등을 제시하였다.

도심에서는 실내 입시위주 교육과 주변의 녹지 환경 부족 으로 인해 학생들의 체력 저하, 개인주의 성향, 환경적 무관 심의 문제가 팽배하고, 특히 아토피와 같은 면역 질환이 증 가하고 있다. 현재 국내외에서는 건강 증진・정신적 안정・ 환경 의식 함양 등의 효과가 있는 숲 교육의 중요성을 실감 하고 있다. 숲에서의 교육과 관련하여는 1890년대에 독일 을 중심으로 아동의 결핵 예방을 위해 open air school 운동 이 일어나고 이는 유럽 각국과 미국 및 일본에 영향을 주었 으며 우리나라에서는 1920년대에 여름방학 기간 중 일정기 간동안 임간학교, 임간교실을 시행하였다. 또한 1950년대 스웨덴의 숲그룹, 덴마크의 숲유치원을 시작으로 매일 또는 정기적으로 숲으로 나가 체험교육을 진행하는 숲유치원이 일어났으며, 해외에서는 forest school, forest kindergarten, waldkindergärten와 같은 용어로 퍼져나갔고, 우리나라에 는 2000년대부터 숲유치원의 용어로 들어오기 시작하였다. 숲유치원이 발달하면서 유아 뿐 아닌 초등학생, 중고등학 생, 성인까지 연령의 폭이 넓어진 숲학교가 생겨났다. 국내 의 논문에서는 유아를 대상으로 하는 숲유치원의 사례와 효과에 대하여는 연구가 진행되어 왔으나, 전 연령대를 대 상으로 하는 숲학교에 관한 논문은 미흡한 현실이다. 때문 에 본 논문은 모든 연령을 대상으로 숲을 교육공간으로 활 용하는 교육시스템인 국내 숲학교 사례를 조사하고, 해외 사례를 통해 앞으로의 방향을 제시하고자 한다. 연구방법으로는 임간학교, 숲유치원, 숲학교와 관련하여 논문, 신문기사 및 웹페이지 자료를 통해 각각의 정의・효 시・사례에 대해 고찰하며, 본 논문에서 사용될 숲학교의 의미를 정하고, 국내 숲학교 현황을 파악하여 운영주체(공 공기관/민간), 교육 대상(아동/청소년/성인), 운영방식별(매 일형/체험형)로 분류하고 각각의 대표 사례와 해외 사례를 살펴보고 비교한다. 자료를 통해 도출한 결과로는 다음과 같다. 국내외 논문 을 통해 임간학교・숲유치원의 근간에 open air school 운 동과 Friuluftsfrämjandet 운동의 영향이 있었으며 모두 ‘자 유로운 공기를 지원한다’는 의미를 가지고 있어 같은 근간 을 이루고 있다고 판단되며, 임간학교는 일정기간동안 막사 와 같은 임시시설이나 캠프할 수 있는 장소를 갖춘 지역에 서 교육을 시행하다가 점차 영구적인 시설물의 형태가 나타 났고, 숲유치원의 경우 어떤 날씨에든 숲 교육에 적합한 장 소로 찾아가 교육을 진행하는 특성으로 지속되었다. 또한, 임간학교는 일본의 영향으로 들어오게 된 한자어의 용어로 추정되어 순수 우리말로는 숲학교, 숲속학교와 같은 용어가 바람직하다고 판단된다. 현 국내 사례 조사로는 공공기관은 대부분 체험형으로 월1-2회, 주1-2회, 2박3일 또는 그 외 단발성 참여의 형식으로 이루어지고 있으며, 민간에서도 유 아를 대상으로 주5회의 매일형이 실시되고 있으나 아직 체 험형으로 실시되는 경우가 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 공공 기관에서 체험형으로 숲학교를 진행하는 이유로는 도심에 서 벗어난 지역이어서 지속적이지 못한 점을 가능성으로 들 수 있다. 또한, 국내에서는 자연물을 이용한 만들기에 대한 프로그램이 많다면 해외에서는 성인을 대상으로 보다 전문적인 활동을 실시하고 있는 사례를 볼 수 있다. 따라서 국내에서도 숲학교 프로그램이 단발성보다는 지속적으로 실시할 수 있는 프로그램이 필요하며 대상별로 전문성을 갖추는 것이 필요하겠다. 본 논문은 숲학교 운영 및 활성화를 위한 기초자료 제공 을 목적으로 국내외 숲학교 사례 연구를 진행한 점에 의의 가 있으며, 한계점으로는 민간에서 시행하는 경우 그 현황 을 모두 파악하기에 어려움이 있었고, 각 분류에 대한 프로 그램의 비교나 유형 분류가 자세히 진행되지 못한 점을 들 수 있다. 이에 대해 앞으로 민간에 보다 쉽게 보급이 가능하 도록 대상별 프로그램을 유형화하는 추후 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

학교폭력 문제는 우리 사회가 안고 있는 심각한 질병이다. 철학상담은 이 문제에 대해 근본적인 치유책을 내놓아야 한다. 특히 청소년들의 학교폭력과 관련한 현재의 신념상태를 진단해보고 철학적 반성을 거쳐 바람직한 신념상태로 전환시키는 데 철학상담이 기여할 바가 크다. 본고에서는 학교폭력 문제에 대해서 중학교 교실공동체를 장면으로 삼아서 비판적 구성주의 모형을 적용한 집단 철학상담의 사례를 제시한다. 이를 위해 먼저 논리기반치료(LBT)와 합리적 정서행동 치료(REBT)를 비롯한 기존의 철학상담, 철학치료의 이론적 전제들을 비판적 구성주의 모형과 비교해서 검토해보고, 토론중심의 상담자료와 사례를 제시해서 폭력의 정당성 문제를 둘러싸고 학생들의 기존 개념을 비판적으로 검토하여 새로운 개념을 정교화해 구성하도록 하여 정서, 인지, 행동교정을 유도한다.

Lee, Jee-won. 2012. Gesture, Gaze, and Bodily Cues in Mandarin Conversation: Two Case Studies. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 20(1). pp. 213-234. This study uses discourse analysis to illustrate some ways that non-verbal actions such as gaze, facial expression, and gesture work to contextualize the speech delivered in conversation. These bodily cues also enable participants to organize interactions as collaborative creations of meaning rather than simply a turn-by-turn exchange of speech. This study uses two excerpts from Mandarin Chinese conversations to illustrate how non-verbal cues help speakers and recipients to engage in collaborative action with one another. Speakers give recipients information about their stances vis-à-vis the speech they produce, and recipients use this information to manage their reactions to the speech they hear. Non-verbal actions also allow both parties to mutually regulate the flow of conversation. In both examples, it becomes clear that gaze, facial expression, and gesture are important elements of spoken interaction and that conversation as a whole should be understood as a contextual web of meaning that includes speech, body language, and overall social interaction.

Recently, biological systematic studies have contributed for understanding of evolutionary histories of living organisms. In this talk, I present how evolutionary histories are inferred from the phylogenetic relationships. Two case studies in the Cimicomorpha (Heteroptera) are presented: 1. Inferring ancestral character states of the plant bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae); 2. Revealing evolutionary history of the Cimicoidea based on correlated evolution between habitat selection and morphological characters (Heteroptera: Cimiciformes). Case I: The first comprehensive cladistic analysis of Miridae, the plant bugs, is presented based on analysis of 3935 base pairs of mitochondrial (16S, COI) and nuclear (18S, 28SD3) DNA for 91 taxa in seven subfamilies. Data were analyzed using maximum likelihood (ML), parsimony, and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic frameworks. Divergence time estimates indicate that the radiation of the Miridae began in the Permian; most genus-level radiations within subfamilies began in the late Cretaceous, probably in response to the angiosperm radiation. Ancestral feeding state reconstructions based on Bayesian and parsimony inference were largely congruent and both reconstructed phytophagy as the ancestral state of the Miridae. Furthermore, the feeding habits of the common ancestors of Mirinae + Deraeocorinae, Bryocorinae + Cylapinae + Isometopinae + Orthotylinae, and the remaining taxa excluding Phylinae, were inferred as phytophagous. Therefore, at least three shifts from phytophagy or polyphagy to predation occurred within the Miridae. Case II: The diverse habitat types and discrete morphological characters of cimicoid species provide a unique opportunity to study correlated evolution. Phylogenetic relationships within Cimicoidea were determined using Bayesian analyses of molecular data, allowing the generation of testable hypotheses of correlated evolution. An investigation of the correlation between habitat selection and morphological characters revealed that a dead plant habitat was correlated with the filiform antennal type. Furthermore, molecular dating analysis was used to examine divergence times within the Cimicoidea. Transitions to live plants from dead plants for most cimicoid clades started right after the mid–Cretaceous, coinciding with the radiation of the angiosperms. Using contingency analyses, I determined that evolutionary changes in morphological characters were dependent on habitat selection. Based on these results, I propose evolutionary historical hypotheses for the Cimicoidea.