게르하르트 리히터(Gerhard Richter, 1932∼ )는 1960년대 중반부터 자신이 수집하거나 직접 촬영한 사진, 인쇄물 삽화, 스케치로 구성한 <아틀라스 Atlas>를 제작하고 있다. 리히터는 자신의 거대한 트라우마인 나치 정권과 2차 세계대전의 흔적부터 가족과 아이들의 따뜻한 추억까지 <아틀라스>에 저장해왔다. 처참했던 과거를 의도적으로 망각 하려는 기억 위기에서 잠재된 기억을 소환해내려는 아카이브 열병이 모순적으로 발생했 고 <아틀라스>가 시작되었다. <아틀라스>는 리히터의 기억을 저장하는 매체로서 존재 하지만 망각과 기억 사이, 해체와 결합 사이, 은폐와 폭로 사이를 넘나들며 이중적인 특징을 보이고 있다. 모호하고 이중적인 형태로 담겨 있지만 <아틀라스>에 분명히 존재하고 있는 리히터의 기억과 트라우마의 흔적들은 리히터가 살아온 복잡한 역사의 소용돌이 속에서 구축한 자신만의 생존 방식이라 볼 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this monitoring is to survey the geographical distribution of tick species using dry ice bait traps and flagging methods at each ten provinces (GangwonⅠ,GangwonⅡ, Gyeonggi, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam and Jeju area) and one Metropolitan area in the Republic of Korea for eight months from April through November, 2016. A total of 65,339 ixodid ticks (8,200 females, 1,988 males, 31,453 nymphs and 23,698 larvae) was collected, belonging to three genera (Haemaphysalis, Ixodes and Amblyomma). Haemaphysalis longicornis was the most commonly collected species, which is represented for 96.88% of all the collected ticks and followed by H. flava (2.69%), I. nipponensis (0.35%), A. testudinarium (0.05%) and H. japonica (0.03%) in the Republic of Korea for the study period. Haemaphysalis longicornis was a dominant species observed in these eleven areas.

본고는 영국에서 활동한 미국인 인상파 화가 제임스 맥닐 휘슬러의 작품과 그가 디자인한 <공작의 방>에 구현된 19세기 중 반 이후 영국사회의 중국 청화백자 수집 열광 현상인 ‘차이나매니아(Chinamania)’에 관해 고찰한 것이다. 17, 18세기 중 국 청화백자에서 자신의 예술적 영감의 원천을 발견한 휘슬러에 의해 촉발된 1860년대 영국에서의 차이나매니아 현상 은 <공작의 방>이 완성된 1870년대 후반기에 이르러 부르주아 계층의 주요 소장가 그룹을 중심으로 점차 영국 상류 사회 전반에 확산되어갔다. 1878년 휘슬러에 의해 완성된 <공작의 방>은 19세기 중반 이후 영국사회에서 유행한 중국 청화백 자 소장 문화의 특성을 고스란히 반영하고 있다. 휘슬러의 17, 18세기 중국 청화백자를 소재로 한 회화 작품과 그가 구성 한 <공작의 방>의 제작 과정을 분석하는 연구는 1860년대 이후 영국 상류사회에서 새롭게 등장한 중국 도자기에 대한 미적 취향과 소장 문화의 의미를 파악하는데 있어서 중요한 학술적 의미를 지니고 있다.

The Ixodid ticks has been suspected to be the vector of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in Korea. In order to confirm transovarial transmission of Ixodid ticks, a total of blood fed 284 ticks were collected from six host animals. They were identified as 3 genera and 4 species, Haemaphysalis longicornis (97.2%), H. flava (0.7%), Ixodes nipponensis (1.8%) and Amblyomma testudinarium (0.4%). Among them, 192 female adults hatched their eggs successfully. Our results showed a high prevalence of SFTSV among collected ticks (3.1%, 6/192 ticks), and we detected SFTSV from their larvae. This result suggests that the parent generation of H. longicornis can transmit SFTSV transovarially into their F1 progeny and H. longicornis might be one of major vectors of SFTSV in Korea.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tick-borne zoonosis and SFTS virus is transmitted to humans by tick bites. The aim of this study was to monitor tick population and its SFTS virus infection. During March 2014 to October 2015, ticks were monthly sampled using dry-ice bait trap and flag method from 4 collecting points in Boeun-gun. A total of 16,500 ticks, including 14,646 Haemaphysalis longicornis (88.7%), 1,825 H. flava (11.1%), and 29 Ixodes nipponensis (0.2%), were collected. Ticks were pooled (5,156 ticks in 456 pools) and tested by RT-PCR and nested PCR and the minimum infection rate of ticks was 0.27% (14 pools) consisting of 0.13% H. longicornis (6 pools), 1.19% H. flava (8 pools). This annual surveillance study will be needed for long-term monitoring of ixodid ticks in Korea.

Ixodid ticks are notorious as the vector of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in Korea. To confirm the transovarial transmission of SFTSV, we collected blood-fed adult ticks from animals in SFTS case reported area of Jeju island in 2015. A total of 476 ticks were collected from four host animal species, horse (81.3%), dog (9.0%), roe deer (7.1%) and wild boar (2.5%). They were identified as 1 genus and 2 species, Haemaphysalis longicornis (87.8%) and H. flava (12.2%). Among them, 131 adults hatched their eggs successfully. The body weight of females was highly correlated with the number of egg masses laid (P < 0.05). We confirmed that one adult H. flava was infected with SFTSV and its infection rate was 0.77%. The eggs of the SFTSV-infected adults also were infected with SFTSV and its transovarial transmission was confirmed. This result suggests that the parent generation of H. flava could transmit SFTSV transovarially into their F1 progeny and H. flava might be one of major vectors of SFTSV in Korea.

We investigated the distribution of ixodid ticks in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) case reported areas using flagging method from May to November 2014 in Korea. We collected 13,471 ixodid ticks with 2 genera and 3 species. Among them, Genus Haemaphysalis and Ixodes accounted for 99.9% (13,455) and 0.1% (16), respectively. Genus Haemaphysalis consisted of 2 species, H. longicornis (96.2%) and H. flava (3.7%). I. nipponensis was only collected in Genus Ixodes. H. longicornis was the dominant species (over 90%) in most study areas. Ixodid ticks were evenly distributed at various environmental sites, such as residences, hills, grassfields, fields, graves, copses, other sites. The further study on SFTSV infection in ixodid ticks will be needed.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging disease, causing high fever, thromobocytopenia, leukopenia, gastrointestinal simptoms (vomiting, diarrhea), hemorrhage and multiorgan dysfunction. It was known that Haemaphysalis longicornis (H. longicornis), a major tick in Korea, is the principal vector for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). Firstly, to investigate the existence and prevalence of SFTSV in the country, we collected the ticks in 9 provinces in South Korea and detected SFTSV from H. longicornis ticks from 2011 to 2012. And we also investigated SFTSV infection in ticks collected from healthy humans without SFTS symptom and their residential areas. From the former study, we collected 13,053 ticks, and H. longicornis (90.8%, 11,856/13,053) was the most abundant among them. The minimum infection rate (MIR) of SFTSV in H. longicornis was 0.5% (59 pools). From the later study, totally 422 ticks of 8 species were collected from humans and at their neighborhood throughout the nation from May to October, 2013 and SFTSVs were detected from 12 pools (5.7% MIR) by RT-PCR. Finally, we diagnosed 35 patients by detecting SFTSV gene with their sera, and isolated 26 SFTSVs among them in 2013. These findings indicate that SFTSVs are prevalent and SFTS is probably endemic in Korea.

The silkworm-baculovirus expression system has distinct advantages, such as a high yield and safe usage in vertebrates. Here, we report a novel strategy for the large-scale production of a classical swine fever virus (CSFV) envelope glycoprotein E2 in the larvae of a baculovirus-infected silkworm, Bombyx mori. We constructed a recombinant B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) that expressed recombinant polyhedra together with the N-terminal 179 amino acids of CSFV E2 (E2ΔC). BmNPV-E2ΔC-infected silkworm larvae expressed native polyhedrin and approximately 44-kDa fusion protein that was detected using both anti-polyhedrin and anti-CSFV E2 antibodies. Electron and confocal microscopy both demonstrated that the recombinant polyhedra contained both the fusion protein and native polyhedrin were morphologically normal and contained CSFV E2ΔC. The CSFV E2ΔC antigen produced in BmNPV-E2ΔC-infected silkworm larvae reached 0.68 mg per ml of hemolymph and 0.53 mg per larva at 6 days post-infection. Six-week-old female BALB/c mice that were immunized with the E2ΔC protein purified from solubilized recombinant polyhedraelicited CSFV E2 antibodies, which indicated that the CSFV E2ΔC protein from recombinant polyhedra was immunogenic. The virus neutralization test showed that the serum from mice that were treated with E2ΔC protein from recombinant polyhedra contained significant levels of virus neutralization activity. These results demonstrate that the present strategy can be used for the large-scale production of CSFV E2 antigen.

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) envelope glycoprotein E2 is the main target for inducing neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity in swine. Here, we report a novel strategy forthe large-scale production of a CSFV E2 subunit vaccine that demonstrates a high immunogenic capability in the larvae of a baculovirus-infected silkworm, Bombyx mori. We constructed a recombinant B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) that expressed recombinant polyhedra together with the N-terminal 179 amino acids of CSFV E2 (CSFV E2ΔC). BmNPV-E2ΔC-infected silkworm larvae expressed an approximately 44-kDa fusion protein that was detected using both anti-polyhedrin and anti-CSFV E2 antibodies. Electron and confocal microscopy both demonstrated that the recombinant polyhedra were morphologically normal and contained CSFV E2ΔC. The CSFV E2ΔC antigen produced in BmNPV-E2ΔC-infected silkworm larvae reached 0.68 mg per ml of hemolymph and 0.53 mg per larva at 6 days post-infection. Mice that were immunized with the granule form of recombinant polyhedra or the soluble form of the fusion protein elicited CSFV E2 antibodies, which indicated that the recombinant polyhedra carrying CSFV E2ΔC were immunogenic. The virus neutralization test showed that the serum from mice that were treated with recombinant polyhedra or the soluble form of the fusion protein contained significant levels of virus neutralization activity. These results demonstrate that the present strategy can be used for the large-scale production of CSFV E2 antigen and that the recombinant polyhedra containing CSFV E2ΔC as a granule antigen can be used as a potential subunit vaccine against CSFV.

The Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) is a member of the Pestivirus genus of the Flaviviridae. The genome of CSFV is a positive single-stranded RNA molecule 12.3 kb and contains a single large open reading frame (ORF). The polyprotein composed of eight nonstructural and four structural proteins (nucleocapsid protein C and three envelope glycoprotein E0, E1 and E2). E2, the most immunogenic of the CSFV glycoproteins, induces a protective immune response in swine. To determine the characteristics of the CSFV, LOM strain, we investigated the nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein E0, E1 and E2. Comparison of the LOM with the other strains revealed nucleotide sequence identity ranging from 97 to 98%. Expression of the glycoprotein E2 was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis using anti-CSFV E2 monoclonal antibodies in Sf21 cells. The expression levels of glycoprotein E2 were observed from day 3 and 5 days maximum. In addition, its expression efficiency by media and cell line was investigated. The result showed that High-Five cells and Grace’s insect media for Sf21 were the best conditions for the expression of the glycoprotein E2.

The study aimed to evaluate the usability of sterile bag collection (SBC) urinalysis and urine culture for diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTI). Urine culture is key for diagnosing UTI, and transurethral catheterization (TUC) or suprapubic aspiration is recommended for non-toilet-trained children. Although urine testing using SBC is non-invasive and easy, UTI can be diagnosed only if other criteria including clinical symptoms and positive urinalysis results are met. This study included 228 infants who were hospitalized for unexplained fever from October 2015 to June 2016. TUC culture, SBC urinalysis, and urine culture were performed for all patients. UTI was diagnosed when the TUC culture results met the criterion of ≥104 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. When UTI diagnosis was made based on SBC urine colony counts ≥105 CFU/mL, the false-positive and false-negative rates were 6.3% and 70.0%, respectively. When the criterion was set as ≥104 CFU/mL, they were 23.7% and 30.0%, respectively. When both the criteria of ≥105 CFU/mL and positive urinalysis results were met, the false-positive rate was 2.4%, and the false-negative rate was 80%. Our results suggest that diagnosing UTI using SBC urinalysis and urine culture is not useful in infants with unexplained fever.