To study the behavior of structures subject to blast loads it is important to calculate the loads due to the explosives accurately, especially in the case of interior explosions. It is known that numerical method based on computational fluid dynamics can estimate relatively accurate blast load due to the interior explosion including reflection effect. However, the numerical method has disadvantages that it is difficult to model the analysis and it takes much time to analyze it. Therefore, in this study, the analytical method which can include the reflection effect of the interior explosion was studied. The target structures were set as the slabs of residential buildings subject to interior explosion that could lead to massive casualties and progressive collapses. First, the numerical method is used to investigate the interior explosion effect and the maximum deflection of the slab which was assumed to be elastic, and compared with the analytical method proposed in this study. In the proposed analytical method, we determine the weighting factor of the reflection effect using the beam theory so that the explosion load calculation method becomes more accurate.

This study examines the role of visual merchandising (VMD) in creating effective interior displays for fashion “select shops”(shops that carry a wide selection of brands) amid the recent changes in consumption trends, with consumer needs becoming increasingly individualized and diversified. Fashion select shop interior displays can be categorized as self-service, showcase, counter, and environmental display spaces. Regarding the VMD elements that contribute to effective interior displays, we reached the following conclusions. First, in self-service displays, in order to heighten sales efficacy, display elements should be presented in such a way as to enable customers to select products with ease by themselves. Second, the mere presence of showcase displays was found to be insufficient; if, however, select shops use showcase displays to arrange products according to the flow of customer traffic, enabling the creation of a gentrified atmosphere for products, this may contribute to a differentiated image of brands, heightening perceived product value. Third, in counter displays, having a harmonious arrangement of display and presentation elements promotes sales by inspiring customer confidence. Fourth, regarding environmental displays, it is important for stores to have attractive interior designs and decorations in order to reproduce settings in which products are actually used, as this can inspire interest in products and promote customers’ purchasing intention.

There has been growing concern over the emissions of formaldehyde and VOCs from automotive interior materials, as these could have an important impact on the in-vehicle air quality (IVAQ) of automotive vehicles. Odor along with VOCs refers to the automotive interior smell emitted directly or indirectly from any part of an automotive interior, based on human olfactory senses and a comfort evaluation of vehicle quality. The objective of this paper is to compare the odor intensity using GC/MS analysis method and odor sensory test in accordance with ISO 12219-2. For the compounds having low odor threshold value and high VOC concentration, it was found that there was the same tendency in each field of odor whether the instrument analysis method or the odor sensory test method was used.

This study compared the stability of odor compounds in three different types of polymer sampling bags. Tedlar, PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and aluminized polyester bag were used. A sample was collected from the interior of a new automobile which was parked in an outdoor parking lot. It was found that the Tedlar bag showed lower stability for odor active compounds than the PET bag. Meanwhile, the PET bag had good stability for odor compounds compared to the aluminized polyester bag. The PET bag showed a stability for the molecules smaller than toluene that was comparable to the canister, but showed a lower recovery for molecules bigger than C7. The FID signal of the sample in the PET bag was reduced by 1.7times after 3days storage compared to 24 h storage. The number of detected odor active compounds was reduced by half, and odor intensity was also decreased by 2~3 degrees. Considering the factors of repeated use, usability and price, a PET bag covered with a black plastic bag was the most appropriate approach for odor sampling in an automobile interior.

In modern society, the financial system has grown in importance. The financial system interchanges according globalization. China financial market is popular because it is great potential and has a large of customer. And Korea’s bank gets through china. It has trouble with going to china because of china’s regulation. But after joining WTO, china relaxes regulation. However, Korea banks have different thing some unique due to Korea bank’s customer has only business. So they emphasize service. Service includes not only kindness and high-quality job performance but also differentiation of space. Thereby, space is composed of simple moving line and easy business handling. This research studies about Architectural Planning Characteristics of Korean bank in China. In future this research would be basic material in architecture.

In this paper, interior noise that is brought into inside of coach when it passes by straight line track, railway turnout section, curved track, and rail lubricator section with test coach was measured in accordance of track characteristic of urban railway vehicle. It was evaluated with 60km/h of constant speed in the motorized trailer, no.3 car T1 motorized trailer of urban railway vehicle. Interior noise characteristic value is higher in order of curve, rail lubricator, railway turnout, and straight track as a result of the test. The highest characteristic value is 86.7dB in the curved track. And, the lowest characteristics value is 75.5dB(A) in the straight track. For accurate result comparison, it is transformed into sound pressure distribution by time domain, sound pressure level by time domain, sound pressure level for frequency domain and completed analysis.

The effective use of disinfection and sterilization is important in preventing healthcare associated infections. Especially, multi-drug resistant organism and spore-forming bacteria are serious pathogens. Therefore, control of a nosocomial infection is emerging as a big problem. It is efficiently necessary to eliminate the pathogen. In this study, the components of sterilant were optimized. The optimized sterilant was applied for efficiency of sterilization using G. stearothermophilus E. coli, S. aureus as a standard microorganism. Our results were shown as follows : The decomposition or loss of potency of sterilant in small containers did not appeared for one month at ambient temperature. All of hydrogen peroxide 0.5%, peracetic acid 0.01%, and IPA 60% was effective for sterilization of E. coli, S. aureus using dilution method. Two kinds of sterilants(hydrogen peroxide 2%+peracetic acid 0.1%+IPA 0.5%, hydrogen peroxide 4%+peracetic acid 0.06%+IPA 1%) were bacteriocidal(> 6 log reduction). Microorganisms(E. coli, S. aureus) which treated with these sterilants for 2min were not grown in LB broth at 7 days culture. The gas plasma system for sterilization was applied. The sterilant solution(hydrogen peroxide 20%+IPA 5%) was vaporized in the sterilization chamber. The vaporized sterilant was bacteriocidal and sporocidal(> 6 log reduction) using G. stearothermophilus E. coli, S. aureus as biological indicators

A part of engine torque is used to overcome the interior friction and to accelerate engine inertia. To enhance the driveability at the clutch slip control of AMT(Automated Manual Transmission) or parallel type hybrid system, it is important to know the exact drving torque of clutch. In this study, engine friction and rotational inertia are estimated by using LMS(Least Mean Square) method with vehicle test result. To verify the validity of method, the performance of vehicle is simulated with adjusted parameters. The test result and simulation result show the similar trend.

In modern society, the financial system has grown in importance. The financial system interchanges according globalization. China financial market is popular because it is great potential and has a large of customer. And Korea’s bank gets through china. It has trouble with going to china because of china’s regulation. But after joining WTO, china relaxes regulation. However, Korea banks have different thing some unique due to Korea bank’s customer has only business. So they emphasize service. Service includes not only kindness and high-quality job performance but also differentiation of space. Thereby, space is composed of simple moving line and easy business handling. This research studies about Architectural Planning Characteristics of Korean bank in China. In future this research would be basic material in architecture.

In this paper, we analyzed the characteristics of the mass flow rate and velocity of the refrigerant in response to a change in the number of holes and the diameter size(Type-1～4) of the valve guide refrigerant to flow from Pc to Ps when the pressure is constant. Type-1 is 40% higher mass flow flowing in the direction of Ps as compared with the Pc mass flow rate. Type-2 is 64% higher mass flow flowing in the direction of Ps as compared with the Pc mass flow rate. Type-3 is 50% higher mass flow flowing in the direction of Ps as compared with the Pc mass flow rate. Type-4 is 47% higher mass flow flowing in the direction of Ps as compared with the Pc mass flow rate.

The main cause of building fire fatalities occur in the combustible material heat, smoke and toxic gases are. Building interior decoration, etc., especially as much of the harmful substances generated during combustion, and, used in domestic architecture wallpaper, ceiling, and other plastics, built-in foam insulation also analyzed recognition of fire hazards approach to test the conkalrorimiteo test, choedaeyeolbangchulryul through, chongbal heat, mass loss rate, generates carbon monoxide gas hazard ratio tests, analysis and evaluation rigid foam index testing the toxicity of hazardous material generated by performing a gas clean up and assess the material test results, the minimum order to provide data to quantify the risk of fire. Ensure fire safety of building materials, composite materials in order to test the various risk factors could be considered organic to the introduction of testing and evaluation is needed urgently.

자동차 인테리어에 사용된 여러 가지 재질에 대하여 현재까지 촉감을 측정하고 평가하여 소재의 적용과 표면질감의 기준을 결정하고자 했던 연구는 자동차의 조작 장치에 대한 인간공학적 평가, 시각적 디자인요소에 대한 연구에 비해서는 많지 않다. 본 연구에서는 자동차 인테리어의 여러 소재에 대한 촉감 관련 감성을 측정하고 평가하는데 사용될 수 있는 촉감 관련 대표감성을 추출하고자 하였다. 기존의 감성어휘 연구에서 추출되어 있는 대표감성어휘를 이용하여, 자동차에 탑승하여 여러 재질을 보고 만지면서 촉각으로 느껴지는 촉감에 대해 느껴지는 감성어휘와 자동차 사용기의 분석 및 자동차 전문가에 대한 인터뷰 등을 종합하여 최종적으로 52개의 촉감 관련 감성어휘를 추출하였다. 이를 요인분석한 결과 거칠기, 단단함, 마찰감, 안락감, 뻣뻣함, 부드러움, 온도감, 매끈함, 친숙함, 유연함 등 10개의 대표감성으로 분류되었다. 이러한 대표감성 어휘는 자동차 인테리어의 촉감에 대한 소비자의 감성을 측정하고 평가하는데 활용될 수 있을 것이며 금속, 플라스틱, 가죽 등 다양한 소재들의 고급감을 향상시킬 수 있는 질감을 결정할 수 있는 감성평가의 기본 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

In rapidly changing circumstances, the construction industry shows tendency to be more complicated and expanded and these changes are becoming the main factors aggravating uncertainty in straightening construction costs in the industry. The most important process in preliminary phase is calculation of appropriate construction sum and accurate estimation is required to accomplish it. Currently, local constructors draw up estimates by using the ‘per square meter’ calculation method or by applying of previous cases as they are. These methods become suppressive cause for making clear decisions by occurring errors in quantity survey in a way of data emission, replication and so on. Therefore, in this study, approximate estimation model of finishing construction shall be proposed to assist people to make prompt decisions in initial design stage. To develop this research, the existing quoting practices shall be presented and categorized by usage of space. To achieve this, information on performance, furnishings and unit price according to space definition has been collected in advance, which again enable ontology knowledge classification scheming database of space unit to be utilized and presented as knowledge information.

실내에서 식물의 생육과 관상가치를 정상적으로 유 지하기 위해서는 적정광량을 공급해야 하는데, 자연광 만으로는 광보상점 이하인 경우가 많다. 본 연구에서는 실내식물의 생장을 위한 보광원으로 사용할 수 있는 형광등(FL), 발광다이오드(LED), 고압나트륨램프(HPS), 메탈할라이드램프(MH) 및 수은등(MC)과 같은 다양한 인공광원의 단독 및 혼합 스펙트럼을 분석하였고, 이들 광원이 Plectranthus amboinicus(장미허브)와 Fittonia albivernis(붉은줄무늬피토니아)의 생장에 미치는 영향 을 구명하였다. 광원별 스펙트럼을 분석한 결과 청색광, 녹색광, 적색광, 원적색광의 분포가 다양했는데, 이 차 이가 처리 3개월 후 식물의 생장반응에 영향을 주었다. P. amboinicus의 경우, 초장은 FL bulb와 HL 혼합광 하에서 가장 컸으며 FL tube + LED bulb, LED (tube + bulb), MH 및 MC 처리구와 유의차가 없었 다. 측지의 신장은 인공광원에 관계없이 모든 처리구 에서 나타났다. 총 측지수는 FL bulb + HL 하에서 9.9개였으며 그 중 2cm 미만의 측지가 6.6개로 가장 많았다. 한편 초장이 8.5cm 전후였던 FL tube, LED tube, LED bulb, HPS 하에서는 2cm 이상의 측지수 가 많아 식물체의 균형과 볼륨감이 향상되었다(Fig. 3). MH 단독광 하에서는 정아뿐만 아니라 측지도 신장되 었다. 엽록소 함량(SPAD)은 LED(tube + bulb), FL tube + LED bulb 처리구에서 다소 낮았다. 생체중은 FL bulb + HL, LED bulb, MH 처리구에서 가장 컸 으며 건물중은 MH 처리구에서 가장 높았다. 생체중과 함수율을 고려한다면 MH 단독광에서 P. amboinicus의 생육이 가장 양호하였다. F. albivernis의 초장은 광원 별 큰 차이는 없었으나 LED tube 하에서 가장 컸고 MH 처리구에서 가장 작았다. 엽형지수는 LED tube 처리구에서 컸으며, MH 및 FL tube + LED bulb 처 리구와 유의차가 있었다. 엽록소함량은 MH 처리구에 서 가장 낮았다. 결론적으로, 같은 광도이지만 광질이 다른 광원 하에서 식물은 다른 반응을 나타냈으며, 그 반응은 식물의 종류에 따라서도 달라졌다.

There has been a growing concern about the emissions of formaldehyde and VOCs from automotive interior materials which could have an important impact on the in-vehicle air quality(IVAQ) of automotive vehicles. Many leading automobile manufacturers have now introduced their own specification standards for testing and limiting emissions from products produced by their suppliers. In addition, ISO (International Standard Organization) has been established ISO 12219-1, 2, 3, 4, 5 to determine the emissions of volatile organic compounds from automotive vehicle. The objective of this paper is to compare the area specific emission rates determined from surface emissions testing using the microchamber(MC) in comparison with a 1 m³ emission test chamber(ETC) operated in accordance with ISO 12219-3, ISO 12219-4. Measured emission concentrations in absolute terms were different between Microchamber and 1 m³ chamber. However, qualitative comparison of the chromatograms shows that the Microchamber is able to perform a screening test

This study was conducted to investigate and analyze food related and space related elements of popular Vietnamese restaurants in Hong Kong to identify restaurant images related to food, to examine how Vietnamese traditions are applied to such restaurants, and ultimately, to get their implications for us. Luxury Vietnamese restaurants in Hong Kong tended to be located in major office buildings and famous shopping malls in the downtown area; therefore, they were highly accessible to foreigners. In addition, most Vietnamese restaurants were quite formal in size or atmosphere. The food-related elements of the luxury restaurants reproduced traditional menus, but the table setting and service generally adopted a formal Western style setting. The presentation of foods was also creative and contemporary, to suit international customers' tastes. Regarding the spatial elements, restaurants serving traditional menus had interiors influenced by the French colonial period, while those serving contemporarily adapted menus had interiors with simple contemporary images emphasized by Vietnamese traditional decorations. These characteristics allowed foreigners from diverse countries to access the restaurants without a sense of rejection. Casual restaurants were primarily exposed to many people on busy roadsides, but they tended to be inferior in terms of size and quality. Apart from size and price level, food-related elements failed to reflect Vietnamese unique traditional characteristics. The outward appearance consisted of basic construction materials (glass, chassis, and bamboo) instead of those representing Vietnamese architecture. Additionally, the interior of the casual restaurants contained traditional elements or objects more frequently than luxury restaurants, but they looked rather disorderly and lacked harmony. Overall, the image of casual restaurants was degraded by the use of cheap and low quality finishing materials and furniture. The results of this study may be useful for organizations promoting the Branding of Korea or businesspeople and designers promoting the globalization of Korean foods.

본 연구에서는 감성실내 공간 색채에 대한 연구로 심리설문반응과 생리신호 분석을 통하여 감성색채데이터 분석에 목적을 두었다. 생리신호반응 분석 중 뇌파측정과 SD 스케일법을 이용한 설문조사를 실시하여, 정성적인 감성어휘와 정량적인 감성생리신호 결과의 상호관계를 분석하였다. 본 연구의 색채에 대한 반응 실험은 30명의 피험자를 대상으로 하였으며, TeleScan Version 2의 분석틀과 SPSS 10.0 프로그램을 이용하여 측정 값을 분석하였다. 감성형용사 어휘 설문조사는 21쌍의 감성어휘로 SD(Semantic Differential) 스케일을 사용하여 측정하여 요인 분석과 분산분석을 실시하여 통계 처리하였다. 분석 결과 모든 요인에서 시각적 자극에 따른 반응 값에 유의한 차이가 발생하였으며(p<0.001), 자극 간에 요인 점수의 차이가 발생하는지 구체적으로 살펴보기 위해 사후분석(Duncan)을 실시하여 평균비교를 통한 색채와 뇌파의 관계를 분석하였다. 연구 결과 각 색채 자극은 관련 감성어휘를 갖고, 뇌파 검사에 의한 생리반응 특성을 갖는다. 이러한 연구는 감성에 따라 반응하는 감성 지능형 환경디자인에 중요한 데이터로 활용될 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 현대인의 건강에 대한 관심 증가에 따라 건강 증진 환경디자인에 도움을 줄 수 있는 색채 배색을 제안할 수 있다.

최근 실내디자인산업은 내, 외적으로 많은 성장을 지속적으로 이루어지고 있으며 점차 국제화, 전문화되어 가는 추세에 있으나 이러한 성장세와 동시에 실내 디자인업계의 급격한 변화를 경험하고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 변화는 업계의 전반적인 문제일수도 있으나 실내디자인을 운영하는 틀과 이념에 대한 본질적인 면과 이에 따른 변화 경영 패러다임의 전환 즉 디자인경영전략이 요구가 필요한 시점이 아닌가 생각되어 진다. 따라서 지금까지 적용되었던 디자인업계의 각종 전략들이 유용한 전략이 되지 못하고 있으며 단순한 경영의 논리를 벗어나, 새로운 환경과 변화된 가치관에 걸맞은 철저한 시장조사와 분석을 통하여 가장 합리적이고, 만족스런 디자인이 탄생될 수 있는 틀로 전환하는 기업만이 생존할 수 있는 시대에 접어들었다 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 새로운 변화에 당면한 실내디자인업체의 현재 당면과제와 다양한 환경변화 요인들을 검토하고, 팽창과 다양한 변화에 따른 환경변화 요인들 중 현황 및 경향을 조사, 분석해봄으로써, 앞으로 전개될 국내시장 개방과 고도산업사회로의 전환에 따른 환경변화에 능동적인 대처를 할 수 있는 자료를 구축하여 올바른 방향을 제시하는데 그 시사점을 찾은 연구의 목적이 있다.

대수학 부구조법은 대형 문제들의 고유치 계산에 최고 성능을 지닌 방법이지만 근본적으로 최소 고유치만을 계산하기 위해 설계되었다. 본 논문에서는 이동값을 이용하여 특정범위 안의 내부 고유치를 계산하기 위해 대수학 부구조법의 갱신된 버전을 제안하고, 이를 이동 대수학 부구조법이라 명명한다. 그리고 구조문제의 유한요소모델에 대한 수치실험을 통해 제안된 방법이 다수의 내부고유치를 계산하는데 란쵸스방법보다 월등한 효율성을 가지고 있음을 보였다.

대나무를 이용하여 화훼장식품을 개발하고 그 작품을 전시하였다. 대나무의 길고 굵은 가지를 교차시켜 현대적 디자인을 하고 그 사이에 식물을 고정시켜 작 품성을 높였다. 대나무 선단부의 긴 가지와 잎을 밀집 시켜 숲을 만들고 그 속에 안정감 있는 분화류를 배 치하였다. 대나무를 세로로 잘라 기둥을 만들고 그 선 단부에 대나무 용기를 부착시켜 식물을 심었다. 대나무 기둥의 움직임에 의한 리듬감을 표현하였다. 대나무의 잔가지들을 서로 엮어 면을 만들고 그 면에 식물을 매 달아 벽장식 작품을 구성하였다.