이 연구는 경남 고성군 덕명리 일원에 대한 지질 교육적 가치를 탐색하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위하여 이 일대에 대한 야외조사를 통해 퇴적구조(점이층리, 사층리, 연흔, 건열), 해안 퇴적환경(해식애, 파식대지, 자갈 해빈), 상대연령 측정(부정합, 단층, 관입, 포획암) 및 주상절리와 관련된 야외 지질 학습이 가능한 다수의 관찰 지점이 분포하고 있음을 확인하였다. 이후 교육과정의 성취기준 및 교과서의 학습 요소와의 부합 정도를 분석한 결과, 모든 관찰 지점에서 교과 서에 제시된 지질학적 특성이 잘 나타나는 전형성을 보여주고 있으며, 동일한 관찰 지점에서 심화학습이 가능한 학습 요소를 갖추고 있다는 점에서 지질 교육적 가치가 큰 것으로 평가되었다. 덕명리 일원은 뛰어난 지질 교육적 가치 이 외에도 관광 및 교육 인프라가 잘 갖춰져 있는 만큼 안전한 지질 교육을 위한 학습의 장으로서 역할을 할 것으로 기대 된다.

두만강 하류의 숲은 북한, 중국, 러시아를 연결하는 중요한 산림생태계로서, 국제적인 멸종위기종인 호랑이(Panthera tigris)와 표범(Panthera pardus)을 포함한 다양한 야생동물들에게 서식환경과 이동경로를 제공하여 준다. 본 연구는 두만강 하류, 특히 중국과 북한을 연결하는 잠재적인 생태통로로서 한반도의 생물다양성 보전과 복원에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있는 밀강 지역에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 2019년 5월부터 2021년 5월까지 이 지역에 설치한 48대의 무인센서카메라 를 통해 출현하는 포유류 종을 확인하고 그들의 상대개체수와 점유율 및 분포 현황을 파악하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 그 결과 총 18종의 포유류가 밀강 지역에 서식하고 있으며, 그 중에는 호랑이와 표범 등 대형 육식동물도 포함되고 있음을 확인하였다. 이 지역의 주요 포유류인 유제류 4종에 대한 점유율과 탐지율, 분포를 추정한 결과, 특히 노루 (Capreolus pygargus)와 멧돼지(Sus scrofa)가 높은 점유율을 보였다. 노루는 모든 지역에 분포하며 예측 점유율은 0.97로 높게 나타났으나, 고도, 도시 주거용지, 패치 밀도 등의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 멧돼지는 0.73의 예측 점유율을 보이며 전 지역에 분포했으며, 습지 비율, 방목 강도, 사면에 대한 공간이질성 등의 인자가 점유율과 탐지율에 영향을 주었다. 꽃사슴(Cervus nippon)의 예측 점유율은 0.48로서 특정 지역에 국한되어 분포하였으며, 경사도와 서식 지 파편화 다양성이 탐지율에, 방목 강도와 개방된 숲의 비율이 점유율에 각각 영향을 주었다. 고라니(Hydropotes inermis)는 아주 낮은 점유율(0.06)을 보이며 두만강 유역을 따라 분포했으며,　고도가 낮은 곳의 점유율이 높고 사면의 공간이질성이 높은 곳에서 탐지율이 높았다. 본 연구는 밀강 지역이 두만강 하류의 다양한 포유류 개체군을 유지하는 서식지인 동시에, 동물의 이동성과 서식지의 연결성을 유지하는 잠재적 생태통로로서 중요한 역할을 할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 동시에 본 연구에서 개발된 점유율 예측 모형은 향후 인간의 교란에 노출된 두만강 유역의 포유류 분포를 예측하고 국경지대의 생태통로를 파악하고 보호하는 데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구는 백두대간보호지역에 서식하는 포유류와 등산객의 일중 활동 주기의 비교를 통해 시간적 규모에 따른 포유류 군집의 잠재적 위험성 검증을 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 2015년부터 2019년까지 백두대간보호지역의 능선부 를 대상으로 무인센서카메라를 활용하여 등산객과 포유류의 활동 주기를 분석하였다. 조사 결과 담비와 다람쥐의 활동 주기는 연중 등산객의 활동 주기와 높게 중첩되었다. 또한, 노루와 고라니는 봄에 등산객의 활동 주기와 높게 중첩되며, 멧돼지는 겨울에 등산객의 활동 주기와 높게 중첩되었다. 삵과 너구리, 오소리의 일중 활동 주기는 전체기간 동안 등산객의 활동 주기와 중첩되지 않았다. 포유류의 일중 활동 주기는 종 특이적 행동 패턴과 계절에 따라 차이를 보이며, 그에 따라 등산객의 활동 주기와 중첩에 차이를 보였다. 종 특이적 행동 특성과 계절에 따른 행동의 차이로 인해 백두대간보호지역에 서식하는 포유류는 인간의 활동에 의한 간섭에 대한 영향은 차이가 발생할 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구 결과 백두대간보호지역에 서식하는 포유류의 종 특이적 행동 특성에 관한 기초자료의 제공과 더불어 종과 계절에 따른 포유류 군집의 안정성 확보를 위한 관리 및 보전 방안의 수립을 위한 기초자료로써 의미를 가진다고 판단된다.

In this study, we analyzed how the revenue water ratio(RWR) is affected by changes in conditions of the water supply area, such as the ratio of aging pipes, maintenance conditions, and revenue water. As a result of analyzing the impact of pipe aging and maintenance conditions on the RWR, it was confirmed that the RWR could be decreased if the pipe replacement project to improve the aging pipe ratio was not carried out and proper maintenance costs were not secured. It was also confirmed that an increase in the revenue water could be operated to facilitate the achievement of the project’s target RWR. In contrast, a decrease in the revenue water due to a population reduction could affect the failure of the target RWR. In addition to analyzing the causes of variation in the RWR, the calculation of estimated project costs was considered by using leakage reduction instead of RWR from recent RWR improvement project cost data. From this analysis, it was reviewed whether the project costs planned to achieve the target RWR of the RWR improvement project in A city were appropriate. In conclusion, the RWR could be affected by variations in the ratio of aging pipes, maintenance conditions, and revenue water, and it was reasonable to consider not only the construction input but also the input related to RWR improvement, such as leakage reduction, when calculating the project cost.

Stomatal pore is an important physiological trait that is closely linked to photosynthesis and transpiration as carbon dioxide and water vapor move through it between the atmosphere and plants. The present study investigated stomatal traits, such as stomatal density, index and size, of herbaceous native and alien plant species living in a riparian park on the Nakdong River to understand how those traits vary and to know if successful settlement of alien plants is attributed to those traits. There was no difference in stomatal density, index and size between native and alien plants with kidney-shaped stomata, suggesting that an empty ecological niche is not an essential prerequisite for the successful settlement of alien plants. Stomatal density showed a negative correlation with leaf thickness and leaf dry weight content (LMDC), but there was no correlation with Specific leaf area (SLA). All plants with kidney-shaped stomata had amphistomatous leaves, and the density and size of dumbell-shaped stomata were lower than those of kidney-shaped stomata.

Tomato is one of the major widely cultivated crops around the world. The leaf area is directly related to the total amount of photosynthesis, which affects the yield and quality of the fruit. Traditional methods of measuring the leaf area are time-consuming and can cause damage to the leaves. To address these problems, various studies are being conducted for measuring the leaf area. In this study, we introduced a model to estimate the leaf area using images of tomatoes. Using images captured by a camera, we measured the leaf length and width and used linear regression analysis to derive the leaf area estimation formula. Furthermore, we used a Neural Network (NN) for additional analysis to compare the accuracy of the models. Initially, to verify the reliability of the image data, we conducted a correlation analysis between the actual measurement data and the image data, which showed a high positive correlation. The leaf area estimation model presented 23 estimation formulas. We used regression analysis to estimate the coefficients of each model and also used employed an artificial neural network analysis to derive high R-squared (R2) values and low Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values. Among the estimation formulas, the ninth model showed the highest reliability with an R-squared value of 0.863. We conducted a verification experiment to confirm the accuracy of the selected model, and the R-squared value was 0.925. This study confirmed the reliability of data measured from images and the reliability of the leaf area estimation model using image data. These methods are expected to be an important tool in agriculture, using imaging equipment for measuring and monitoring the crop growth.

In this study, changes in the quality and headspace O2/CO2 concentrations of cubed radish (Raphanus sativus L.) kimchi (CR-kimchi) packaged using multilayer airtight film (MAF), half-area breathable film (HABF), partial area breathable film (PABF), and one-way degassing valve-mounted film (ODVF) were investigated during storage under altering temperature conditions. The total lactic acid bacteria count in CR-kimchi samples stored for 6 days at 0℃, followed by 8 days at 6oC, increased to 7.8-7.9 log CFU/g, regardless of the packaging. The titratable acidity of the CR-kimchi samples increased to 0.6-0.7% during storage at 0oC for 6 days and then at 6oC for 8 days; it was maintained at 0.6-0.8% for 32 days of storage at 3oC. After 46 days of storage, the reduced sugar content of CR-kimchi packaged using MAF, HABF, PABF, and ODVF decreased to 26.8-30.3 mg/g, indicating no significant (p>0.05) differences. However, during storage, headspace CO2 concentration and film volume were lower in the HABF treatment than in the control, PABF, and ODVF treatments, indicating that HABF packaging combined with supercooled (3oC) storage can extend the optimal ripening period of CR-kimchi without packaging expansion during storage.

The Derived Concentration Guideline Level (DCGL) is required to release the facility from the nuclear safety act at the stage of site restoration of the decommissioning nuclear power plant. In order to evaluate DCGL, there are various requirements, and among them, the selection of input parameters based on the application scenario is the main task. Especially, it is important to select input parameters that reflect site characteristics, and at this time, a single deterministic value or a probabilistic distribution can be applied. If it is inappropriate to apply a particular single value, it may be reasonable to apply various distributions, and the RESRAD code provides for evaluation using probabilistic methods. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the difference between the application of the deterministic method and the application of the probabilistic method to the area and thickness of the contaminated zone among the site characteristics data. This study analyzed the thickness and area of the contaminated zone, and in the case of thickness, the deterministic method was applied by changing the thickness at regular intervals from the minimum depth considered by MARSSIM to the thickness of the unsaturated zone identified in previous research data. In addition, a probabilistic analysis was performed by applying a distribution to the thickness of contaminated zone. Second, for the area of the contaminated zone, the dose was evaluated for each area in consideration of the areas to be considered when deriving Area Factor (AF), and the resulting change in DCGL was observed. As a result, the DCGL tends to decrease as the thickness increases, and it seems to be saturated when the thickness exceeds a certain thickness. Therefore, It was confirmed that the level of saturated values is similar to that of entering a probabilistic distribution, and in the case of a parameter that is reasonable to enter as a distribution rather than as a single value, it is sufficiently conservative to perform a probabilistic evaluation. In the case of area change, the DCGL evaluation result showed that the DCGL increased as the scale decreased. The magnitude of the change varies depending on the characteristics of each radionuclide, and in the case of radionuclides where external exposure gamma rays have a major exposure effect, the change is relatively small. It can be seen that the change in DCGL according to the area has the same tendency as the AF applicable to the survey unit for small survey units applied in the final status survey.

Radioactive contamination distribution in nuclear facilities is typically measured and analyzed using radiation sensors. Since generally used detection sensors have relatively high efficiency, it is difficult to apply them to a high radiation field. Therefore, shielding/collimators and small size detectors are typically used. Nevertheless, problems of pulse accumulation and dead time still remain. This can cause measurement errors and distort the energy spectrum. In this study, this problem was confirmed through experiments, and signal pile-up and dead time correction studies were performed. A detection system combining a GAGG sensor and SiPM with a size of 10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm was used, and GAGG radiation characteristics were evaluated for each radiation dose (0.001~57 mSv/h). As a result, efficiency increased as the dose increased, but the energy spectrum tended to shift to the left. At a radiation dose intensity of 400 Ci (14.8 TBq), a collimator was additionally installed, but efficiency decreased and the spectrum was distorted. It was analyzed that signal loss occurred when more than 1 million particles were incident on the detector. In this high-radioactivity area, quantitative analysis is likely to be difficult due to spectral distortion, and this needs to be supplemented through a correction algorithm. In recent research cases, the development of correction algorithms using MCNP and AI is being actively carried out around the world, and more than 98% of the signals have been corrected and the spectrum has been restored. Nevertheless, the artificial intelligence (AI) results were based on only 2-3 overlapping pulse data and did not consider the effect of noise, so they did not solve realistic problems. Additional research is needed. In the future, we plan to conduct signal correction research using ≈10×10 mm small size detectors (GAGG, CZT etc.). Also, the performance evaluation of the measurement/analysis system is intended to be performed in an environment similar to the high radiation field of an actual nuclear facility.

The CTBTO is the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization to ban all forms of nuclear testing (underwater, air, and underground) worldwide and was adopted at the UN’s 50th annual general meeting in September 1996. As of September 2023, 187 out of 196 countries signed and 178 ratified. The Republic of Korea signed it in 1996 and ratified it in 1999. Several major Annex 2 countries still need to ratify it, and certain countries have not even signed it, so it has not come entry into force. The CTBTO has three verification systems for nuclear tests and consists of the International Monitoring System (IMS), the International Data Center (IDC), and On-Site Inspections (OSI). IMS consists of seismic, hydroacoustic, infrasound, and radionuclide monitoring. The measured data are delivered to IDC, analyzed by CTBTO headquarters, distributed raw data, and analyzed forms to member states. The final means of verification is in the field of OSI and will be operated when CTBT takes effect. Based on the IMS data, inspectors will be dispatched to the Inspected State Party (ISP) to check for nuclear tests. KINAC is attending the Working Group B, OSI technology development verification along with KINS and KIGAM. Since OSI is a means for final verification, integrated capabilities such as seismic and data interpretation and nuclides detection are required. CTBTO continues its efforts to foster integrated talent and modernize OSI equipment. Types of equipment include measurement, flight simulation equipment, and geographic information monitoring systems etcetera. KINAC is also developing equipment to detect contaminated areas using drones and probes. Development equipment is the nuclides detection and measurement of contaminated areas, and it is the equipment that prepares a control center and drops probes into suspected contamination areas to find a location of the radiation source. The probe can be used to track the location where the dose is most substantial through Bayesian estimation and source measurement.

Recently, the status of North Korea’s denuclearization has become an international issue, and there are also indications of potential nuclear proliferation among neighboring countries. So, the need for establishment of nuclear activity verification technology and strategy is growing. In terms of ensuring verification completeness, sample collection-based analysis is essential. The concepts of Chain of Custody (CoC) and Continuity of Knowledge (CoK) can be defined in the process of sample extraction as follows: CoC is interpreted as the ‘system for managing the flow of information subjected by the examinee’, and CoK is interpreted as the ‘Continuity of information collection through CoC subjected by the inspector’. In the case of sample collection process in unreported areas for nuclear activity verification, there are additional risks such as worker exposure/kidnapping or sample theft/tampering. Therefore, the introduction of additional devices might be required to maintain CoC and CoK in the unreported area. In this study, an Environmental Geometrical Data Transfer (EGDT) was developed to ensure the safety of workers and the CoC/CoK of the samples during the collection process. This device was designed for achieving both mobility and rechargeability. It is categorized into two modes based on its intended users: sample mode and worker mode. Through the sensors, which is positioned in the rear part of device, such as radiation, gyroscope, light, temperature, humidity and proximity sensors, it can be easily achievable various environmental information in real-time. Additionally, GPS information can also be received, allowing for responsiveness to various hazardous scenarios. Moreover, the OLED display positioned on the front gives us for checking device information such as the current status of the device such as the battery level, the connectivity of wifi, and etc. Finally, an alarm function was integrated to enable rapid awareness during emergency situations. These functions can be updated and modified through Arduino-based firmware, and both the device and the information collected through it can be remotely controlled via custom software. Based on the presented design conditions, a prototype was developed and field assessments were conducted, yielding results within an acceptable margin of error for various scenarios. Through the application of the EGDT developed in this study to the sample collection process for nuclear activity verification purposes, it is expected to achieve a stable maintenance of CoC/CoK through more accurate information transmission and reception.

본 연구는 강원도 강릉시에 위치한 하시동·안인사구 생태경관보전지역에서의 생태계서비스 평가와 증진방안 마련을 위하여 시행되었다. 연구방법으로 신속평가 도구를 이용한 생태계서비스 평가를 바탕으로 환경지속성지수 분석하였고, SWOT 분석 을 통하여 생태계서비스 증진방안을 마련하였다. 하시동·안인사구 생태경관보전지역의 생태계서비스 평가 결과를 바탕으로 분석한 환경지속성지수는 조절서비스, 문화서비스, 지지서비스 모두 50% 미만으로 낮게 평가되었다. 특히 문화서비스, 지지서 비스가 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 하시동·안인사구 생태경관보전지역의 생태계서비스 증진 방안을 마련하기 위하여 SWOT 분석을 시행하였다. 강점을 기회로 활용(SO전략), 강점을 이용한 위협요인 최소화(ST전략), 강점을 보완하기 위하여 기회를 활용(WO전략), 약점을 보완하고 위협을 최소화(WT전략)하는 생태계서비스 증진방안 6가지를 도출 하였다. 향후 하시동·안인사구 생태경관보전지역에서 생태계서비스 증진사업을 추진할 때 현재 훼손된 지역의 복원과 향후 침식 등으로 인한 피해 방지 등 제시한 문제를 극복하고 이를 통하여 생태계서비스를 증진시켜 하시동·안인사구 생태경관보전 지역의 가치를 높일 필요가 있다.

이 연구는 임도 개설 전·후 년차별로 식물상과 식생의 변화를 분석하고 관리 방안을 제공하기 위하여 전북 무주군 설천면 미천리에 소재한 민주지산 임도를 대상으로 임도 개설 전년도인 2012년부터 임도 개설 후 2022년까지 7차례에 걸쳐 수행되었 다. 임도 개설 조사구간 내의 식물군락은 북서사면에서 신갈나무군락, 남서사면에서 굴참나무군락과 일본잎갈나무군락으로 구분되어 남서사면과 북서사면에서 군락의 차이를 보였다. 임도 개설 전·후 년차별로 식물상의 변화는 임도 개설 전인 2012년 도 총 66분류군(44과 59속 51종 13변종 2품종)에서 2015년도에는 207분류군(71과 153속 176종 27변종 4품종)으로 141분 류군이 증가하였고, 2022년도에는 278분류군(78과 172속 242종 1아종, 31변종 4품종)으로 212분류군이 증가하였다. 특히 임도절토사면과 임도연접사면부의 조사구에서는 년차적으로 높은 식피율과 새로운 분류군의 증가를 보였는데, 이는 임도 개설에 따른 광량의 급격한 증가와 귀화식물 및 1년생 초본류의 유입으로 인해 일어난 현상으로 사료된다. 임도 개설 10년후 연차적으로 조사된 식생 조사 결과를 보면, 임도 개설 초년도에는 식피율과 종수가 빠른 속도로 증가하다가 일정 기간이 경과 하면 식피율과 출현 종수는 줄어들고 안정된 숲이 형성되어 우점종의 비율이 증가하였다. 특히 임도연접사면에서 관목층 과 초본층을 살펴보면, 임도 개설 직후 몇 년간은 초본층의 식피율이 현저히 증가하다가 시간이 경과 할수록 초본층의 피도는 감소하고, 관목층의 피도가 현저히 증가하였다. 그리고 임도산지사면에서는 초본층과 관목층의 피도는 현저히 감소하고, 아교목층과 교목층의 피도가 증가하였다.

Before the 15th century, the main buildings of the residences of the ruling class in Seoul consisted of Momchae(身梗), Seocheong(西廳), and Naeru(內樓)‧Chimru(寢樓). Based on the equality of the relationship between husband and wife, the couple lived in the main building[Momchae] in the center of the mansion, but based on the individuality of the relationship between husband and wife, each had an area consisting of the same section within the building. Naeru‧Chimru was the two floors bedroom building became a common living space for the minister and wife, upstairs in summer, downstairs in winter. In preparation for large gatherings and important receptions, an open-structured West Hall(西廳) was located on the west side of the mansion. Momchae, Seocheong, and Naeru‧Chimru were the common building types and layouts of the residences of the highest ruling class, including high-ranking officials, until the reign of King Sejong. However, from around the time of King Seongjong, Seocheong and Chimru came to be regarded as privileged and luxurious buildings only allowed for the grand prince's residence. The layout of the bedroom, main building (including Wings), Outer Sarang[外舍廊], and Joyangru[朝陽樓] of Prince Bongrim's mansion built in the first half of the 17th century clearly shows the transitional period when the arrangement of chimru, main building, and western office was disrupted and the layout changed to the Inner main building(Anchae for wife) and Outer main building(Sarangchae for husband).