총담관의 자발적 천공은 흔하지 않으며, 이에 대해 충분한 연구와 경험이 부족한 상태이다. 본 저자들은 원인을 알 수 없는 복통과 난치성 복수를 호소하는 환자에서 총담관의 자발적 천공을 진단하고, 내시경역행담췌관조영술을 통한 완전피막형 자가팽창형 금속스텐트의 삽입술과 보존적 치료를 통하여 치료에 성공했던 증례를 경험하였기에 보고한다.

Pressure monitoring is expected to be expanded in a water distribution system according to accelerated development of smart water network management technologies caused by appearances of affordable digital infrastructures like computing, storage and bandwidth. However, the placement of pressure sensors has been determined by engineer’s technical decisions since there is no well-defined criteria for deciding a suitable location of pressure sensor. This study presents a placement method of pressure sensors based on the consideration of allowable error in calibrating water network analysis modeling. The proposed method is to find a minimum set of pressure sensors for achieving a reliable management of water transmissions main and increasing the efficiency of their real-time operation. In the case study in Y area’s transmission main, the proposed method shows equally distributed pressure sensors in terms of hydraulics. It is expected that the proposed method can be used to manage transmission mains stably and construct a robust real-time network analysis system as a minimal criteria.

A factorial design 2 (high repetition vs low repetition) x 2 (high brand familiarity vs low brand familiarity) is used to test the effects of repetition and brand familiarity on consumers’ memory for brands placed in video games. Consumers recalled better familiar brands and repetition increased recall for familiar brands.

Brand placements, by providing endorsement opportunities for the placed brands, are becoming instrumental in influencing the buying behaviour of ad-savvy consumers. As this marketing tool gains momentum, with the regulatory barriers against the placement beginning to obliterate globally, product placement strategies such as TV placements have become an important choice for practitioners (PQ media 2012). Brand placements are unique in their capacity to include brands as verbal, visual or both, often, as a part of the plotline-the latter has been acknowledged as important factor in influencing placement effectiveness (Russell, 2002; Waiguny, Nelson and Marko, 2013). Within TV shows and movies, plot modality entails pairing of the brands with desirable characters (Karrh 1998) and embedding them in an emotive story. Emotions have been known to play an important role in the consumer information processing (Lau-Gesk and Meyers-Levy 2009). Studies exploring the memory effects largely rely on measures such as recognition or recall. However, if brand placements operate less consciously, explicit measures may be inadequate and implicit measures for memory become desirous (Yang, Roskos-Ewoldsen, Dinu and Arpan, 2006). This study examines the impact of positive emotions (Happiness, Interest) and degree of plot modality (character-brand integration) on consumers' implicit attitudes towards placed brands. In the experiments conducted, it was observed that participants exposed to placement sequences evoking positive emotions were more likely to form favourable implicit attitudes towards the placed brands, especially when the character interaction with the placed brand was low. The findings underscore the need to better understand the interplay of positive emotions and character-brands integration within placements to augment their effectiveness.

플라스틱 담도스텐트는 주로 양성 혹은 악성 담도 폐쇄시 종종 사용된다. 그러나 스텐트의 폐색은 스텐트 사용으로 인 해 발생하는 가장 큰 단점으로 이로 인해 스텐트의 개존 기간은 약 3개월이며 교체를 요하게 된다. 담도스텐트를 장기간 거치시 스텐트가 오히려 담석 형성의 병소로 작용할 수 있으며 저자들은 4년간 플라스틱 담도스텐트 거치 후 발생 한 stent-stone complex의 증례를 경험하였다. Stent-stone complex는 기계적 쇄석술과 풍선 도관을 사용하여 효과적으로 제거되었으며 모든 이물이 그러하듯이 스텐트도 장기간 거치시 담석 형성의 새로운 병소로 작용할 수 있다는 것을 고려할 필요가 있겠다.

This study investigated the test scores and student responses about placement in the General Education English Program by level and major. Using composite scores of College Scholastic Ability Test for English (CSAT) and the in-house speaking test (SEPT), the study placed students into four levels (2–5). It also categorized 1,847 students into three groups: Humanities and Social Science (HS), Business Administration and Law (BL), and Science and Engineering (SE). Higher levels showed significant differences in oral proficiency while having similar results on the CSAT. Lower levels attained similar scores on the SEPT but represented a vast range of CSAT scores. Participants across all levels understood the purpose of the placement test, perceived the content of the SEPT as appropriate, and positively responded toward the accuracy of placement. HS and BL scored higher on the test than SE, confirming the contrast between engineering and non-engineering majors. HS, however, showed more positive evaluation on the accuracy of placement than BL and SE. Across groups and levels, all participants opposed exclusively using CSAT in course placement. This study discusses utilizing data by various variables to enhance differentiated instruction and to meet unique needs of students at all levels with different majors; it also addresses using CSAT scores as the exclusive criterion.

The trauma of incisive canal associated dental implant placement in the anterior maxilla can cause the nasopalatine duct cyst. It is difficult to identify the nasopalatine duct cyst or the location of the incisive canal, only using periapical radiograph or panorama radiograph. So it is necessary to take computed tomography scan for an analysis on the relation between the implant and the incisive canal. This case report present the patient had the nasopalatine duct cyst following the placement of dental implant in the anterior maxilla, and was undergone implant removal and cyst enucleation with bone graft.

This study is objected to investigate the repairing method and the modification period of rafters via the transformation traces left in the superciliums, where repair process takes places frequently. This is the basic research of analyzing the architectural features of Deokkeori, one of the additional-rafter methods. Deokkeori method can be described as using Deokdori in the top section of Hayeon, and placement of Sangyeon above it. This method was started to be used since middle of the Joseon dynasty period(middle 18th Century) and mainly used at 19th Century to resist the transformation caused by repairing. It had been gradually developed from non-application stage to application stage including additional usage of complement.

Bees of the genus Osmia are cavity-nesting solitary species that play important roles as pollinators. Nest traps are one of the most common methods to study Osmia bees. To elucidate the optimal environmental conditions of nesting sites, we investigated the effects of location, direction, altitude, and sites of nest traps on the rate of trap-nesting Osmia spp. During the collection period, the average rate of trap-nesting Osmia spp. collected within 90 days after the installation of traps was 17.0±20.0%. This percentage was 2.7-fold higher than that of trap-nesting bees in 30 days after the installation of traps. The Jeongseon location exhibited the highest rates of trap-nesting Osmia spp. collected in 30 and 90 days, representing 11.1 ±17.6% and 23.2±22.5%, respectively. The direction of the nest traps did not affect the rate of trap-nesting Osmia spp. The altitude ranges of the traps were 0-199 m, 200-399 m, 400-599 m, 600-799 m and over 800 m. Interestingly, the altitude range of 600-799 m showed the highest rate of trap-nesting bees, which was 40.4±3.9%. Higher altitudes seemed to correspond to higher rates of trap-nesting bees. With regards to the sites where the nests were placed, the rate of trap-nesting bees in a mud wall of an old house was 45.1±25.2%, which was 3-fold higher than that of a nest in an apple orchard. The flowering plants collected at different locations during the trap-nesting activity of Osmia bees belonged to 18 families and 34 species. In conclusion, the rates of trap nests colonized by Osmia spp. were affected by altitude, site, and plant diversity.

Two studies of luxury product placement in a movie examine whether luxury placements increase movie viewers’ purchase intentions when backgrounds are congruent with the product’s luxury image (a message factor) and when the audience’s luxury associations are activated at the moment (an audience factor). In Study 1, participants’ luxury associations are implicitly activated by priming them with perceptions that they are members of high or low social classes. In Study 2, to explicitly activate their luxury associations, some participants read a news article that describes the placed luxury product as a genuine high-end product; others read an article that describes the placed luxury product as a discount brand. Both studies demonstrate the effects of product–environment congruence and luxury associations on consumer purchase intention.

In the years 2010–2012 in Italy, the 3F sectors, fashion, food and furniture, marked a +5% (FinanciaLounge, 2014). To some extent, this rise may rely on the strong Made in Italy label that is historically “perceived by consumers as being associated with “true” luxury goods” (Hoffmann & Coste-Manière, 2014) and, in order to create nostalgia and credibility for their brands, many firms try to correlate their offer to the heritage of the Country of Origin (Fionda & Moore, 2009). In the academic literature, Country of Origin is one of the most analyzed method to enhance a firm’s competitive advantage, mainly thanks to its ability to increase positive perceptions about firms’ products in the customers’ mind (Agrawal & Kamakura, 1999; Aiello et al., 2009). Moreover, Country of Origin is defined as “the effect rooted in consumers’ images of the quality of specific products marketed by firms associated with a country of origin” (Verlegh, Steenkamp, & Meulenberg, 2005, p. 127). COO works as an information cue that covers the attitudes toward the products evaluation. In particular, COO influences customers’ brand awareness, perceived quality and brand associations depending on the country image, and, as a consequence, the overall brand equity (Agrawal & Kamakura, 1999; Chao, 1998; Magnusson, Westjohn, & Zdravkovic, 2011). For instance, some authors showed a positive bias (i.e. increased willingness to pay a higher price) toward products from some countries relative to others (Drozdenko & Jensen, 2009). For this reason, just few countries can benefit from their image and awareness in order to take advantage from the Country of Origin effect, such as Italy. Furthermore, besides the Country image, scholars found that the COO effect can vary depending on the product category “For a given category, country-of-origin credibility is high when consumers have a favorable image of the country’s products in that category, and low when the product–country image is unfavorable” (Verlegh et al., 2005, p. 129). In this perspective, firms should identify solutions to convey positive associations about their supply to customers (Phau & Leng, 2008). The relevance of this issue is confirmed by a lot of studies, where some communication tools related to COO effect are already investigated, like brand identification system, packaging, advertising copy and celebrity endorsement (Agrawal & Kamakura, 1999; Usunier, 2011). Actually, a lot of Italian firms use product placement exploiting the “Made in Italy” effect, where placement is here intended as the paid inclusion of branded products within mass media programming (Karrh, 1998). Just few examples are Piaggio with Vespa in Roman Holiday, Bacardi with Martini in James Bond and Ocean’s series, Riva Yacht with Aquarama in James Bond series and The Great Beauty, and Prada in The devil wears Prada. Many reasons are explaining such a great use of product placement. On one hand, in the last decade we have assisted to the fragmentation of media and their audience, and on the other one, consumers are more and more skeptical towards traditional benefit advertising and they use technology to avoid commercials (Hackley & Tiwsakul, 2006; Lehu & Bressoud, 2009). Integrating brands casually but notably in a media content appears to be an interesting alternative to traditional marketing communication tools (D’Astous & Chartier, 2000). Furthermore, product placement’s acceptance and its possibly effectiveness, as well as country of origin effect, is likely to vary across product category (Gupta & Gould, 1997; Russell, 1998). Moreover, we can assume that product placement impact on the overall brand equity in a positive way (Aaker, 1997; Miniero, Chizzoli, & Pate, 2013) as it is an effective tool that can increase brand awareness and develop favorable relations with customers (Chan, 2012). In particular, studies on product placement confirm an increased top-of-mind-awareness and unaided awareness of placed brands (Cholinski, 2012). Finally, even if studies on product integration effect on attitude toward placed brands are not univocal, a lot of publications present positive or at the very least neutral product placement influence on brand attitude (Russell, 2002). For instance, according to Miniero et al. (2013), product placement is a nice way to achieve communication objectives and it can be used to influence consumers’ attitude and intention to buy a specific brand (Miniero et al., 2013). To our knowledge, despite a huge employment of product placement in practice and a lot of contributions in the academic theory about these two topics, there is a gap in the literature about the relationship between the COO effect and the use of this communication tool from a practitioners’ perspective. On the contrary, from a consumers’ perspective, Tsai and Lu’s research find out a positive correlation between the use of product placement and the country image (Tsai & Lu, 2012). Moreover, due to the several studies concerning the positive impact of product placement and country of origin on brand equity, we are allowed to suppose that professionals can synergistically take advantage from both. Starting from Karrh’s studies on the practitioners’ perspective about product placement, our research aspires to draw any analogy and difference between Karrh’s findings and the Italian firm’s perceptions (Karrh, McKee, & Pardun, 2003; Karrh, 1995, 1998). Particularly, we aim to interview companies that belong to sectors where Made in Italy represents a key competitive component. In addition, our study attempts to explore if and how independent Italian firms exploit country of origin effect in their product placement in order to increase their brand equity. To answer our research questions, we could properly use the case study method (Yin, 2009). This qualitative methodology is very useful to explore unanticipated empirical discoveries (Eisenhardt, 1989). Our case study protocol will provide the analysis of three different data sources. In the first stage of our research, we will examine audio-visual materials, such as film, videotapes, websites and social media, to collect data in an unobtrusive method. In the second stage, we will go through public documents, newspapers and recent academic literature to understand trend topics on product placement and COO and to arrange guidelines suitable for the interviews. In the third ones, we will conduct in-depth face-to-face and semi-structured interviews with key figures of Made in Italy firms that integrated product placement in their communication mix at least once. More in details, interviews will be recorded and transcribed to ensure the completeness of the information gathered. Through the triangulation of these methods and sources we will achieve a richer and deeper data collection and we will also make the case study more detailed (Creswell, 2009). Although our research is still in progress, we expect to extend Karrh’s findings about product placement. More in details, we would like to focus our attention upon the integration between COO and product placement and we try to highlight any key element that can explain how to manage this relationship in order to increase brand equity.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether three standard-setting methods would produce sufficiently consistent results for placement decisions. The cut scores were derived from modified Angoff method, borderline group method, and cluster analysis. The results indicate that the cut scores derived from the three standard setting methods did not entirely agree with each other in assigning students into different levels, suggesting that the choice of standard setting method influenced the resulting cut scores. Specifically, the borderline-group method tended to produce lower cut scores than the other two methods. The cluster analysis yielded two cut scores, which were very similar to the cut scores derived from the modified Angoff method at the corresponding levels. The implications of the findings are discussed and avenues for further study are suggested.

본 연구에서는 항로표지 시뮬레이터에서 구축된 항로표지 데이터베이스를 쉽게 관리하고 활용할 수 있는 방안과 항로표지 배치에 대한 의사결정을 지원하기 위한 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 시나리오와 같은 계층 구조와 이력카드, 상태 부여 등을 통해 항로표지 데이터베이스를 관리하는 방안을 검토하고 항로표지 배치안에 대하여 시각적, 청각적, 정량적인 검증을 할 수 있도록 돕는 항로표지 운용 소프트웨어를 구현함으로써 본 연구의 목적을 달성한다. 항로표지 운용 소프트웨어는 항로표지 신설, 이설 등과 같이 자유로운 제어뿐만 아니라 조건 검색, 가상운항 및 정량 평가 결과 전시 등의 다양한 기능을 통해 항로표지 배치계획에 대한 의사결정을 돕는다. 이를 활용하여 여러 설계안에 대해 선박이나 선원에게 미칠 수 있는 영향을 예측하거나 설계안의 효율성 및 적절성 여부를 판단하는데 도움을 주고, 수월해진 검증 방법을 통해 더 다양한 설계안을 비교할 수 있기 때문에 항로표지 설계 및 배치 계획 시에 발생 할 수 있는 실패비용과 항로표지 관리비용을 감소시킬 것으로 기대된다.

The paper analyzed the excavational data from Bupyeong-office in Ulsan county in Chosun Dynasty, examined the composition of the community estimated at station community, and studied the duration of the community by using the excavated relics. In addition, the paper compared the excavational data with documentary records, studied the location Bupyeong-office, and investigated the size of station community overall. Community compositions such as buildings, residential place, pits, stoves, hemp kilns, cremation tombs, and farming appliances were identified. When compared to excavated relics such as tiles, white porcelain jars, agrayish-blue-powdered celadons, and celadon porcelains from building, residance, and pits, the community existed during 14C～17C. The station location was on the west side to the quarters for Byongmajuldosa of the Left Gyeongsangdo at King's location according to the old maps and documentary records. It is widely expected that No, 201 foundation stone buildings at Pyungsan relicⅠ was related to the station because there was a distinctions on the stone pillar waterway and high quality of location in the size(the front 9 sections × the side 1 section) and the community. According to the building's functions and duplication relations in the community, it is regarded that there were 33～40 ground buildings, 40～45 pitting buildings, storages or 15～30 other purpose buildings, and 5～7 public buildings around No, 210 building in Bupyeong-office town.

Recently, mini-implant is popular in the orthodontic treatment due to its simplicity and convenient surgical procedure. The objective of this study is to provide the anatomical guideline for mini-implant placement by analysing the cortical bone thickness in Korean. Hemi-sections of sixteen maxillae and twenty-two mandibles with normal teeth were used. Interdental areas between the 1st premolar and the 2nd premolar (Group 1), the 2nd premolar and the 1st molar (Gruop 2), and the 1st molar and the 2nd molar (Group 3) were sectioned and then scanned. After setting the axis of teeth, the cortical bone thickness was measured at the distance of 2 mm, 4mm, 6 mm, and 8 mm from alveolar crest. The mean thickness of cortical bone in the maxilla according to distance from alveolar crest was 1.30 ± 0.63 mm (2 mm), 1.49 ± 0.62 mm (4mm), 1.72 ± 0.64 mm (6mm), and 1.90 ± 0.90 mm (8 mm) at the buccal side and 1.33 ± 0.47 mm, 1.31 ± 0.45 mm, 1.37 ± 0.55 mm, and 1.39 ± 0.58 mm at the palatal side. In the mandible, that was 3.14 ± 1.71 mm, 4.31 ± 2.22 mm, 4.23 ± 1.94 mm, and 4.30 ± 1.57 mm at the buccal side and 1.98 ± 0.88 mm, 2.79 ± 1.01 mm, 3.35 ± 1.27 mm, and 3.93 ± 1.38 mm at the lingual side. The buccal cortical bone thickness in the maxilla was decreased from Group 1 to Group 3, while the thickness of palatal side was no change. In the mandible, it did not show a tendency at the buccal side and it was decreased from Group 1 to Group 3 without significant difference at the lingual side. Therefore, the buccal side of the Group 1 and Group 2 in both the maxilla and mandible seems to be the most appropriate site for a mini-implant placement with taking the stability and retention.

This study analyzes a nationwide English placement test in the Rasch framework Data were obtained from 297 first-year junior high school students. The assessed person (.75) and item reliability (.95) indicate that the test was fairly consistent and reproducible with other samples of examinees. About 60% of total variation was explained under the assumption of unidimensionality. The person separation index suggests that two and a half ability levels can be differentiated by means of the test. Overall, the ability distribution of students was higher than the difficulty distribution of items. The fìt statistics identified a few misfìt items, but their impact on the utility of the test appears nonsignificant.

갯벌 패류양식장의 구조물 설치 및 지형적 공간배치에 따른 저서생물 현황을 파악하기 위해 고흥 남성리 양식장의 실제적인 사례를 조사하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 남성리 갯벌양식장의 지반 경사는 약 1˚ 미만으로 매우 평탄하며, 육지로부터 약 150 m까지는 §qcup형, 그 후는 §qcap형 지반형태를 가진다. §qcup형 지반은 간출시 해수를 가두고 §qcap형 지반은 외해 유출을 가로막을 뿐만 아니라 내부인자로서 해수 유출 시간을 지연시키는 작용/영향을 하게 될 것으로 생각된다. (2) 양식장 구분 시설물로 설치된 굴 패각 망태 또는 사석의 축제 형식은 총 5가지로 구분할 수 있으며, 양식장 대기 노출 시간과 침수시간은 각각 181분과 434분이었다. (3) 수치실험결과로서 대상해역의 내습 심해파랑은 최대파고 약 0.5m로서 매우 정온한 해역특성을 가지며, 탁월 입사파향은 나로대교 하단부는 S방향, 갯벌양식장 인근은 SE, SSW, S방향으로 조사되었다. (4) 고흥 남성리 주변 해역의 입도분석결과, 퇴적물은 Gravel 0.0~5.81(평균 1.70)%, 모래 14.15~18.39(평균 13.23)%, 실트 27.59~47.15(평균 30.84)%, 점토 35.79~55.73(평균 36.19)%로 구성되어 있으며, Folk 분류법에 의해 (g)M, sM(Sandy mud), gM(Gravelly mud)로 분류되었다. (5) 2010년 1월 남성리 패류 양식장 저서생물 현황조사에서는 총 11종이 1%이상의 우점종으로 출현하였으며 이 중 연체동물이 1종, 다모류가 8종, 갑각류가 2종이었다.

본 연구는 고흥 남성리 갯벌양식장의 구조물 설치 및 양식장의 공간 배치를 위한 기초자료로 대상해역의 지형구조 및 해수 순환특성을 조사하였다. 관측결과 남성리 갯벌양식장의 경사도는 약 1도 미만으로 매우 평판한 것으로 나타났으며, 남성리 갯벌양식장 의 지형구조를 파악하기 위하여 비디오영상 자료를 이용하였다. 조사결과 남성리 양식장의 시설물은 굴패각 망태 또는 사석의 축제 형 식으로 총 5가지의 구조형식을 가지는 것으로 조사되었으며, 양식장은 지형구조상 노출 시간이 총 181분으로 약 3시간 동안 대기에 노 출되었으며, 침수된 시간은 약 434분으로 약 7시간에 해당되었다. 조사된 영상자료는 수치해도의 자료와 서로 보완하여 양식장의 지형 특성을 파악하는데 사용되었다. 대상해역은 나로도에 의하여 외해와 차폐된 해역으로 해수유동 수치실험을 통한 해수순환 특성은 북측 으로 정암면과 나로도 사이의 수로와 남측의 남성리와 나로도 사이의 좁은 수로를 따라 남-북방향의 주흐름을 가지는 것으로 조사되었 으며, 나로대교가 위치한 갯벌양식장 해역 전면의 수로에서 최대 1.5 m/s 의 흐름을 보이는 것으로 조사되었다.