국내 사과를 외국으로 수출하기 위해서는 수입국의 검역 대상 해충을 완전히 제거하는 것이 필수적이다. 이를 위한 수확 후 해충 사멸 기술 로서 환경조절열처리(controlled atmosphere and temperature treatment system: CATTS) 기술이 개발되고 있다. 본 연구는 상이한 가해 습 성으로 사과 과실에 피해를 주는 두 해충에 대해 CATTS의 사멸조건을 결정하였다. 사과애모무늬잎말이나방(Adoxophyes paraorana)은 사과 과 실 표면을 가해하는 해충인 반면 복숭아명나방(Dichocrocis punctiferalis)은 과실의 내부를 가해한다. 여러 가해 발육태 가운데 두 곤충 모두 5령 유충이 열에 대한 내성이 가장 높았다. 고농도(15%)의 이산화탄소, 저농도(1%) 산소 및 46℃ 온도 조건에서 1 시간 동안 처리하는 CATTS 처리 조건은 사과애모무늬잎말이나방 5령 유충을 100% 사멸시켰다. 그러나 동일한 CATTS 조건에서 복숭아명나방 5령 유충은 88%의 사멸 효과를 보였으며, 100% 사멸 효과를 나타내기 위해서는 2 시간의 열처리를 요구했다. 이를 바탕으로 사과를 가해하고 있는 두 종의 5령 유충 3,000 마리 이상에 대해서 각각 CATTS 처리 효과를 확증하였다. 본 연구는 완전 사멸을 위해서는 심식충이 비심식충에 비해 장기간 CATTS 처리가 요구 된다는 것을 보여 주었다.

This study examined a feasibility of coagulation as post-treatment to remove sulfide and phosphorus for the effluent of anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) treating domestic wastewater. Removal efficiencies of sulfide, phosphorus and COD by coagulation were not affected by pH in the range of 5.9 to 7.2. Alkalinity requirement could be estimated by the amount of Fe3+ to form Fe(OH)3(S) and to remove sulfide and phosphorus. At coagulant aid dosage of 2 mg/L, anionic polymer showed best results regarding size and settleability of flocs. Sulfide removal for the AFBR effluent at the Fe3+/S2- ratio of 0.64, close to the theoretical value of 0.67 found with a synthetic wastewater, was only 75.2%. One of the reasons for this low sulfide removal is that the AFBR effluent contains, phosphorus, hydroxide and bicarbonate which can react with Fe3+ competitively. Concentrations of sulfide and phosphorous reduced to below 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L, respectively, at the Fe3+/S2- ratio of 2.0. Average effluent COD of 80 mg/L, mostly soluble COD, was obtained at the dosage 50 mg Fe3+/L (Fe3+/S2- ratio of 2.0) with corresponding COD removal of 55%. For better removal of COD, soluble COD removal at the AFBR should be enhanced. Coagulation with Fe3+ removed sulfide, phosphorus and COD simultaneously in the AFBR effluent, and thus could be an alternative process for the conventional wastewater treatment processes where relatively high quality effluent is not required.

Mirizzi’s syndrome (MS) caused by the retention of a stone in the cystic duct stump after cholecystectomy is rare. Most cases of MS are treated by surgical intervention. However, developments of endoscopic accessories and techniques have resulted in the recent introduction of endoscopic treatments for MS. Furthermore, in view of the postoperative morbidity caused by post-operative scarring, the endoscopic approach should be preferred to the surgical approach. In the described case, the authors were able to remove a remnant cystic duct stone endoscopically because the cystic duct stump was wide and non-tortuous. This case shows endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with mechanical lithotripsy can be utilized in suitable cases of type I MS development after cholecystectomy.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of post-activation treatment with cytoskeletal regulators in combination with or without 6-dimethylaminopurine (DMAP) on embryonic development of pig oocytes after parthenogenesis (PA) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). PA and SCNT oocytes were produced by using in vitromatured pig oocytes and treated for 4 h after electric activation with 0.5 μM latrunculin A (LA), 10.4 μM cytochalasins B (CB), and 4.9 μM cytochalasins D (CD) together with none or 2 mM DMAP. Post-activation treatment of PA oocytes with LA, CB, and CD did not alter embryo cleavage (85.8～88.6%), blastocyst formation (30.7～ 32.4%), and mean cell number of blastocysts (33.5～33.8 cells/blastocyst). When PA oocytes were treated with LA, CB, and CD in combination with DMAP, blastocyst formation was significantly (P<0.05) improved by CB+DMAP (42.5%) compared to LA+DMAP (28.0%) and CD+DMAP (25.1%), but no significant differences were found in embryo cleavage (77.5～78.0%) and mean blastocyst cell number (33.6～35.0 cells) among the three groups. In SCNT, blastocyst formation was significantly (P<0.05) increased by post-activation treatment with LA+DMAP (32.9%) and CD+DMAP (35.0%) compared to CB+DMAP (22.0%) while embryo cleavage (85.5～85.7%) and blastocyst cell number (41.1～43.8 cells) were not influenced. All three treatments (LA, CB, and CD with DMAP) effectively inhibited pseudo-polar body extrusion in SCNT oocytes. The proportions of oocytes showing single pronucleus formation were 89.6%, 83.9%, and 93.3%, respectively with the increased tendency (P<0.1) by LA+DMAP and CD+ DMAP compared to CB+DMAP. Our results demonstrate that post-activation treatment with LA or CD in combination with DMAP improves pre-implantation development of SCNT embryos and the stimulating effect of cytoskeletal modifiers on embryonic development is differentially shown depending on the origin (PA or SCNT) of embryos in pigs.

The functional cardiovascular system is comprised of distinct mesoderm-derived lineages including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and other mesenchymal cells. Recent studies in the human embryonic stem cell differentiation model have provided evidence indicating that these cell lineages are developed from the common progenitors such as hemangioblasts and cardiovascular progenitor cells. Also, the studies have suggested that these progenitors have a common primordial progenitor, which expresses KDR (human Flk-1, also known as VEGFR2, CD309). We demonstrate here that sustained activation of BMP4 (bone morphogenetic protein 4) in hESC line, CHA15 hESC results in KDR+ mesoderm specific differentiation. To determine whether the KDR+ population derived from hESCs enhances potential to differentiate along multipotential mesodermal lineages than undifferentiated hESCs, we analyzed the development of the mesodermal cell types in human embryonic stem cell differentiation cultures. In embryoid body (EB) differentiation culture conditions, we identified an increased expression of KDR+ population from BMP4-stimulated hESC-derived EBs. After induction with additional growth factors, the KDR+ population sorted from hESCs-derived EBs displays mesenchymal, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle potential in matrix-coated monolayer culture systems. The populations plated in monolayer cultures expressed increased levels of related markers and exhibit a stable/homologous phenotype in culture terms. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the KDR+ population is stably isolated from CHA15 hESC-derived EBs using BMP4 and growth factors, and sorted KDR+ population can be utilized to generate multipotential mesodermal progenitors in vitro, which can be further differentiated into cardiovascular specific cells.

본 연구는 8주령 Sprague-Dawley계통의 암컷 랫드에서 제독유황을 반복경구투여 독성평가를 하기위해 시행하였다. 랫드에 처치한 물질은 사료섭취량의 0.2%, 1%, 5% 제독유황과 사료섭취량의 1% 유황으로 13주 경구투여를 하였다. 제독유황의 안전성을 확인하기 위해 다음과 같은 관찰 및 검사를 하였다. 검사항목으로는 체중과 사료 섭취를 측정하였고 임상증상, 안과학적 검사, 혈액학적 검사, 혈청 생화학적 검사를 관찰하였다. 또한 랫드에 간과 신장에서 의 병리조직학적 변화를 관찰하였다. 그 결과 체중, 사료섭 취량, 혈액학적 및 병리조직검사 소견에서 대조군과 제독 유황 그룹 간의 유의적인 차이가 보이지 않았다. 혈청생화 학적 검사소견에서는 0.2% 및 1% 투여군에서는 대조군과 비교시 용량의존적으로 유의적인 차이를 보이는 항목은 보이지 않았으나, 고용량군에서는 glucose 감소에 의한 저칼 륨혈증, 인슐린 과잉분비의 독성을 의심할 수 있었으며, 또 한 ALT와 ALP의 증가는 간 독성이나 간암, 황달의 유발이 의심되었다. 한편, 병리조직학적인 검사에서는 시험 전체군에서 대조군과 비교시 유의할만한 병리조직이상이 관 찰되지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 사료섭취량 1%의 제독유황까지 투여는 랫드에서 독성을 나타내지 않는 것으로 사료된다.

Embryoid bodies (EBs) generated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) include spontaneously induced endodermal lineage cells (ELCs). Activin-A plays important roles in the endoderm differentiation of hESCs. Despite studies on the generation of ELCs from hESCs with treatment of Actvin-A, it was unclear for localization and pattern of ELCs by Activin-A during differentiation of hESCs. Accordingly in this study, we knew that Actvin-A increased the cystic EBs formation, including the highly enriched AFP (endoderm lineage specific marker)-expressing cells in the surface of cystic EBs. To induce the EBs formation from undifferentiated hESCs, cells were transferred onto petri-dish and cultured in suspension condition without bFGF removed hESC media (EB media) for 3 days. Next to investigate the effect of Activin-A, EBs were subsequently cultured in EB media supplement with 100 ng/ml Activin-A for 3 days. After 5～7 days of Activin-A treatment, cystic EBs began to appear which increased in numbers reaching ～60% of initially formed EBs over 5 days. Endoderm lineage marker, AFP were highly expressed and specifically localized at the surface region of cystic EBs comparison with normal EBs. We next attached the cystic EBs onto gelatin-coated plates and cultured for 5 days. In the results of real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry analysis, AFP-expressing cells migrated and localized at the outgrowth region of attached cystic EBs. To obtain the AFP-expressing cells of the outgrowth region, we manually isolated by using micro- dissection and cultured them. These cells strongly express AFP over 70% of isolated cells post re-plating. Here, we first showed an expression pattern of specifically localized ELCs by Activin-A during differentiation of hESCs. From this observation, we could highly purified ELCs from undifferentiated hESCs. Taken together, our system will provide a novel and efficient option to generate ELCs from hESCs.

In this study, commercially available pitch-based carbon fibers of general grade were post-heat-treated using a boxtype high temperature furnace at 1800℃, 2000˚, 2200℃, and 2400℃, respectively. The fundamental characteristics of each heat-treated carbon fibers were investigated in terms of chemical composition, morphology, thermal stability, X-ray diffraction, single filament tensile test, and electrical resistivity. The result showed that the fiber properties were significantly influenced by the post-heat-treatment, indicating the greater effect with increasing treatment temperature. The carbon contents, thermal stability, and tensile properties of the carbon fibers used here were further increased by the post-heat-treatment, whereas the d-spacing between graphene layers and the electrical resistivity were reduced with increasing post-heat-treatment temperature.

The effect of post-heat treatment on the coating characteristics and the fatigue strength of the gas flame thermally sprayed Stellite alloy coatings on carbon steel were investigated. The fatigue fracture surfaces of the heat treated samples were observed using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). For as-sprayed samples, there was considerable scattering in the fatigue life due to the presence of the pores in the coating. After the post-heat treatment to improve the microstructural characteristics of the coating layer, the fatigue strength of the specimens was greatly improved, increasing with increasing the coating thickness. For the specimens with the 0.3mm and 0.5mm thick coating, the fatigue cracks originated in the substrate region just below the interface. On the contrary, for the specimens with the 1.0mm thick coating, they nucleated at the pore within the coating, and the fatigue strength was 2.6 times higher than that of the substrate due to the high fatigue resistance of the coating.

P-type(100)Si Wafer 위에 400Å의 Ta를 증착하여 열산화법으로 Ta2O5박막을 형성시킴 후 RTA후처리를 통하여 절연파괴전장 특성 개선을 이루고자 하였다. 유전상수에 미치는 RTA후처리의 영향은 미약하지만 절연파괴전장을 나타내었으나 결정화 온도 이하의 RTA온도에서는 절연파괴전장이 5.4MV/cm로 RTA효과가 크게 나타났다. 이러한 RTA효과는 RTA온도 575˚C에서 flat band voltage shift가 RTA 시간에 따라 변화가 없는 것으로 미루어 보아 RTA효과는 계면 변화에 의한 것이 아님을 알 수 있었으며, RBS 분석을 통하여 Ta2O51박막의 치밀화에 의한 것임을 확인할 수 있었다.

보리를 산물처리하는 4개 RPC에서 건조, 저장, 출하시스템등 보리 수확후 관리실태를 조사한 결과는 아래와 같았다. J RPC는 쌀보리를 S RPC는 겉보리를 처리하였으며, 운반은 S RPC는 3종, J RPC는 7종, S RPC는 3종류의 운반수단을 사용하였다. 수확 후 관리는 원료곡의 투입에서 저장까지 8단계를 사용하였으며, J RPC는 제망기, 2대의 열풍기, 냉풍기를 사용하였고, S RPC는 가열은 하지 않고 송풍만으로 건조를 하였다. 계량은 S RPC는 차량계근과 투입시 계량등으로 2회 계량하여 중량에 대한 신뢰성을 높였다. 건조방법은 S RPC는 20~% 이하의 수분에서는 연료비를 절감하면서 급격한 열풍건조에 의한 품질변화를 방지하기 위하여 송풍만으로 건조하였다. J RPC는 냉풍기를 사용하여 저장중 곡온을 19℃ 이하로 유지하여 품질의 변화를 방지하고 있었다. 처리한 물량은 J RPC는 정맥후 1, 40kg단위로 년중 출하하고 S RPC는 원료곡을 산물로 9월 말 이전에 출하를 완료하였다. 본 조사의 결론은 보리 재배맥종이나 경영방향에 적합하게 보리 수확 후 관리 특성이 차이가 있었고, 농촌인구의 고령화에 따라 쉽게 보리농사를 지을 수 있는 보리산물처리에 대한 정책지원이 더 증가하여야 할 것으로 사료되었다.

본 연구는 감마선 조사 시기, 강도 및 조사 후 보존제 처리가 절화장미와 국화의 수명에 미치는 영향을 알기 위하여 시행하였던 바 얻은 결과는 다음과 같았다. 절화장미의 경우 감마선 조사 강도가 0.5 KGy 까지는 절화품질에 미치는 영향이 적다고 할 수 있었으나, 이 보다 강한 조사구에서는 절화장미의 품질이 매우 악화되었으며, 조사 후 설탕용액에 침지한 것은 0.75 KGy 처리구까지 절화의 품질 유지효과가 인정되었다. 조사 후 절화보존제 침지

Because permeate flux was very low as it has the suspension solid of high concentration in the ultrafiltration membrane separation treatment of dyestuff wastewater, pre-treatment of Fenton reaction was carried out. In the case of pH 3, COD removal rate was the highest of 58%. When PAC was added into the pre-treatment supernatant, the COD removal rate was found to be 53%, and when COD was 153㎎/L, the removal rate was 92.3% in the ultrafiltration separation. In addition, the effect of the addition of PAC on the permeate flux was also investigated. The decrease of permeate flux in the presence of PAC was higher than in the abscence of PAC, but the recovery of permeability by cleaning was better in the case of PAC system.