Cs 이온에 대해 선택성을 갖는 ferrocyanide-음이온 교환수지를 제조하여 모의 제 염폐액 내에 존재하는 Cs 이온에 대한 흡착실험을 수행하였다. 제조된 이온교환 수지가 citric acid를 주제염제로 하는 제염폐액 내에 존재하는 Cs+ 이온에 대한 흡착능력은 상용 양이온교환수지에 비해 4배 이상 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 모의 제염폐액과 선택성 이온교환수지를 접촉시킨 후 360분이 경과하면 금속이온에 대한 흡착반웅이 평형에 도달하였다. 본 연구범위에서 Co 이온농도가 필요이상 증가하게 되면 Cs 이온의 흡착율은 감소하였다. 과산화수소와 히드라진을 사용한 선택성 폐 이온교환수지의 재생실험 결과 전기중성화조건을 만족시키기 위해 Cs 이온이 수지로부터 용출됨을 확인하였고 열화없이 재 사용가능성을 확인하였다.

본 연구는 임해매립지에서 토양의 화학적 특성을 조사하여 수목식재를 위한 합리적인 토양관리에 관한 자료를 얻고자 수행하였다. 토양조사는 시화매립지의 시흥공단에서 녹지조성 예정지를 중심으로 토지이용별 및 토심별로 실시되었다. 조사지역에서 개흙은 전기전도도와 치환성나트륨 백분율이 높은 염류알칼리성 토양 특징을 갖고있었다. 임해매립지에서 토양 pH 평균값은 7.8~5.7범위이었고, 주거/공단 완충녹지 토양에서 전기전도도와 치환성나트륨 백분율은 각각 3.76Sm-1와 35%로 조사지역 중에 가장 높았다. 토양 50cm 깊이에서 치환성 Na+의 평균함량은 1.76~2.80cmol+/kg으로 조사되었고, 치환성 Na+의 평균함량은 치환성 Ca2+보다는 낮았으나 치환성 Mg2+과 K+보다는 높았다. 토심별 염분농도는 50cm보다 100cm 깊이에서 높게 조사되었으며, 주거/공단 완충녹지는 전토심에서 염분농도가 수목에 영향을 주기에 충분할 정도로 높았다.

D-D외 3종의 토양훈증제를 인삼의 연작토에 15cm, 30cm 깊이로 처리하였을 때 2년생인삼의 생육과 화학적조성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해서 본 시험을 실시하였다. 1980년 3월 7일 처리, 4월 1일 이식, 8월 19일에 채취하여 근, 경, 엽으로 나누어 일반 무기성분(N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn)을 분석한바 그 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 훈증제처리가 2년생인삼의 지상하부의 생육을 촉진하였는데, 지하부 생체중의 경우 , 건물중의 경우 증가하였다. 2. 지상하부의 질소와 인산의 함량은 훈증제처리구에서 무처리구에 비하여 증가하였으나, a의 경우에는 오히려 감소하는 경향을 보였다. K의 경우에 있어서는 지하부에서는 함량이 감소하였으나, 지하부에서는 증가하였다. 3. 미량요소의 경우에 있어서는 Mn, Fe의 함량은 훈증제처리구에서 증가하였으나, Na, Zn의 함량에는 큰 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 4. 훈증제의 처리깊이(15cm, 30cm)에 따른 차이에서 보면 2년생인삼의 생육과 화학적조성에는 별다른 차이를 볼 수 없었다.

수도에 대하여 본질적으로 근부흡수선택성 또는 안전성이 있다고 생각되는 몇 가지 약제들에 대하여 MO 모내기 후 처리를 대조로 SiCL 토양조건에서 시용약량, 혼화심도, 처리시기를 달리하여 모내기 전 토양혼화처리 (Ronstar, Saturn, TOK, Saturn-S)와 모내기 전 토양표면처리(Machete, PCP, MON-0385)를 실시하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 제초효과 1차 조사결과(모내기 27일후 조사) 처리구 모두 의 우수한 제초효과를 나타냈다. 2차 조사시(모내기 73일후)까지 이상의 제초효과를 유지한 plot는 Ronstar 전 처리구 및 Saturn-S 3-4kg prod./10a 구였다. 다소 제초효과가 저조한 구는 MON-0385 175g ai/10a구와 TOK 280g ai/10a 혼화구였다. 2. 초기약해 및 생육관계 PCP 1,000g ai/10a의 모내기 전 토양표면처리구가 눈에 뛸 정도로 약해를 내었으나 처리 50여일 후 까지는 회복이 되었다. Saturn-S 4kg prod./10a구에서 초기 국부적으로 미해가 있었으나 곧 회복이 되었고 그 이외의 처리구에 있어서는 거의 약해를 인정할 수 없었다. 3.수량 방임구가 수량감소를 나타낸 이외에는 관행구에 비하여 통계적으로 유의차를 나타낸 Plot는 없었다. 특히 관행구보다 증수된 plot는 Machete 210g ai/10a 1DBT 및 2DBT, Ronstar 60g ai/10a 2.5cm 혼화구 및 12cm 혼화구, Saturn-S 3kg prod./10a 혼화구 그리고 MON-0385 175g ai/10a 1DBT구 등이었다.

This study investigated the effect of vegetation mat on plant growth and salt reduction in the soil treated with high concentration deicing salt. In order to measure soil chemical characteristics and plant growth, three native groundcover plants (Dendranthema zawadskii var. latilobum, Dendranthema boreale, and Kalimeris yomena) were grown in each of the three plastic containers (50.0 cm width × 35.0 cm length × 8.5 cm deep) with a high concentration treatment of calcium chloride deicing salt. There were two treatments: control, and BVM that combines B (blanket) and VM (vegetation mat). 1,600 g of soil was placed on the top of the drainage layer with 290 g of perlite, 100 seeds each of the three native plants with three repetitions were sowed, and 10 g/L of calcium chloride deicing salt was added in the treatment. As a result of the chemical properties of soil, soil in control treatment was acidic and soil electrical conductivity in BVM was the lowest. Also, exchangeable cations (K+, Ca2+, Na+, and Mg2+) in soil and all the three plants were significantly decreased in the BVM treatment. Meanwhile, the germination rate of Dendranthema zawadskii var. latilobum was the highest under high concentration deicing salt in compared to the two plants. Overall, three native groundcover plant growth was higher in the BVM than control treatment significantly. These results suggest that the treatment of blanket vegetation mat has a positive effect on soil and plant growth in soil damaged by deicing salt.

This study was conducted to investigate the growth of Dendranthema zawadskii in damaged soils when they are treated with improvement agents. The treatments consisted of a control (unamended field soil) and the application of a loess ball of 1 cm to the field soil. According to the degree of damage the de-icing agent had caused, the soils were divided into 3 areas (based on the yellowing of Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis in soil surveys): H (high saline), M (medium saline), and L (low saline). A total of six treatments were performed: D. zawadskiia plant without soil amendment (H; high saline soil, M; medium saline soil, L; low saline soil), and a D. zawadskiia plant with loess ball on the soil surface (H.L; high saline soil with loess ball, M.L; medium saline soil with loess ball, L.L; low saline soil with loess ball). The results showed that D. zawadskiia growth went from highest to lowest in the order: M.L > L.L > M > L > H.L > H. Plant growth results showed that soils treated with soil amendments (loess ball) were better for D. zawadskii growth than untreated soils.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of phosphorus acid (H3PO3) addition to the horticultural bed soil on the initial growth of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv.), and kimchi cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr. cv.). The stem heights of red pepper and cucumber were 46.1% and 23.0% greater in the 50 mg/L of phosphorus acid treatment than the untreated (control). Further, the stem diameter of pepper and cucumber were 48.7% and 23.0% greater in the 50 mg/L of phosphorus acid treatment than the control. In addition, the number of kimchi cabbage leaves was 47.5% greater in the 50 mg/L of phosphorus acid treatment than the control. The dry weights of red pepper, cucumber and kimchi cabbage were 72.9%, 16.5%, and 30.4% heavier in the 50 mg/L than the control, respectively. Cations (K, Ca, and Mg) and total phosphorus (T - P) were quantitatively analyzed for these three horticultural crops. The concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg, and T - P were higher in the 50 mg/L of phosphorus acid than the control, respectively. Based on the results obtained in this study, it appears that treatment of phosphorus acid in horticultural bed soil enhanced the growth of red pepper, cucumber and Kimchi cabbage.

Background : Although Aster scaber is a perennial plant, it needs to be renewed every three years in the cultivation of the facility, so it is necessary to increase the efficiency of production by extending the cultivation period. This study was carried out to investigate the differences in the growth characteristics of facility grown A. scaber according to the treatment of soil conditioner for the extension of the plant cultivation. Methods and Results : Soil physics improvement material for the extension of cultivated aster scaber was selected from rice straw, rice husk charcoal and coir fiber. In this study, 1,000 ㎏ of coir fiber, 1,000 ㎏ of rice straw, and 1,000 ㎏ of rice husk charcoal were treated per 10a of the soil improvement material, and the untreated control was set as a control. After the test treatment, the growth conditions such as survival rate, plant length, leaf length, leaf width, and stalk diameter were investigated. The control group was investigated as the survival rate was 96.1%, plant length average was 16.3 ± 1.8 ㎝, leaf length average was 7.7 ± 1.2 ㎝, leaf width average was 7.4 ± 0.7 ㎝, and stalk diameter average was 1.97 ± 0.3 ㎜. rice straw treatment is as the survival rate was 95.8%, plant length average was 13.8 ± 1.9 ㎝, leaf length average was 6.5 ± 0.8 ㎝, the leaf width average was 5.9 ± 0.7 ㎝ and the stalk diameter average was 1.85 ± 0.4 ㎜. Rice husk charcoal treatment is as the survival rate was 99.7%, plant length average was 17.4 ± 1.7 ㎝, leaf length average was 8.4 ± 1.1 ㎝, the leaf width average was 7.5 ± 0.8 ㎝ and the stalk diameter average was 2.15 ± 0.5 ㎜. Coir fiber treatment is as the survival rate was 96.9%, plant length average was 16.9 ± 1.7 ㎝, leaf length average was 7.9 ± 1.4 ㎝, the leaf width average was 6.9 ± 1.0 ㎝ and the stalk diameter average was 2.01 ± 0.5 ㎜. The results of the study showed that the growth of rice husk charcoal was good and the survival rate was high and the growth of straw treatment was relatively low and the rate of survival was low. However, no significant difference was found in the treatment of the remedies. Conclusion : As a result of investigating the differences in the growth characteristics of the A. scaber according to the treatments of the soil improvement agent, the growth and survival rate of the rice husk charcoal treatments were relatively high, but no significant difference was found. Therefore, the use of rice straw, rice husk charcoal, and coir fiber as a soil improvement agent does not appear to have much effect on the initial growth of the A. scaber.

Background : The first planted field is decreasing due to replant failure and climate change. As a result, there is an increasing number of cases where new soil is covered in agricultural land or clearing forest to cultivate ginsengs. In this case, it is essential to improve the chemical properties of the soil before ginseng site management. This study was carried out to investigate growth, quality of ginseng and soil chemical properties to set the concentrations of nitrogen. Methods and Results : 0, 1, 4, 8, 16, 32 ㎏/10 a of urea were each treated at 3.3 ㎡ of the field and ginseng cultivar 'Gumpoong' was transplanted. Growth characteristics were investigated by growth period and soil chemical properties were investigated every 3 months. In 2-years-old ginseng, the root weight was the highest at 4 ㎏ treatment group of nitrogen while it showed the rate of increase in root weight is increased at 1 ㎏ treatment of nitrogen in 3-years-old ginseng. Physiological disorder and root rot symptom are increased at 8 ㎏ treatment group of nitrogen in 2- and 3-years-old ginseng. In case of soil properties, EC and Nitrate-N concentration exceeded 0.5 dS/m and 50 ㎎/㎏ respectively from 16 ㎏ treatment group of nitrogen after 14 months. The saponin content tended to decrease with increasing nitrogen treatment concentration at the 2-years-old ginseng. In the case of 3-years-old, the highest value was 0.88% at 1 ㎏ nitrogen treatment group. Conclusion : These results indicate that the application levels of nitrogen influence growth, quality of ginseng and soil chemical properties. These data can be used to set the concentrations of nitrogen when new soil is covered in agricultural land or clearing forest to cultivate ginseng.

Background : Replant failure of ginseng is caused by soil-born pathogens causing root rot such as Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani. Dazomet are widely used as soil fumigant to solve soilborne problems, and the degradation intermediates are toxic to nematodes, fungi, bacteria, insects and weeds. Methods and Results : The effects of cultivation of green manure crop, maize before and after soil fumigation on the control of ginseng root rot disease were compared using soil of field where 6-years-old ginseng was harvested. Fumigant (dazomet) were used for soil fumigation in May and September, respectively. Maize was grown for soil management before and after soil fumigation. Maize cultivation after May fumigation was delayed the sowing day by 15 days, and the fresh and dry weight decreased significantly. Maize cultivation after May fumigation increased pH but decreased EC, NO3, P2O5, and K significantly. Maize cultivation after May fumigation decreased fungi population and ratio of fungi and bacteria. Growth of 2-years-old ginseng was improved and the incidence of ginseng root rot was significantly decreased by maize cultivation after May fumigation. After harvesting 2-years-old ginseng, the population of Cylindrocarpon destructans was not different among treatments, but Fusarium solani showed a significant increase in September fumigation after maize cultivation. Conclusion : Maize cultivation after soil fumigation was effective in inhibiting ginseng root rot by improvement of mineral composition and microorganism in soils.

A continuous process of persulfate oxidation and citric acid washing was investigated for ex-situ remediation of complex contaminated soil containing total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons (TRPHs) and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn). The batch experiment results showed that TRPHs could be degraded by Fe2+ activated persulfate oxidation and that heavy metals could be removed by washing with citric acid. For efficient remediation of the complex contaminated soil, two-stage and three-stage processes were evaluated. Removal efficiency of the two-stage process (persulfate oxidation - citric acid washing) was 83% for TRPHs and 49%, 53%, 24% for Cu, Zn, and Pb, respectively. To improve the removal efficiency, a three-stage process was also tested; case A) water washing - persulfate oxidation - citirc acid washing and case B) persulfate oxidation - citric acid washing (1) - citric acid washing (2). In case A, 63% of TRPHs, 73% of Cu, 60% of Zn, and 55% of Pb were removed, while the removal efficiencies of TRPHs, Cu, Pb, and Zn were 24%, 68%, 62%, and 59% in case B, respectively. The results indicated that case A was better than case B. The three-stage process was more effective than the two-stage process for the remediation of complex-contaminated soil in therms of overall removal efficiency.

물은 22.1 MPa의 압력하에 100℃ - 374℃의 온도범위에서 액체상태로 존재하며, 이를 아임계수라 한다. 아임계수 조건에서 물은 분자간 수소결합이 약해지면서 유전상수, 점성, 표면장력이 감소되어 유기용매와 유사한 특성을 지니게 된다. 원유오염토양은 전남 여수지역 공단 내에 있는 유류로 오염된 토양을 이용하였으며, 오염기간은 약 1년이며 저분자성 휘발유류성분 및 고분자성 유류로 오염되어 있었다. 초기 오염된 TPH농도는 16,895 mg/kg였다. 원유오염토양은 고분자성 물질이 다량 함유되어 있어 기존정화방법으로는 처리하기 어려운 점이 있다. 이를 해결하기 위하여 상기 아임계수 특성을 이용하여 원유로 오염된 토양으로부터 오염물질을 추출하는 연구를 수행하였다. 이와 함께 친유성 용매인 등유를 이용하여 토양으로부터 원유 일부를 탈착(전처리)시킨 후, 아임계수로 토양 내에 잔류되어 있는 유류성분을 제거하는 실험도 수행하였다. 이를 통해 아임계수 추출만을 적용하였을 경우와 등유 전처리가 추가된 경우의 제거율과 정화공정상 효율을 비교하였다. 아임계수 추출 시 275℃에서 2시간 추출을 5회 반복 진행하였을 때, 토양 내의 잔류 유류 농도가 498 mg/kg(제거율 97%)로 나타났다. 등유 전처리(토양 : 등유=1 : 0.5 wt%)후 아임계수 적용시 250℃에서 1시간동안 추출 시, 토양 내 잔류 유류 농도는 223 mg/kg로 나타났다. 적용된 두가지 공정 모두 토양1지역 우려기준(500mg/kg)이하로 정화되었으나, 상대적으로 등유전처리가 포함된 공정이 아임계수 기술만을 적용하여 추출을 진행한 것보다 상대적으로 높은 제거율을 보였다. 또한 등유 전처리가 추가된 아임계 공정이 추출시간, 공정수, 투입에너지(가열)에 있어 경제적으로 판단되며, 따라서 원유 오염토양의 아임계수 정화공정에서는 등유전처리 도입이 효과적인 것으로 판단된다.

국내에서 토양 내 중금속 농도를 정량하기 위하여 다양한 분석장비 및 전처리관련 공정시험법이 존재한다. 대표적으로 환경부 토양환경공정시험법에서는 토양의 전분해(왕수추출)후 AAS 또는 ICP로 분석을 제시하고 있으며, 해양환경공정시험법에서는 퇴적물의 완전분해 후 분석이 제시되어 있다. 또한, 상기 화학적 전처리공정을 거치지 않는 XRD분석이나 입자를 레이저빔으로 승화시켜 측정하는 레이저 유도 붕괴 분광법(LIBS; Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy)도 상용화 되고 있다. 이러한 각종 전처리 및 분석 방법은 특히 전처리 정도에 따라 동일시료라 하더라도 경우에 따라 측정된 농도 값에 차이가 발생되나, 신기술이나 검증 등에 고려하지 않는 경우가 많기 때문에 혼란이 야기되는 실정이다. 따라서, 토양시료를 대상으로 전처리에 따른 분석결과차이를 증명하고, 이를 상용화 중인 LIBS분석방법과 비교하고자 한다. 중금속 오염토양 10가지를 대상으로 하였으며, 각 토양을 왕수분해(전분해)하고 충분히 반응시키고 원심분리하여 상등액을 분취하여 분석시료로 하였다. 이 왕수추출 후 잔류입자 내 잔류 중금속 농도를 정량하기 위하여 불산 등을 투입(완전분해)하여 잔류입자를 완전히 용해시켜 이를 분석시료로 하였다. 전분해와 완전분해는 각각 토양오염공정시험법과 해양환경공정시험법(-퇴적물)을 바탕으로 실험하였다. 중금속 농도 정량에는 ICP-OES(Perkin Elmer DV2100)을 사용하였으며, 총 5종(납, 아연, 구리, 크롬, 카드뮴)을 분석하였다. 추가로 동일 토양시료를 레이저유도 붕괴 분광법(LIBS)으로도 분석하여 이를 비교해 보았다. 토양시료 10개에서 납, 아연, 구리, 크롬의 분석농도는 완전분해(불산 등)대비 왕수분해(전분해)가 65~100%, 62~94%, 71~91%, 30~52%로 나타났으며, 이때 카드뮴은 검출되지 않았다. 토양 왕수추출 후에도 잔류입자(주로 실리카)에 중금속이 일부 존재하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 전처리 후 입자유무에 따라 토양 에서 잔류중금속 농도 분석 값이 다를 수 있음을 나타낸다. 완전분해 시 납, 구리, 크롬, 아연 농도는 LIBS측정치 대비 평균회수율이 각각 87.8, 96.8%, 106.2%, 90.1%로 나타나 상대적으로 LIBS방법과 유사한 측정결과가 나타났다. 이는 완전분해 측정법과 LIBS측정법이 입자까지 모두 용해 또는 승화시켜 측정하는 방법이라는 점에서 유사하기 때문으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 친환경 유기과원의 부란병 방제를 위한 유황토분의 효과를 검증코자 2년간 수 행되었다. 제조된 유황토분의 사과 부란병 치유효과를 검증하기 위해 유기과원에는 석회유 황합제의 처리와 비교하였으며, 관행과원에서는 석회유황합제, 유황토분 및 네오아소진을 처리하였다. 유기과원의 유황토분의 부란병 치유율은 대조구에 비해 뚜렷하게 유의성이 인 정되었으나, 2013년 봉현 과원을 제외하고는 석회유황합제와는 큰 차이가 없었다. 유기과 원의 과실품질조사 결과, 과피의 붉은 색은 대조구에 비해 석회유황합제 처리구에서 다소 높게 나타냈으며, 과실의 경도에서는 유황토분 처리구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 관행과원에서의 유황토분, 석회유황합제 및 네오아소진 처리는 대조구에 비해 통계적 유의적으로 높게 조사되었다. 유황토분의 부란병 치유율은 유기사과과원 및 관행사 과과원에서 87.5~97.5%인 것으로 조사되었다. 관행과원에서의 유황토분 처리는 신초생육에 있어 네오아소진에 비해 통계적 유의성이 있게 증가하였다. 과실품질의 경우 유황토분처리 는 과실의 붉은 색의 증가를 보였으나, 다른 과실품질인 무게, 경도, 당도 및 적정산도에서 통계적 유의성을 나타내지 않았다.

Background: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of storage conditions on the growth of Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. rootstock.Methods and Results:Rootstocks of S. chinensis were stored in either soil or vermiculite that had been treated with a control treatment, diluted wood vinegar (50 or 100-fold), DF-100 (50-fold), or 1-naphthylacetamide and at 5°C or 15°C. After 8 weeks, the stored roots were planted in the field, and both plant height and leaf number were observed after transplantation. The greatest number of leaves (5.60 ± 0.80) was produced by roots that had been stored in soil treated with 100 fold dilution of wood vinegar and at 5°C. Meanwhile the maximum plant height (6.92 ± 0.78 ㎝) at 30 d after transplanting was observed for rootstocks that had been stored in soil treated with the 100 fold dilution of wood vinegar and at 15°C, whereas the maximum plant height at 60 d after transplanting (26.46 ± 0.71㎝) was observed for rootstocks that had been stored in soil treated with the 100-fold dilution of wood vinegar and at 5°C. Therefore, the storage of rootstocks in soil treated with the 100-fold dilution of wood vinegar and at temperatures at or below 5°C was most effective, and it can be used to prevent the decay of roots during the postharvest management of S. chinensis rootstocks.Conclusions:The results of the present study indicate that, among the parameters examined, the storage of roots in soil that had been treated with the 100-foil dilution of wood vinegar is the most effective method for improving the growth of S. chinensis.

Background : Ginseng root rot caused by soil-borne pathogens, Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani, is a major factors of replanting failure in ginseng cultivation. Some of the phenolic compounds detected in the soil of commercially cultivated American ginseng could inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of American ginseng. Our study is to investigate the causes of replanting failure of ginseng by overhead flooding treatment and soil incorporation of ginseng fine root in soil infected with root rot pathogens. Methods and Results : To make soil occurring continuous cropping injury, 2-year-old ginseng infected with Cylindrocarpon destructans replanted in soil cultivated ginseng for 5 years. Treatment are as follows: 1) control, 2) water of 2ℓ was irrigate infected soil of 20ℓ, 3) ginseng fine root of 20g was mixed with infected soil of 20ℓ. Soil pH was increased, while other inorganic components were significantly reduced by overhead flooding treatment. Soil incorporation of ginseng fine root decreased soil pH, but increased EC, NO3, P2O5 and K, meanwhile, did not affected changes in organic matter, calcium, magnesium, sodium. Irrigation treatment in soil occurring replanted failure promoted distinctly above-ground growth of ginseng, and inhibited the occurrence of root rot because inorganic nutrient like NO3, P2O5 and K were decreased to optimal levels, and the density of soil pathogens could be reduced. Growth of ginseng was not inhibited, while root rot was promoted by soil incorporation of ginseng fine root. Conclusion : Irrigation treatment was effective in promoting the growth of ginseng and inhibited root rot distinctly. Ginseng fine root remaining in the soil after ginseng harvest did not affect the above-ground growth of ginseng, while promoted the occurrence of root rot.