The hydraulic equipments has a high utilization in the many works such as the excavation, planation and crane works in the construction sites. They are an essential equipments in the construction site and the loading & unloading works of the large size objects. In the many parts which are composed of the hydraulic equipments, the main control valve(MCV) is the core of the equipments. The hydraulic energy from the pump controls the direction and the rate of flow by MCV. And the flow rate of the MCV inlet operate some actuators to perform the diverse action of the spool. So, it is important to analysis the shape of the flow path and the notch of the spool. In order to perform the optimal design of the 6-way valve, the study for the analysis of the flow path and the pressure distribution according to the pressure control, which to meet use condition, must be performed. In this study, we carried out the reverse-engineering of the MCV using the parametric technique as the first step in the research of the MCV. And we analyzed the shape of the flow path and the pressure distribution for the notch of the spool using the optimal modeling of the MCV.

The development of a high pressure cleaning system is needed to properly clean cargo hold and improve the working environment of a ship. For this, the study on the parameters related to the suitable capacity of a pressure pump should be preceded.

Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) process is one of membrane processes for harvesting renewable energy by using salinity difference between feed and draw solutions. Power is generated by permeation flux multiplied by hydraulic pressure in draw side. Membrane fouling phenomena in PRO process is presumed to be less sever, but it is inevitable. Membrane fouling in PRO process decreases water permeation through membrane, resulting in significant power production decline. This study intended to investigate the effect of hydraulic pressure in PRO process on alginate induced organic fouling as high and low hydraulic pressures (6.5 bar and 12 bar) were applied for 24 h under the same initial water flux. In addition, organic fouling in draw side from the presence of foulant (sodium alginate) in draw solution was examined. As major results, hydraulic pressure was found to be not a significant factor affecting in PRO organic fouling as long as the same initial water flux is maintained, inidicating that operating PRO process with high hydraulic pressure for efficient energy harvesting will not cause severe organic fouling. In addition, flux decline was negligible from the presence of organic foulant in draw side.

The purpose of this study was to examine the antioxidant properties resulting from high-pressure homogenization of wheat bran. For this purpose, the researcher compared the radicals clearance of DPPH and ABTS, the ferrousion chelating effects, and the contents of the surface-reactive phenol compounds. In the course of this study, it was possible to reduce the particle size of the wheat bran effectively by means of high-pressure homogenization. This also resulted in structural changes, such as changes in the cellular structure of wheat bran, dissipating the cellulose matrix. It was found that this process, in turn, caused the phenol compounds which were entrapped inside the cellulose matrix or bound by polysaccharides to be released, affecting the antioxidation. As the intensity of high-pressure homogenization process increased, the radical clearance of DPPH and ABTS, as well as the surface reactive phenol compound, increased in return, while the ferrous-ion chelating effect decreased without any statistical significance, however (p > 0.05). Therefore, it would be safe to conclude that high-pressure homogenization could be an effective solution to increasing the antioxidant properties of wheat bran, which, in turn, could be used as a functional material (a natural antioxidant) in food industries

본 연구에서는 MBR 내에 침지된 분리막 오염을 평가하기 위하여 운전시간에 따른 막간차압(TMP)을 측정하였 다. 유효 막면적이 0.02 m2이고 공칭 세공크기가 0.15 μm인 정밀여과용 평막 모듈을 MLSS 5,000 mg/L인 활성슬러지 용액 에 침지시켰다. 운전/휴직(R/S) 및 사인파형 투과유속 연속운전(SFCO) 방식에 따른 TMP를 비교하기 위하여 동시에 투과 실 험을 수행하였다. SFCO 운전방법에 따른 TMP는 R/S에 비하여 최대 93% 낮게 유지되었으며 투과유속이 증가함에 따라서 TMP 감소 효과는 줄어들었다. 또한 응집제인 FeCl3를 활성슬러지 용액에 500 mg/L 농도로 주입시키면 SCFO 운전방식의 경우, 투과 운전시간을 5배 이상 증가시켜도 한계 운전 TMP인 55 kPa의 40% 미만으로 유지됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

In this study, the behavior of densification of copper powders during high-pressure torsion (HPT) at room temperature is investigated using the finite element method. The simulation results show that the center of the workpiece is the first to reach the true density of copper during the compressive stage because the pressure is higher at the center than the periphery. Subsequently, whole workpiece reaches true density after compression due to the high pressure. In addition, the effective strain is increased along the radius during torsional stage. After one rotation, the periphery shows that the effective strain is increased up to 25, which is extensive deformation. These high pressure and severe strain do not only play a key role in consolidation of copper powders but also make the matrix harder by grain refinement.

Plasma properties of dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) at atmospheric pressure were measured and characterized using optical emission spectroscopy. Optical emissions were measured from argon, nitrogen, or air discharges generated at 5- 9 kV using 20 kHz power supply. Emissions from nitrogen molecules were markedly measured, irrespective of discharge gases. The intensity of emission peaks was increased with applied voltage and electrode gap. The short wavelength peaks (315.9 nm and 337.1 nm) measured at the middle of DBDs were significantly increased with applied voltage. The optical emission from DBDs decreased with the addition of oxygen gas, which was especially significant in argon discharge. Emission from oxygen molecules cannot be measured from air discharge and argon discharge with 4.8% oxygen. The emission intensity at 337.1 nm and 357.7 nm related with nitrogen molecule was sensitively changed with electrode types and discharge voltages. However, the pattern of argon emission spectrum was nearly the same, irrespective of electrode type, oxygen content, and discharge voltage.

The prime objective of this research was to study the influence of hot-pressing pressure and matrix-to-reinforcement ratio on the densification of short-carbon-fiber-reinforced, randomly oriented carbon/carbon-composite. Secondary objectives included determination of the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting composite. The ‘hybrid carbon-fiberreinforced mesophase-pitch-derived carbon-matrix’ composite was fabricated by hot pressing. During hot pressing, pressure was varied from 5 to 20 MPa, and reinforcement wt% from 30 to 70. Densification of all the compacts was carried at low impregnation pressure with phenolic resin. The effect of the impregnation cycles was determined using measurements of microstructure and density. The results showed that effective densification strongly depended on the hot-pressing pressure and reinforcement wt%. Furthermore, results showed that compacts processed at lower hot-pressing pressure, and at higher reinforcement wt%, gained density gradually during three densification cycles and showed the symptoms of further gains with additional densification cycles. In contrast, samples that were hot-pressed at moderate pressure and at moderate reinforcement wt%, achieved maximum density within three densification cycles. Furthermore, examination of microstructure revealed the formation of cracks in samples processed at lower pressure and with low reinforcement wt%.

Nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma has attracted great interest for biomedical applications. The plasma consists of charged particles, radicals, and a strong electric field as the fourth state of matter. This study evaluated the change in the surface roughness after tooth bleaching by plasma in combination with a low concentration (15%) of carbamide peroxide, specifically whether the application of plasma produced detriments, such as demineralization and structural change, with the goal of efficient and safe tooth bleaching. After being combined with plasma and 15% carbamide peroxide, the hydroxyapatite surface was significantly smoother with a low roughness average value. Tooth bleaching with 15% carbamide peroxide alone produced an irregular surface and increased the surface roughness with high roughness average value. Tooth bleaching with plasma resulted in no significant variations in hydroxyapatite in terms of change in surface roughness and surface topography. The application of tooth bleaching with plasma is not deleterious to dental hard tissue, implicating it as a safe tooth bleaching technique.

본 연구에서는 고체로켓의 임무 수행 중 연소실 내압으로 인해 발생하는 고체로켓 케이스의 3가지 고장(응력파괴, 균열파괴, 볼트 체결 부 파손) 확률을 효과적으로 예측하는 기법을 개발하였다. 전체적인 확률계산 과정은 다음과 같다: 1) 고체로켓 모터의 고장모드에 영향을 주는 설계 변수선정 및 확률분포 부여, 2) 연소해석을 통한 로켓의 최대작동압력(maximum expected operating pressure, MEOP)의 확률분포 계산, 3) 케이스의 응력과 변형 형상을 구하기 위한 유한요소해석, 4) 3가지 고장함수에 대한 신뢰도예측의 수행. 계산의 편의를 위해 유한요소모델은 축대칭으로 가정하였고 볼트 체결 부의 접촉을 고려하였다. 효율적인 신뢰도예측을 위해 FORM(first-order reliability method) 기법을 통해 MPP(most probable failure point)를 탐색한 후, LHS(latin hypercube sampling)와 반응표면기법을 적용하여 고장모드를 다항식으로 근사화하며, 중요도 추출법을 적용하여 고장확률을 계산하였다.

본 연구는 국내 실정에 맞는 양지붕형 온실을 대상으로 풍동 실험을 통해 간척지 풍환경 조건에 대하여 온실의 풍압 측정 지점별 풍압 계수를 평가하고 관련 기준과 비교하여 그 특성을 분석하였으며, 풍압의 면적 평균으로부터 온실 설계용 풍압 계수 및 국부 풍압 계수를 제시하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 풍향 0도 (용마루 직각 방향)에 대한 풍압계수를 검토한 결과, KBC2009의 경우 온실의 단부에 대한 풍압 계수를 과소평가하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, NENEN2002의 경우 온실의 단부를 포함한 모든 부위에서 풍압계수를 과소평가하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. (2) 풍향 90도 (용마루 방향)에 대한 풍압 계수를 검토 한 결과, KBC2009, NEN-EN2002의 경우 온실에 작용 하는 풍압 분포 특성을 적절히 반영하고 있지 못한 것으로 나타났다. AIJ2004와 같이 풍압 분포 특성에 따라 풍상측 온실 끝단 1, 2단부 및 풍하측 등 온실의 각 부위에 따라 풍압 계수를 구분하여 제시하는 것이 가장 바람직한 것으로 나타났다. (3) 온실에 작용하는 풍향별 풍압 계수를 분석한 결과, 온실과 같은 구조물에 있어서 국부적인 풍압의 영향을 받는 피복재 (covering), 창틀 (glazing bar)등의 설계에 이와 같은 국부 풍압의 영향을 고려해야 할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타났다. (4) 온실에 작용하는 풍압 계수의 면적 평균으로부터 온실 부위별 설계용 풍압계수 및 국부 풍압계수를 제시 하였다. 이상의 결과와 같이 비교적 높이가 낮고 길이가 긴 온실의 경우, 관련기준 KBC2009 및 AIJ2004는 온실의 각 부분에 대한 풍압 계수를 적절히 반영하고 있지 못한 것으로 나타났으며, 다양한 온실에 대한 풍동 실험 결과를 토대로 간척지 설치 온실에 대한 설계 기준을 마련 할 필요가 있을 것으로 판단된다. 향후 연구 과제로는 다양한 온실 형태에 따른 풍압 계수 분포 특성을 분석 하고 온실 설계를 위한 풍압 계수를 제시함으로써, 온실 설계 기준의 정립을 위한 기초 자료를 축적하고자 한다.

1990년대 초부터 대규모 상업적 시설원예의 현대화 및 기업화 진행에 따라 현재 국내 시설원예 재배면적의 규모는 중국에 이어 일본, 스페인과 함께 2위를 차지하고 있다. 원예시설에 대한 안정적이고 합리적인 설계가 주요 관심사로 대두된 가운데, 특히 온실의 경우 일반적인 건축물보다 낮은 안전율로 설계가 이루어지므로 풍하중에 대하여 취약한 경량 구조물로 간주되고 있다. 최근 최대순간풍속이 40~60m/s에 다다르는 대형 태풍 및 강풍이 빈번하게 발생하고 있으며 이로 인한 농촌 시설물의 피해 규모 또한 증가하고 있다. 그러나, 국내에 활용되고 있는 온실설계기준의 경우 연구기관별로 혼재하고 있으며 대부분 해외자료를 근거로 작성된 것으로 국내온실에 적합한 설계기준의 마련이 시급한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 온실의 안정성 확보를 위한 설계기준을 위한 기초자료를 확보하기 위하여 풍동실험을 통해 국내 대표적인 복숭아형 온실을 대상으로 지붕곡률에 따른 풍압계수 및 국부풍압계수를 평가·제시하였다.

The purpose of the current study was to explore the effects of background knowledge, time pressure, and involvement on reading comprehension. One hundred and twenty college students read three passages and answered comprehension questions in eight different experimental conditions: activated vs inactivated background knowledge, with vs without time pressure, and high vs low involvement. The results showed main effects of background knowledge and involvement on reading comprehension, indicating essential roles of background knowledge in facilitating the processes of reading comprehension in Korea’s EFL educational contexts. In addition, the study found an interaction effect of background knowledge and time pressure on reading comprehension. Pedagogical implications are suggested.

본 연구에서는 지용성 생리활성 물질인 커큐민의 가용화를 통해 실제 식품에 적용하기 위하여 고압 균질기(microfluidizer)를 이용한 나노크기 입자를 생산하였으며,제조된 나노에멀젼의 입자특성을 검토하였다. 제조된 나노에멀젼의 여러 가지 물리적 특성은 유화제 종류 및 농도,분산상과 연속상의 혼합비율, 고압 균질기의 압력 및 통과횟수의 영향을 받았다. 일반적으로 연속상에서의 유화제농도가 높을수록, 고압 균질기 압력 및 통과횟수가 높을수록 입자크기 및 제타전위 값이 감소하는 경향을 보였으며,입자분산지수 또한 감소되는 양상을 보였다. 여러 조건에서 제조된 나노에멀젼의 저장 기간 동안 입자크기 변화를측정한 결과, 물리적으로 매우 안정한 상태를 유지하였다.따라서, 본 연구를 통해 고압균질기를 이용하여 입자분포가 좁은 커큐민 함유 나노에멀젼을 제조할 수 있었다. 추후 연구에서는 음료와 같은 실제 식품에 적용하고 상업적으로 이용하기 위해서는 열, 냉동, pH, 염 등의 외부환경에 대한 물리화학적 안정성을 검토해야 할 것이다.

This study investigated the effects of changes to the pulsation factor of pulsed direct currents on wound healing. Patients with a pressure ulcer at a care hospital for the elderly were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1 involved the application of 100㎲ in pulse duration, 10 ㎳ in pulse period, 100 pps in a pulsation factor, 15 ㎃ in pulse amplitude, and polarity red+ by using pulsed direct currents; Group 2 involved a change of pulse period to 8 ms; and Group 3 received general wound management. Although there were no statistically significant differences in the changing stages of pressure ulcers among the groups, all the groups dropped in numerical stages. In the two groups to which pulsed direct currents were applied, there was a statistically significant reduction in the stages of pressure ulcers from the initial assessment to the 12-week assessment (p<.05). Even though there were no statistically significant differences in changes to the area of pressure ulcers among the groups, a statistically significant decrease was found in pulsed direct current group 2 whose pulse period was shortened (p<.05). There was no difference in the healing rate of pressure ulcers among the groups, but it made a numerical increase in pulsed direct current group 1 and group 2 and a numerical decrease in group 3. There were no significant differences in the characteristics of those who had a full recovery among the groups. Those findings indicate that pulsed direct currents have positive effects on the wound healing of patients with a pressure ulcer and that a treatment with pulsed direct currents whose pulsation factor is raised by reducing the pulse duration is especially effective.

We investigated the quality characteristics and resulting sensory evaluation of semi-dried silver pomfret treated with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing and brining for 14 days at 4 and 10˚C to evaluate the effects of treatment with HHP processing. HHP treatment and brining could cause compaction of fibers and the space between muscle. The G' values of all samples were higher than the G" values and the tan Δ values of the tissue ranged from 0.222 to 0.251 with no further changes observed during storage. HHP treatment and brining significantly increased the total color difference, and the HHP and brine-treated group scored significantly higher than the others in terms of sensory evaluation. HHP treatment combined with brining could have a significant effect on the quality characteristics of the semi-dried products and their storage stability, and it is suggested from the results that they may have the potential to satisfy the requirements to produce commercially marketable food grade products.

PURPOSES: This study is to predict the Sound Pressure Level(SPL) obtained from the Noble Close ProXimity(NCPX) method by using the Extended Kalman Filter Algorithm employing the taylor series and Linear Regression Analysis based on the least square method. The objective of utilizing EKF Algorithm is to consider stochastically the effect of error because the Regression analysis is not the method for the statical approach. METHODS: For measuring the friction noise between the surface and vehicle’s tire, NCPX method was used. With NCPX method, SPL can be obtained using the frequency analysis such as Discrete Fourier Transform(DFT), Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) and Constant Percentage Bandwidth(CPB) Analysis. In this research, CPB analysis was only conducted for deriving A-weighted SPL from the sound power level in terms of frequencies. EKF Algorithm and Regression analysis were performed for estimating the SPL regarding the vehicle velocities. RESULTS : The study has shown that the results related to the coefficient of determination and RMSE from EKF Algorithm have been improved by comparing to Regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS : The more the vehicle is fast, the more the SPL must be high. But in the results of EKF Algorithm, SPLs are irregular. The reason of that is the EKF algorithm can be reflected by the error covariance from the measurements.