The W-Cu composite powders were synthesized from W and Cu elemental powders by ball-milling process, and their microstructural changes and sintering behaviors were evaluated. The ball milling process was carried out in a 3-dimensional mixer (Turbula mixer) using zirconic () ball and alumina () vial up to 300 hrs. The ball-milled W-Cu powders revealed nearly spherical shape. Microstructure of the composite powders showed onion-like structure which consists of W and Cu shells due to the moving characteristic of Turbula mixer. The W and Cu elements in the composite powders milled for 300 hrs were homogeneously distributed, and W grain size in the ball-milled powder was smaller than 0.5 . Fe impurity introduced during ball milling process was very low as of 0.001 wt%. The relative sintered density of ball-milled W-Cu specimens reached about 94% after sintering at .

단사정 HBO2 분막을 무기접착제로 이용하여 선택적 레이저 소결 기술을 적용시켜 알루미나-글래스 복합재료를 제조하였다. 만들어진 green SLS 시험편을 여러 온도에서 열처리하여 글래스-세라믹 복합재료를 얻었다. 글래스의 양이 많을수록 복합재료는 높은 밀도와 높은 굽힘강도를 보여주었다. 열처리 온도 900˚C에서 복합재료는 최대 밀도와 최대 강도를 나타낸다. 이것은 글래스의 낮은 점도로 인한 좋은 유동성 때문에 글래스의 재분배가 이루어졌기에 가능하다고 생각되어진다. 그리고 기공이 많은 열처리한 SLS 시험편에 콜로이드 실리카를 주입시켜 치밀화시켰다.

Sintering behavior of nanostructured(NS) W-Cu powders prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) was investigated as a function of sintering temperature. MA NS W-2owt%Cu and W-3owt%Cu composite powders with the crystal size of 20-30 nm were annealed at 90, and thermal characteristics of those powders were investigated by DSC. Sintering behavior of MA NS W-Cu composite powders was investigated during the solid-state sintering and the Cu-liquid phase sintering. The new nanosintering phenonenon of MA W-Cu powders at solid-state sintering temperature was suggested to explain the W-grain growth in the inside of MA powders. The sintering densification of MA NS W-Cu powders was enhanced at Cu melting temperature by arrangement of MA powders, i.e., the first rearrangement of MA powders was occurred, and then the rearrangement of W-grains in the sintered parts was also took place during liquid-phase sintering, i.e., the second rearrangement was happened. Due to the double rearrangement process of MA NS W-Cu powders, the high sintered density with more than 96%o was obtained and the fine and high homogeneous state of W and Cu phases was achieved by sintering at 1200 .

A new process using rapid solidification (melt spinning method) followed by pressing and sintering was investigated to produce the n-type thermoelectric ribbons of 90% +10% doped with . Quenched ribbons are very brittle and consisted of homogeneous pseudo-binary solid solutions. Property variations of the materials was investigated as a function of variables, such as dopant quantity and sintering temperature. When the process parameters were optimized, the maximum figure of merit was .

5-64.3mol% AI2O3를 함유하는 AIN(1wt% Y2O3)의 1650-1900˚C 상압소결에 따른 치밀화 거동, 미세구조, 열전도도가 검토 되었다. XRD 분석결과, AION(5NIN ?9 AI2O3 ), 27R AIN다형, AIN이 소결체의 주상으로서 동정되었다. AI2O3 의 함량이 증가할수록 소결체의 부피밀도는 증가 하였다. AION을 기지상으로 하는 물질(≥ 30mol% AI2O3 )인 경우는 1750˚C 소결에서 최대의 부피밀도를 나타내었으며, AIN을 기지상으로 하는 경우(5mol% AI2O3 ) 는 소결온도가 증가할수록 밀도가 감소하였다. Y2O3의 존재하에서 주로 1850˚C이상에서 AI2O3 와 AIN의 반응에 으해서 액상이 생성되었다. AION을 기지로 하는 물질의 치밀화는 주로 액상의생성 및 AION의 입성장에 의해서 지배되었으나, AIN을 기지로 하는 물질에 있어서는 1650˚C에서 액상이 생성되었고, 소결온도가 1900˚C까지 상승할 동안 AIN의 입성장은 크게 일어나지 않았다. AI2O3 함량이 증가할수록 낮은 열도도를 갖는 다량의 AION 및 액상의 생성으로 인하여 소결체의열전도도는 감소 하였다. 5mol% AI2O3 를 함유한 1900˚C 소결체가 최대의 열전도도(77.9W/(m?k))를 나타내었다.

The activated sintering behavior of powder compacts with addition of 0.5 and 1.0 wt.%Ni during the sintering under As atmosphere was studied. The shrinkage was measured and the microstructures were observed by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and BEI (backscattered electron image) along with the phase analysis by EDS during heating up to 155 and holding for various time at 155. The most of shrinkage occurred upon heating and 92% of theoretical density was attained after sintering for 1 hr at 155. However, little shrinkage ensued even for prolonged sintering over 1 hr at 155. A liquid film formed at about 135 along necks and grain boundaries. The polyhedral grain structure composed of and across the grain boundary developed at 155. It was concluded that the activated sintering of powder by Ni led to the diffusion of Si into Ni decreasing the liquidus temperature and the enhanced diffusion of Mo and Si through such a liquid phase and/or interboundary of .

intermetallics containing 0-6 wt% of Cu were made by reactive sintering (RS) under vacuum using elemental powder mixtures (Process 1), electro-pressure sintering (EPS) using RS'ed materials (Process2), and EPS using elemental powder mixtures (Process 3). Relatively low dense titanium silicides were gained by process 1, in which porosity decreased with increasing Cu content. For example, porosity changed from 42 to 19.4% with the increase in Cu content from 0 to 6 wt%, indicating that Cu is a useful sintering aid. The titanium silicides fabricated by Process 2 had a higher density than those by Process 1 at given composition, and porosity decreased with increasing Cu content. For example, porosity decreased from 38 to 6.8% with the change in Cu content from 0 to 6 wt%. A high dense titanium silicides were obtained by Process 3. In this Process, porosity decreased a little by Cu addition, and was almost insensitive to Cu content. Namely, about 9 or 7% of porosity was shown in 0 or 1-6 wt% Cu containing silicides, respectively. The hardeness increased by Cu addition, and was not changed markedly with Cu content for the silicides fabricated by Process 3. This tendency was considered to be resulted from porosity, hardening of grain interior by Cu addition, and softening of grain boundary by Cu-base segregates. All these results suggested that EPS using elemental powder mixtures (Process 3) is an effective processing method to achieve satisfactorily dense titanium silicides.

Engine valve-shaped TiAl-Mn intermetallics containing 43.5 to 47.5at%Al (Mn/Al=0.036) are successively fabricated by reactive sintering the elemental powder mixtures near-net shaped by extrusion and die forging. A duplex structure consisted of lamellar grains and equiaxed grains is developed for all compositions, and the areal fraction of the lamellar grains(or equiaxed grains) decreases (or increases) with increasing Al content. As Al content increased, the elongation increases with accompanying decrease in yield strength and ultimate tensile strength at both room temperature and 80. This indicates that the suitable composition is Ti-45at%Al-1.6at%Mn in considering the balance of ambient and elevated tensile properties. The reactive-sintered Ti-45Al-1.6Mn alloy shows superior oxidation resistance not only to the plasma arc melted one but also to the heat resistance steel STR35(representative exhaust valve head material for automotive engine). The reactive-sintered Ti-45Al-1.6Mn alloy coated with an oxidizing scale exhibits a better wear resistance than induction hardened martensitic steel STR11(representative exhaust valve tip material for automotive engine).

(1-x)CaTi O3-xLa(Z n12/ Ti12/) O3의 마이크로 유전특성을 조사하였다. x가 증가함에 따라 비유전율과 공진주파수의 온도계수는 감소하였으며, Qㆍ f0는 증가하였다. 그 결과 x=0.5인 (C a0.5L a0.5)( Ti0.75Z n0.25) O3의 조성에서 εr=51, Qㆍ f0=38,000 (at 7 GHz), τf=+5ppm/˚C의 유전특성이 나타났다. (C a0.5L a0.5)( Ti0.75Z n0.25) O3조성의 소결온도를 저하시키기 위하여 B i2 O3를 주조성으로한 소결체를 첨가하여 소결 및 유전특성을 조사하였다. 1wt% 0.76B i2 O3-0.24NiO가 첨가된 경우 소결온도는 150˚C 낮아졌으며, 비유전율 (εr), 공진주파수의 온도계수(τf), Qㆍ f0가 각각 50+5ppm/˚C, 35,000인 마이크로파 유전특성이 얻어졌다. 또한 3wt%의 0.76B i2 O3-0.24NiO가 첨가된 경우 소결온도는 200˚C 저하되었고, 비유전율 (εr)과 공진주파수의 온도계수 (τf)는 변하기 않았으나, Qㆍ f0값이 38,000에서 25,000으로 저하되었다. 25,000으로 저하되었다.되었다.되었다.되었다.

The densification and grain growth mechanisms of in and in have been investigated. Uranium dioxide powder compacts were sintered at 1 in or at 110 in for various times from 0.5 h to 16 h. The grain size and density of the specimens were measured. From the measured data, the mechanisms of the densification and grain growth were determined by use of available kinetic equations which express the relations between densification and grain growth. In both atmospheres, it has been found that the densification was controlled by the lattice diffusion and the grain growth by the surface diffusion of atoms around pores. It appears that the surface diffusivity as well as the lattice diffusivity increase considerably with the increase in O/U ratio in the specimen.

During sintering of very porous green bodies, as obtained by compaction of hard powders - such as tungsten carbide or ceramics - or by injection moulding, important shrinkage occurs. Due to heterogeneous green density field, gravity effects, friction on the support, thermal gradients, etc., this shrinkage is often non-uniform, which' may induce significant shape changes. As the ratio of compact dimension to powder size is very high, the mechanics of continuum is relevant to model such phenomena. Thus numerical techniques, such as the finite element method can be used to simulate the sintering process and predict the final shape of the sintered part. Such type of simulation has much been developed in the last decade firstly for hot isostatic pressing and next for die compaction. Finite element modelling has been recently applied to free sintering. The simulation of sintering should be based on constitutive equations describing the thermo-mechanical behaviour of the material under any state of stress and any temperature which may arise within the sintering body. These equations can be drawn either from experimental data or from micromechanical models. The experiments usually consist in free sintering and sinter-forging tests. Indeed applying more complex loading conditions at high temperature under controlled atmosphere is delicate. Micromechanical models describe the constitutive behaviour of aggregates of spheres from the deformation of two-sphere contact either by viscous flow or grain boundary diffusion. Such models are not able to describe complex microstructure and mechanisms as observed in real materials but they can give some basic information on the formulation of constitutive equations. Practically both experimental and theoretical approaches can be coupled to identify the constitutive equations. Such procedure has been performed for modelling the sintering of compacts obtained by die pressing of a mixture of tungsten carbide and cobalt powders. The constitutive behaviour of this material during sintering has been described by a linear viscous constitutive model, whose functions have been fitted from results of free sintering and sinter-forging experiments. This model has next been introduced in ABAQUS finite element code to simulate the sintering of heterogeneous green compacts of various geometries at constant temperature. Examples of simulations are shown and compared with experiments.