To stabilize the basal extraction conditions of Leonuri herbal products, three kinds of Leonurus sibiricus water extracts were prepared with different extraction conditions (boiling extraction (I), high thermal process & boiling extraction (II), and wet grinding & boiling extraction (III)), and their physiological properties were investigated. The extraction yields of the L. sibiricus water extracts were from 13.02 to 15.90%, with no significant difference among them. The polyphenol contents were significantly high in extracts (II) and (III) than in extract (I). The IC50 for the electron-donating ability was the smallest in extracts (II), (III) and (I) in ascending order. The ABTS radical scavenging ability was significantly higher in extracts (II) and (III) than in extract (I). Also, the ACE in hibition ability for 5 mg/mL of each extract was high in extracts (II) and (III), but there was no significant difference among the three extracts in terms of their nitrite scavenging abilities. Extraction processes (II) and (III) were shown to be useful for preparing Leonurus sibiricus water extracts with healthful properties.

Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was used to investigate the effects of carbonization and solvent extraction on the combustion characteristics of sewage sludge. Initial temperature (IT) and peak temperature (PT) represent combustion characteristics in carbonized sludge (CS). The sludge extracted (ECS) from CS using solvent extraction exhibited higher IT and PT than raw sludge (RS). First, indicate that carbonization was carried out at two different temperatures, 300 and 400oC, to produce CS300 and CS400; then, compare the corresponding IT and burnout temperature (BT). All IT and PT values for ECS300 were lower than those values for RS and CS. The activation energy determined for the combustions of CS300 and ECS300 was lower than the one for the combustion of RS. The ECS300 activation energy (combustion zone of char) was determined to be 90.7 ~ 99.1 kJ/mol, lower to the range of 109.3 ~ 126.9 kJ/mol for coal.

Deacidification of waste cooking oil such as, palm oil or soybean oil, using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction has been widely investigated for reusing waste cooking oil. The deacidification process using scCO2 has been carried out under various experimental conditions temperature range between 40 and 100oC, pressure range between 20 and 35 MPa, CO2 flow rate range between 10 and 40 g/min, and extraction time range from 1 to 7 hours. The purified waste oils were characterized by their acid value and peroxide value measured. The optimized conditions were deduced in this paper at the temperature of 80oC, pressure of 20 MPa, and CO2 flow rate of 40 g/min. At the optimized operating condition the peroxide value was existed between 40 and 100. Also 80% of the purified oil was recovered. The properties of the purified oil were shown as similar to those of the pure oil.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is highly utilized for QTL analysis, positional cloning of valuable genes, and molecular breeding in crop science. Usually those experiments handle DNA samples of many genotypes (up to several thousands). However, many DNA extraction protocols require longer time using harmful chemicals such as chloroform, phenol, and liquid nitrogen. Here, we introduce a new DNA extraction method for PCR with agarose/PAGE analysis from a diversity panel of rice genotypes identified with yield enhancing traits. This protocol consists of four steps including injection of extraction buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl pH9.5, 200 mM KCl, 2 mM EDTA) into the tubes containing leaf tissues and steel balls, and crushing tissues using Geno-Grinder without liquid nitrogen, sample incubation at 65°C, and then centrifugation for removing cell debris. After centrifugation the crude extracts directly used as template DNA for PCR. Through this protocol we could complete F1 hybridity test from approximately 2,100 plants that come from 96 cross combinations with 13 SSR markers. In addition, we tested the DNA quality by PCR amplification of high GC-rich region and large target size (-2kb). From these results our DNA extraction method produces enough DNA quality for PCR and is suitable for large scale molecular analysis from rice plants.

최근 들어 안정된 수자원 확보를 위해 하천수를 강변의 충적층을 통과시켜 취수하는 강변 여과수 개발이 각광을 받고 있다. 지표수 및 지하수와 반응하는 주변 충적층 퇴적물에 존재하는 철은 강변 여과 후 양수정을 통해 얻어지는 지하수의 수질을 결정하는 데 매우 중요한 요소이다. 본 연구에서는 퇴적물-지하수-지표수의 상호 작용에 의한 철 화학종의 존재 변화를 알아보기 위해 창원시 대산면 낙동강변의 강변여과 부지에서 채취한 대수층 퇴적물 내에 존재하는 철 함유량을 퇴적물 심도 및 입자 크기에 따라 다양한 화학적 철 추출법을 통해 비교하였다. 실험 결과는 전체적으로 지표로부터 20 m 부근까지는 2가철 및 총 철 함량이 전체적으로 감소하다 20 m 깊이 이하에서는 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 육안으로 관찰되는 퇴적물 색깔이 지시하는 산화/환원 환경 특성과도 일치하였다. 한편, 퇴적물의 모래 부분보다 미사/점토 부분에서 추출법에 따라 2~10배의 철이 추출되었다. 그리고, 다양한 추출법 중 DCB 용액에 의해 가장 많은 철이 추출되었다. 이와 같은 다양한 철 분석법으로 추출되는 철 함량 특성은 퇴적물 내에서 철의 용해 및 침전을 결정짓는 심도에 따른 산화/환원 조건의 좋은 지시자로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study was performed to investigate the enhancement of immunomodulatory activities of Lithospermum erythrorhizon by extreme process. The extracts are WE100 (water extract for 24 hours at 100℃), WE80 (water extract for 24 hours at 80℃), EE (70% ethyl alcohol extract for 24 hours at 80℃) and EPE (extreme process for 30 minutes at 25℃, 500 MPa after 70% ethyl alcohol extracts for 3 hours at 40, 50, 60℃). Extraction yield was increased up to 5~10% by extreme process, compare to the normal extraction such as water solvent extraction, 70% ethyl alcohol solvent extraction. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was showed in the range of 12.68~15.89% at 1.0mg/ml for human lung cell (HEL299). The EPE40 was showed the lowest cytotoxicity 12.68%. The EPE60 extracted by extreme process increased the growth of human B and T cells up to 12.12×104 cells/ml and 14.88×104 cells/ml, respectively and the EPE60 greatly increased the cytokine secretion of both IL-6 and TNF-α. The extracts by extreme process also exhibited higher levels of nitric oxide production from macrophages than the lipopolysaccaharides. It can be concluded that Lithospermum erythrorhizon has immune activities and The extreme process could increase higher immune activities possibly by immunomodulatory compounds.

The objective of this study is to investigate the optimal condition for macerating enzymatic extraction process that leads to the highest yield and the largest extracted amount of bio-active contents from Rubus coreanus Miq. fruit. The optimal extraction conditions were found as the following: The initial amount of the water added to the fruit was 20 ~ 30% by weight. The mixing ratio used for the macerating enzyme was 4 : 1 : 2 (w : w : w) for cellulase:pectinase:amylogucosidase, and the amount of the macerating enzyme added was 2% by weight. The extraction process was done at a temperature of 45~50℃ for 10 hours. The extraction yields on Rubus coreanus Miq. fruit by macerating enzymatic extraction process was increased by 84.3% compared to that of hot-water extraction process. The amounts of organic acids and vitamin found in the extract were also higher. The amount of polyphenol and anthocyanin contents in the extract were 185% and 257% of those from hot-water extraction, respectively. These results suggest that macerating enzymatic extraction is an effective method to boost extraction yield and to increase the amount of extraction of bio-active contents from Rubus coreanus Miq. fruit.

This study was conducted to improve the analytical method of siloxanes in biogas. Methanol and hexane were tested as absorption solvents of the impinger absorption method, and also the hexane extraction for pretreatment of sample was evaluated. Manufactured gas contained siloxanes of 50 ppm was completely absorbed by the methanol impinger absorption. The absorption efficiency of biogas containing only 2 ppm, however, was maximum 84%. As the condensate on the first impinger increased, the absorption rate of methanol was decreased. The hexane extraction method of the sample was considered to proper the method of moisture removal. The hexane extraction result showed the high recovery factor and the low relative standard deviation. It is suggested that the suitable choice of solvent and pretreatment is required, as the analysis result of siloxane sample may be differentiated depending on the type of biogas or the sampling point.

In the present work, mulberry fruit extracts by four extraction processes, namely wet pressing extraction (WPE), hot-water extraction (HWE), enzymatic hydrolysis (EH), and lactic-acid bacteria fermentation (LBF) by Lactobacillus plantarum TO-2100, were analyzed for nutrients and functional compounds. The sugar contents of extracts by WPE, HWE, EH, and LBF were 12.0, 10.9, 14.5, and 14.3 brix, respectively, and the extraction yields by EH and LBF were 1.65 and 1.50 times higher than those by WPE. Among the organic acids, tartaric acid and malic acid contents were the highest in the extracts by WPE. Acetic acid was best extracted by LBF, and citric acid was best extracted by EH. Lactic acid was detected only in LBF. The extracts by EH showed the highest contents of all vitamins with an exception that the extracts by LBF showed the highest contents of the folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin C. We also noted that vitamin B group was not detected in the extracts by LBF. The extracts by EH showed the highest contents of all the amino acids, whereas LBF showed the lowest. Polyphenol contents of extracts by EH and LBF were 3.05 and 2.51 times more than those by WPE respectively. Anthocyanin contents were 7.66, 7.14 times higher for EH and LBF compare to WPE. We manufactured mulberry fruit granular teas with different compositions and tested them for their sensory characteristics. We found that 15% mulberry fruit extracts by enzymatic hydrolysis and 85% dextrin composition gave the most satisfactory result.

Outdoor mobile robots are faced with various terrain types having different characteristics. To run safely and carry out the mission, mobile robot should recognize terrain types, physical and geometric characteristics and so on. It is essential to control appropriate motion for each terrain characteristics. One way to determine the terrain types is to use non‐contact sensor data such as vision and laser sensor. Another way is to use contact sensor data such as slope of body, vibration and current of motor that are reaction data from the ground to the tire. In this paper, we presented experimental results on terrain classification using contact sensor data. We made a mobile robot for collecting contact sensor data and collected data from four terrains we chose for experimental terrains. Through analysis of the collecting data, we suggested a new method of terrain feature extraction considering physical characteristics and confirmed that the proposed method can classify the four terrains that we chose for experimental terrains. We can also be confirmed that terrain feature extraction method using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) typically used in previous studies and the proposed method have similar classification performance through back propagation learning algorithm. However, both methods differ in the amount of data including terrain feature information. So we defined an index determined by the amount of terrain feature information and classification error rate. And the index can evaluate classification efficiency. We compared the results of each method through the index. The comparison showed that our method is more efficient than the existing method.

This study was conducted to establish the extraction conditions for the optimization of the biological activities of black garlic using the response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction conditions were based on the central composite design, with 15 kinds of variations in the extraction temperature (50-90℃), extraction time (3-15 hrs), and ethanol concentration (0-100%). The total phenol, flavonoids, thiosulfinate contents, and anti-oxidant activity of black garlic extract were significantly higher at the J condition (90℃ for 9 hrs with a 50% ethanol concentration). In this condition, the biological activities such as DPPH radical scavenging (66.10%), ABTS radical scavenging activity (75.02%), and reducing power by of FRAP (375.4 μM/mL) were excellent. Overall, the extraction conditions for the optimized biological activities of black garlic via RSM were expected to be at 89.68℃ for 9.79 hrs with a 55.72% ethanol concentration. The actual values were 96.4-114.8% of the predicted values.

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality and anti-oxidant characteristics of different granule tea variants (WSMGT: granule tea prepared from sea mustard hot water extract; ASMGT: granule tea prepared from sea mustard autoclave extract; WSTGT: granule tea prepared from sea tangle hot water extract; and ASTGT: granule tea prepared from sea tangle autoclave extract) from sea tangle and sea mustard powder. The Color of WSTGT showed the highest L*, b* values, and the lowest a* value. The water absorption binding agents in ASMGT were higher than those in WSMGT, WSTGT. and ASTGT. Binding agents on water absorption in ASMGT were higher than those of WSMGT, WSTGT, and ASTGT. The alginic acid content of ASMGT was highest. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents of ASMGT and ASTGT were highest. The electron donating ability and ferrous ion chelating activity in WSTGT greatly increased compared to those in the other granules tea variants. These results suggest that pressure extraction can be used in functional foods.

This study was performed to enhance contents of low molecular weight ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 using an ultra high pressure and steaming process in wild cultured-Root in wild ginseng. For selective increase in contents of Rg3 and Rh2 in cultured wild ginseng roots, an ultra high extraction was applied at 500MPa for 20 min which was followed by steaming process at 90℃ for 12 hr. It was revealed that contents of ginsenosides, Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd, were decreased with the complex process described above, whereas contents of ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 were increased up to 4.918 mg/g and 6.115 mg/g, respectively. In addition, concentration of benzo[α]pyrene in extracts of the cultured wild ginseng roots treated by the complex process was 0.64 ppm but it was 0.78 ppm when it was treated with the steaming process. From the results, it was strongly suggested that low molecular weight ginsenosides, Rh2 and Rg3, are converted from Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd which are easily broken down by an ultra high pressure and steaming process. This results indicate that an ultra high pressure and steaming process can selectively increase in contents of Rg3 and Rh2 in cultured wild ginseng roots and this process might enhance the utilization and values of cultured wild ginseng roots.

본 논문에서는 의용영상의 병소부위 특징을 추출하는 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 특징 추출을 위해 위장영상을 입력하여 DCT계수 행렬을 구하였다. DCT계수 행렬은 저주파 영역으로 에너지가 집중되기 때문에 저주파 영역에서 128개의특징 파라미터를 추출하였다. 추출된 특징 파라미터를 이용하여 질환영상과 정상영상을 비교하여 그래프로 나타내었다. 특징 파라미터는 PACS의 차등압축과 CAD를 위한 입력 파라미터로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Physiological properties of Corni fructus extracts were investigated. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of 90% ethanol extracts had shown 97.20% at 25 mL/g, which was highest in the all extracts. Total polyphenol content of 30% ethanol extracts had shown 140.01mg% at 25 mL/g, which was highest in the all extracts. The polyphenol contents increased as extract concentration rose (25 mL/g>50 mL/g>100 mL/g). Tyrosinase inhibitory effects of all samples were 23.96~88.71%, expecially, the highest at 60% ethanol extracts of 25 mL/g. Nitrite-scavenging abilities under acidic conditions (pH 1.2) were the most effective in all extracts. The results would be useful for understanding of the physiological properties of Corni fructus extracts.