국내에 있는 목조문화재를 가해하는 종은 흰개미, 벌목류, 딱정벌레류 등 여러 해충이 있으며 그 중 목조문화재에 구조적으로 가장 큰 피해를 입히는 흰개미는 대표적으로 일본흰개미(Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe)가 전국적으로 분포하여 있다. 흰개미는 목조 건축물에 내부로 들어가 기둥이나 하방 등 지면과 인접한 부근에 침투하여 기둥 속을 가해하여 속을 공동화 시켜 목조건축물의 기둥이 비게 되어 건물이 무너질 수도 있는 심각한 피해를 초래한다. 흰개미가 본격적으로 가해하게 되면 외부에서는 관찰하기 힘들고 육안으로 피해를 확인할 수 있을 정도면 이미 가해를 심하게 했기 때문에 초기에 발견하기가 매우 어렵다. 이외에 벌목류, 딱정벌레류, 빗살수염벌레나 넓적나무좀 등은 목조문화재를 가해하나 목재 표면에 구멍을 내거나 갱도를 파서 섭식하고 배설물로 표면을 오염시킨다. 그러나 이들은 미관상 보기 안 좋아 질뿐 흰개미처럼 구조적인 문제를 일으키진 않는다. 조사 방법은 경상남도 내에 있는 16곳의 목조문화재를 대상으로 하였다. 흰개미 탐지견을 이용하여 흰개미 탐지를 한 후 탐지된 곳을 중점적으로 조사 하고 탐지가 되지 않은 곳도 육안 관찰을 하여 흰개미 가해흔이 있는지를 면밀히 조사하고 흰개미가 아닌 다른 충해도 있는지를 조사하여 기록하고, 건물 방위 및 GPS 위치, 온․습도, 함수율, 난방여부 등을 조사하여 해충이 가해하기 쉬운 환경 인자를 조사하여 기록하였다. 이 후 주변부 흰개미가 서식할 수 있는 그루터기나 고목 등을 조사하고 흰개미가 발견되면 즉시 샘플링하고 제거하였다.

현대 목조 구조물은 일반적으로 접합철물인 연결재를 이용하여 접합된다. 그리고 목조 구조물에서 다수의 연결재를 사용한 접합부는 반강접 접합부를 만든다. 목조 구조물에 접합부가 핀접합으로 설계될 경우에 접합부를 통해 전달되는 하중이 과소 평가되고 이것은 접합부의 저항능력 부족을 초래한다. 목조 구조물의 접합부를 완전 강접합으로 고려할 경우에 접합에 필요한 접합철물의 양이 과도하게 증가 할 수 있다. 이것은 미적인 요소 뿐만 아니라 시공성과 경제성을 저하시킨다. 접합부의 합리적인 강성에 대한 추정은 목조 구조물의 합리적인 접합부의 설계에 필수적인 요소이다. 이 논문은 목조 구조물의 구조설계를 쉽게 수행할 수 있도록 도움을 주기 위하여 2면 전단접합에 대하여 구조설계에서 널리 이용되는 상용 프로그램을 사용하여 접합부의 근사적인 강성을 나타낼 수 있는 해석 모델링 기법을 제안한다. 제안된 근사해석 모델링 기법은 휨 모멘트, 인장에 대한 실험 결과와 해석결과를 비교하여 접합부의 거동을 나타낼 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다.

우리나라의 목조문화재 중에서 국가지정문화재로는 국보 24건, 보물 148건, 중 요민속문화재 161건 등을 포함하고 있다. 여기에 시도지정문화재까지 추가한다면 그 수는 수 천 건을 넘을 것으로 판단된다. 목조문화재의 보존 및 관리를 위하여 소 방방제 시설 설치, 주변 정비, 목부재 보수 등의 사업들이 진행되고 있으며, 목재문 화재의 손상에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 생물피해에 대한 방재작업도 병행되고 있 다. 특히 흰개미에 대한 목조문화재의 피해 신고 및 방재 예산이 점차 증가하는 경 향을 보이고 있기에 이에 대한 대책마련이 시급한 실정이다. 지중에서 서식하는 흰개미가 목재를 먹이로 이용하고자 목조문화재의 기둥이 나 하방으로 침입하여 섭식 또는 서식을 하게 되는데, 흰개미가 내부로 침입하는 초 기단계에는 목조문화재의 손상 피해 여부를 확인할 수 없다. 이에 따라 문화재청 국 립문화재연구소에서는 국가지정 목조문화재에 대한 전국적인 전수조사를 실시하 고 현장적용이 가능한 방재방안을 도출하는 것을 목표로 지난 2011년부터 현재까 지 종합적인 전수조사를 실시하고 있다. 본 발표에서는 2013년도에 실시한 전라남 북도(45건) 및 제주도(21건) 조사를 중심으로 조사 내용, 방법 및 목조문화재 서식 흰개미의 특징 등을 제시하고자 한다. 73건의 목조문화재 조사 결과, 다양한 종류 의 곤충이 목조건물을 가행한 흔적을 확인할 수 있었지만, 흰개미 피해가 진행 중이 거나 서식하고 있는 목조문화재는 확인되지는 않았다. 하지만, 목조문화재 주변의 숲이나 산에 있는 죽은 나무 내부에서는 다량의 흰개미 서식지를 확인할 수 있었고, 종 동정을 위하여 이를 채집하여 실험실에서 배양하고 있다. 이처럼 목조문화재 주 변 지역에 서식하는 흰개미의 유입을 차단하기 위하여 토양처리, 군체제거시스템 설치, 방충제 도포, 훈증 등의 다양한 방법을 통하여 흰개미 피해확산을 방지하고 있으며, 이보다 우선적으로 목조문화재 주변 정비를 실시하여 접근 가능성을 차단 하는 작업도 병행하는 방제방안을 제시하고 있다.

국내에 주요 목조문화재를 가해하여 보고되어있는 흰개미는 일본흰개미 (Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis Morimoto)로써 현재 지구온난화로 인한 기 후 변화로 대한민국 전역에 분포하고 있으며 목조문화재 및 목조건축물에 상당히 많은 피해를 주고 있고 그 피해 정도 또한 심해지는 추세이다. 국립문화재연구소에 서 전수조사를 통하여 전국의 주요 국가지정 목조문화재를 대상으로 전수조사를 실시한다. 전수조사를 통하여 피해를 입은 정도 및 흰개미 서식 유․무를 확인하여 그에 따른 조치를 취하여 피해예방 및 방제를 위한 노력중이다. 흰개미의 서식 및 피해 여부의 판단은 직접 조사대상을 관찰하고 고무망치 등으 로 두드려 속이 비었는지 확인해보는 육안관찰과 삼성 에버랜드 탐지견센터에서 협조를 받아 흰개미 탐지견의 후각을 이용한 흰개미 페로몬 탐지를 하여 과거 흰 개미 서식이나 현재 서식하는 흰개미를 찾아내는 탐지 방법과 호주 Termatrac사 의 흰개미탐지기(T3i)를 이용하여 흰개미의 서식을 좀 더 정밀하게 조사하였다. 조 사대상은 2012년 7~9월 동안 경북안동 지역에 있는 목조 문화재를 대상으로 실시 하였다.

국내에 주요 목조 문화재를 가해하여 보고되어 있는 흰개미는 일본 흰개미(Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis Morimoto)로써 남쪽 부근에 주로 서식해오다 지구온난화의 영향으로 점차 북으로 올라와 현재 대한민국 전역에 피해를 주고 있다. 국립문화재연구소에서는 5년을 주기로 전국 목조 문화재에 대한 전수조사를 실시한다. 흰개미는 보통 목조건축물 기둥의 아랫부분에 침입하여 가해를 하기 시작하기 때문에 그 피해가 점점 기둥 위로 올라와 기둥 속이 비게 되어 심하면 붕괴를 초래하게 된다. 흰개미는 기둥속안에서 서식처를 확보하고 살아가기 때문에 육안으로 확인하기는 매우 어렵다. 그리하여 예찰 및 정기적인 조사가 매우 필요한 실정이다. 조사방법은 직접 조사대상을 관찰하고 나무망치 등으로 두드려 속이 비었는지 확인해보는 육안관찰과 삼성생명에서 운영하는 흰개미 탐지견 센터의 협조를 받아 흰개미 탐지견과 더 정밀한 조사를 위하여 흰개미 탐지장비인 호주 Termatrac사의 T3i 장비를 이용하여 조사를 실시하였다. 흰개미 탐지견은 흰개미 서식처에서 나오는 페로몬의 냄새를 맡아 흰개미가 현재 혹은 과거에 서식하였는지를 탐지한다. 탐지견이 탐지한 곳의 흰개미 서식 유무를 판단하기 위하여 흰개미의 동작을 감지하여 흰개미를 탐지하는 탐지기를 이용하여 조사하였다. 조사대상으로는 경주 지역에 있는 목조문화재를 대상으로 하여 2012년 7~8월에 실시하였다.

This research has set upthe fire fighting general index for Fire fighting of Crowded Wooden Building Cultural Asset which is composed of traditional wooden building instinct or complex. The results of this study are as follows. First, Fire fighting general index for crowded wooden building cultural asset, it is necessary to set fire fighting priority by considering fire risk and cultural asset characteristic and establish the system to cope with fire disaster in the most effective way by arranging facilities with restricted resource. Second. Fire risk is the index to draw fire and spread risk of cultural asset by applying index calculation processes such as fire load, burning velocity and ignition material spread characteristic to various aspects such as individual building and complex and combining their results. Cultural asset importance index consists of individual building evaluation, publicity security degree, area importance evaluation and historical landscape degree evaluation. Third, for each index combination process, weight of each index is drawn on the basis of AHP analysis result that is performed to the specialists of related fields. The formula to apply and combine it is prepared to apply the model to include meaning of each index and comparative importance degree.

As the corner of wooden pagoda forms the roof by closely bordering left and right eaves on the various purlins and angle rafters, it is designed for every face to be recognized as front whose structure system increases load to bear proportionally. The corner of wooden pagoda is inseparable with the corner bracket set as it becomes stable thanks to the corner bracket set structurally and load burden under restrained structure makes the corner bracket set really important. Accordingly, this study could figure out some facts by analyzing corner bracket sets of Palsangjeon of Beobjusa Temple in Korea, Seokgatap of Bulgungsa Temple in China and Ojungtap of Beobryungsa Temple in Japan which were constructed with pure wooden structure. This study demonstrated that corner bracket set played a pivotal role in keeping balance of concentrated load of corner (corner of opening) in each floor that contributed to the stability of wooden pagoda structurally despite multiple duplications of floors and also figured out the outfit of corner bracket set was subject to the floor type and the cross section of Gongpo installed on top of Pyeongju. Wooden pagodas in 3 countries were two floor types of octagon and square, and employed different connection method between upper and lower floors. The difference between floor and duplication method determines the method of corner, but even different methods were sufficient to have entirety in every side by completing dynamic principle of corner bracket set even though old method had to solve the problem of concentrated load and it also confirms that it was essential Gongpo to prevent any deformation of corner.

The bracket sets which are supporting the weight of the roof, has to meet both requirements which are structural functions and act as an ornamental element. Therefore the bracket sets differ in many types from time and space and has done an important role in the history of architecture with many studies being presented. The first form of the bracket set has been found in the bronze table relics in zhōng shān wáng líng (中山王陵). Through the Eastern Han dynasty (A.D. 25-220) it became more specific in the shique (石闕) and huaxiangshi (畵像石) in the Han dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220). Afterwards, as Buddhism was introduced to China, the bracket construction techniques shown in the Mogao Caves, Yungang Grottoes, and Longmen Grottoes has given much help for understanding the building techniques of wooden architecture. Especially the Xia-ang structure seen in the Mogao caves shows a vast development in wooden structure and a typical building would be the main hall of Fo Guang Shan monastery in Mt. Wutaishan from the Tang dynasty (A.D. 618-907). This accumulated techniques is inscribed in the 'Ying Zao Fa Shi (營造法式)' wooden structure designs which was published during the Northern Song dynasty (A.D. 960-1127) and many buildings were constructed following this technique after the publication. During this period, it is assumed that Baek-jae (B.C.18-A.D.660) in the Korean peninsula also used the Xia-ang technique, but there havn't been many studies on this field. In this thesis it is introducing the development of the building techniques and structural features of the Xia-ang wooden architecture during the Tang and Song dynasty.

Western style timber roof trusses used as typical roof structures of buildings during a modern period have been developed with the interactions with their facade and functionality. The shapes of trusses and member sizes have been diversely changed by the purposes of architects, historical circumstances, and structural characteristics. For this reason, the change in the shapes of western style timber trusses along the times is one of important technology assets demonstrating the development of their structures during the modern period. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to find out their structural characteristics throughout parametric analysis of which parameters were determined from the collected and classified documents on western style timber roof structure built in the modern period carefully obtained from public institutions. Results of the parametric analysis are as follows. The number of king-post trusses and modified king-post trusses built between 1920 and 1937 reaches almost half of the total number of truss types investigated. The mean values of their spans, distances, tributary areas, and height are respectively, 10.5m, 2.4m, 24.37㎡ and 3.24m. The cross-section areas of trusses tend to reduce since the city construction law was enacted in 1920. Also, this study found that western architects usually used larger structural members than eastern architects and usages and finishing materials of roof trusses are not always considered as one of the important design parameters.

The purpose of this study is to reconstruct the wooden frame structure of Buddhist temple, Kumdang in Youngamsaji which assumed to be built in the 9th century of Unified Silla Dynasty. The remaining site of Kumdang in Youngamsaji is investigated thoroughly with a particular attention to bay size and column distribution. The five ancient Buddhist temples which were built in the same period also have the same frame type as Youngamsaji Kumdang. These five ancient Buddhist temples and Kumdang in Youngamsaji are meticulously investigated in terms of their bay sizes and measuring modules. The framework schema is devised as a conceptual tool to conjecture wooden frame structures of Buddhist temple. A theoretical differentiation between frame type and frame structure is attempted to formulated a wooden frame structure as a stepping-stone for the reconstruction of traditional wooden building. The wooden frame structure of 9C Kumdang in Youngamsaji mainly follows the oldest Korean wooden pavilion, Muryangsujeon in Busuk temple, with a hip and gable roof. The wooden frame structure of 9C Kumdang in Youngamsaji is reconstructed through 3D computer modeling to such an extent that every wooden components of the structure can be 3D printed. The reconstruction also takes reference from the Cai-Fen system in Yingzao Fashi.

The aim of these studies is to confirm the red and blue painting damages during the fire suppression of wooden cultural assets by using the loaded stream charge extinguishant. As a results of these experiments, the ingredients of extinguishant existing on the surface of wooden cultural assets were perfectly eliminated by the water washing only. Any changes on the surface of wooden cultural assets couldn't be detected. Moreover, any color changes of the red and blue painting didn't occur.

In understranding the essence of the Korea traditional Architecture, it is important to consider the jointing methods of architectural members, architectural technologies, etc. Especially the purpose of this study is understanding on the Jointing Method of Wooden Members in the period of Unified Silla Architecture. It's conclusion is summarized as follows. 1. A section of column has very close to do with the foundation stone. The structures of foundation stone and column are generally concluded by butt joint, arrow-head joint, housed joint by Grang-e method. Judu is structured by arrow-head joint. And, in general, beam is structured by Sagaematchum Chumcha and sagaljudu of Dori direction. At the head of Pyungju and the body of Goju, Changbang is structed by Jangbumachum with arrow-head joint or by jumukchang- machum. Also, it is surmised that Gyisoseum and Anssolim methods had been applied to columns from former ages. The example can be found at Bagjae Mireuksaji stone pagoda. Bagjae Mireuksaji stone pagoda taking wooden-pagoda form adopts Gyisoseum and Anssolim methods. We can also find such a sort of methods from other stone constructions like Budo, etc. 2. Injahwaban is structured by short Changbumachum with arrowed-head joint at upper members, and by Anjangmachum at the lower part. This sort of Gongpo style can be seen in the mural painting of tomb of Koguryo and in Buplyungsa, Buplyunsa, Bupkisa-located in Japan, which are influenced by Bakjae or Unified Silla. It is considered that at the end of the late United Silla, Injawhaban had been replaced with Chumcha and Soro on the Pyungbang under influence of Dapo style from China.

The purpose of this study is to discover the characteristics and the change of the framed structure with triple beam. 61 existing buildings with the triple beam structure were selected and analyzed extensively. The result of this study could be described in detail like below. The triple beam structure is used in the highly graded and symbolized building like the Buddhist sanctum and the Confucian sanctum. And the triple beam structure was chiefly used in $1600{\sim}1800's$. Generally, 1 Koju-type with Toikan(退間) is applied to the triple beam structure. Despite of the sameness of framed structure, there is a tendency that the rear Toikan(後退間) is used in the Buddhist sanctum and the front Toikan(前退間) is used in the Confucian sanctum. This different application of the Toikan(退間) resulted from the different spatial characteristics which reflect function and grade of the building. The application of Sangjungdori(上中道里, upper purlin) and two Danyeon(短椽, short rafter) is a necessary consequence, because Jungbo(중보, middle beam) is located between Daebo(대보, beam) and Jongbo(종보, small and high located beam) as an additional member of frame. And these are essential characteristics of the framed structure with triple beam. The triple beam structure is formed in a transitional period, as the result from eliminating the inner high-column from the 2 Koju and double beam structure. Though the Daebo is longer, the structure is more stable. But the rate of application of the triple beam structure is low, because it does not exceed the double beam structure in merits. Some of buildings with the triple beam structure has the asymmetrical characteristic in design, which is appeared in the latter period of Joseon Dynasty.

This study examines on the structural Methods between purlin and beam at Wooden Architecture in Joseon Dynasty(1372~1910). Through the investigation, it is verified that the structural methods between purlin and beam is the technique utilizing tenon joint(통장부맞춤), Sungeoteok joint(숭어턱맞춤), dovetailed tenon joint(주먹장맞춤). And the methods of tenon joint is followed by the Sungeoteok joint, which is used in the buildings after middle Joseon dynasty. The method of tenon joint(통장부맞춤) is to connect the beam with the purlin by carving out the head of the beam as '一' shape. And the structural methods between Janghyeo(장혀, timber under purlin) and beam is halved joint(반턱맞춤) and tenon joint (통장부맞춤). The buildings in late Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty adopted the method of tenon joint between purlin and beam. The method of Sungeoteok joint is to connect the beam with the purlins by carving out the head of the beams '凸' shape. And the structural methods between Janghyeo and beams is halved joint(반턱맞춤) and tenon joint(통장부맞춤), the method of tenon and step joint(통장부턱맞춤), dovetailed joint between beam and Janghyeo to increase the security of shear force.