The activity of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) immobilized in synthetic media (Poly Ethylene Glycol, PEG) and granular form was evaluated comparatively to investigate the effect of influent nitrogen concentration and exposure of oxygen. In ANAMMOX granule reactor, when concentration of influent total nitrogen increased to 500mg/L, removal efficiency of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate were shown to 90.5±6.5, 96.6±4.9, and 93.2±6.1%, respectively. In the case of the PEG gel, it showed lower nitrogen removal performance, resulting in that the removal efficiency of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate were shown to 83.3±13.0, 96.4±6.1, and 90.3±7.5%, respectively. In second step, when exposed to oxygen, the nitrogen removal performance in the ANAMMOX granule reactor also remained stable, but the activity of PEG gel ANAMMOX was found to be inhibited. Consequently, the PEG gel ANAMMOX was a higher sensitivity than that of granular ANAMMOX with two variables applied in this study.

Worldwide, oral cancer accounts for 2%–4% of all cancer cases. It is estimated that more of 90% of all oral neoplasms are oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aims of this study were to evaluate follow-up outcomes in patients with OSCC invading the mandibular body bone who underwent primary radical resection and reconstructive surgery by fibular free flap or CAD-CAM T-mesh with pathological study on two cases. In this article, two cases of mandibular reconstruction in patients with OSCC invading the mandibular body bone are reported. A 68-year-old male patient visited the authors’ clinic with pain on the left mandibular region. After wide excision and segmental mandibulectomy on the mandibular OSCC, a enterocutaneous fibular free flap from right leg was used to cover the intraoral mucosal defect. The other 51-year-old female patient visited the authors’ clinic with pain on the right mandibular region. After wide excision and segmental mandibulectomy on the mandibular OSCC, reconstruction was done with a reconstruction plate and a fibula free flap from right leg. Unfortunately, fibular free flap was lost due to infection of the flap at post-operative 1month, secondary reconstruction using a custom-made type T-mesh and iliac PCBM was done to repair on the mandibular defect after four years postoperatively. The customized CAD-CAM T-mesh was made prior to the operation according to mirror image of remained jaw. Patients with OSCC invading the mandibular body bone are required an accurate segmental mandibulectomy immediate reconstructive surgery with various methods and followed by adjuvant radiation with or without chemotherapy in order to improve the quality of life through the restoration of the oral function and esthetics after surgery. Postoperative CCRT was determined according to the final pathologic findings such as lymph node metastasis and main lesion free margin safety, and this has an essential relationship in the prognosis of postoperative recurrence. We reviewed reliable treatment options on two patients of OSCC in mandible with pathologic findings.Worldwide, oral cancer accounts for 2%–4% of all cancer cases. It is estimated that more of 90% of all oral neoplasms are oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aims of this study were to evaluate follow-up outcomes in patients with OSCC invading the mandibular body bone who underwent primary radical resection and reconstructive surgery by fibular free flap or CAD-CAM T-mesh with pathological study on two cases. In this article, two cases of mandibular reconstruction in patients with OSCC invading the mandibular body bone are reported. A 68-year-old male patient visited the authors’ clinic with pain on the left mandibular region. After wide excision and segmental mandibulectomy on the mandibular OSCC, a enterocutaneous fibular free flap from right leg was used to cover the intraoral mucosal defect. The other 51-year-old female patient visited the authors’ clinic with pain on the right mandibular region. After wide excision and segmental mandibulectomy on the mandibular OSCC, reconstruction was done with a reconstruction plate and a fibula free flap from right leg. Unfortunately, fibular free flap was lost due to infection of the flap at post-operative 1month, secondary reconstruction using a custom-made type T-mesh and iliac PCBM was done to repair on the mandibular defect after four years postoperatively. The customized CAD-CAM T-mesh was made prior to the operation according to mirror image of remained jaw. Patients with OSCC invading the mandibular body bone are required an accurate segmental mandibulectomy immediate reconstructive surgery with various methods and followed by adjuvant radiation with or without chemotherapy in order to improve the quality of life through the restoration of the oral function and esthetics after surgery. Postoperative CCRT was determined according to the final pathologic findings such as lymph node metastasis and main lesion free margin safety, and this has an essential relationship in the prognosis of postoperative recurrence. We reviewed reliable treatment options on two patients of OSCC in mandible with pathologic findings.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study was to identify the availability of Grip-Tester, which can be used as continuous friction testers, for estimating the skid resistance of pavements by examining its basic performance. METHODS : Based on a literature review, various factors influencing skid resistance on road surfaces were described, and the subject to be evaluated were proposed. Friction tests were conducted at various operating speeds to assess the water supply performance, repeatability, and reproducibility of the measurement results. Both the British pendulum number (BPN) and mean texture depth (MTD) were examined to confirm the relationship between the Grip Number(GN) and surface texture. RESULTS : The results of the watering test indicate that more than 91% of valid measurements can be obtained at the maximum operating speed of 90 km/h to maintain a water film thickness of 0.25 mm. The repeatability and reproducibility of the measured GN were derived from the cross-correlation analyses to be 90.9% and 87.4%, respectively. It was found that the variations in GN values according to operating speeds follow an exponential model similar to the commonly known Penn State model, which can be considered to be due to the effect of texture on skid resistance. CONCLUSIONS : The grip tester is suitable for continuously surveying the skid resistance because GN datasets are reliable at variable operating speeds and correlate with the surface texture. This method may provide objective data for making decisions regarding the maintenance of skid resistance through periodic full-scale investigations with the tester in the future.

This study was carried out in order to help establish a continuous efficiency test method to evaluate the performance of chemical odorants. We designed a continuous efficiency test device, and conducted several experiments during 240 mins with D.W. and two chemical deodorants for several specified substances, and a complex odor compound. Based on the results, it was confirmed that the deocorant test only for ammonia and amine could yield no useful outcome because the solubility of the two compounds was very high. Henceforth, simultaneous tests for sulfides, mercaptans, aldehydes, and so on, shoud be conducted in order to ascertain the accurate deodorant performance results. It is also clear that the concentration of target compounds and reaction time are very important for the purposes of accurate deodorant tests. In addition, information about the absorption efficiency with regard to complex odor compound such as DMS+DMDS may be important and the results based on air dilution olfactory method should be provided. It is believed that this study can make a contribution to formulating the correct standards regarding the testing of deodorants and the application of such tests.

In this paper, the goal is to obtain a dynamic model of a particular system. The system is a combination of a wheeled vehicle(chassis) with a turret rotating in azimuth direction and a gun rotating in a elevation direction. At this time, the motion of the gun according to the shaking of the continuous shot is obtained using the coordinate transformation equation in the azimuth and elevation angle. Also, the dynamic model for the swaying of wheeled vehicle is obtained through the Lagrange’s equation. Through this, we analyze the tumbles of the gun, whiat is the major term, and what dynamics are needed for stabilization control.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to verify the effectiveness of the developed ultra-thin-continuously reinforced concrete partition (UT-CRCP) overlay method through a comparative analysis of the early-behavior of the UT-CRCP with a 100 mm cutting overlay of the existing JPCP. METHODS : This study aims to minimize the vulnerability of the existing JPCP (joint section behavior) by overlaying the continuous reinforcement form to constrain joint behavior. For this purpose, the early-behavior of the JPCP section was measured and the early-behavior of the UT-CRCP section was compared with that of the cutting overlay of the same section. The testbed was constructed for comparative analysis of the two types of pavements and the early behavior was measured using the pure environmental loads, i.e., situations where there was no traffic load. For the UT-CRCP, which is a comparative test group, UT-CRCP was constructed approximately one year after the JPCP was constructed by milling the top of the existing JPCP by 100 mm. RESULTS : 1) UT-CRCP was shown to effectively reduce the amount of crack width change on the surface by 17 %, compared to JPCP, by placing reinforcement inside the pavement. 2) The restricting effect of the UT-CRCP was analyzed by comparing the strain generated by the cross-section depth for the two pavement types. As a result, the restricting rate by depth (20, 80, 120, and 280 mm) was 68.4 %, 80.2 %, 89.2 %, and 26.7 %, respectively. 3) We reviewed the comprehensive gauge restricting rate at depths of 80 mm and 120 mm (80.2 % and 89.2 %, respectively) and the absolute value of behavior that is located at the ±20 mm of the interface of JPCP and UT-CRCP. Thus, it was possible to estimate that both layers of pavements exhibit the same behavior (tied) at the interface between the two pavement layers. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, the early behavior of the BCO concept UT-CRCP overlay technique was analyzed and quantitatively presented to overcome the limitations of JPCP with relatively weak point behavior and to increase the commonality of aged concrete pavement to the performance of the new pavement.

최근, 우리나라에서는 하천에 중소형 보 (Weir) 및 각종 구조물 (어도) 건설이 건설되면서 수생태계의 단절 및 훼손이 보고되고 있고, 이들은 수생태계 건강도에 직접적으로 영향을 주면서 수생태계의 종적 연결성 평가가 중요한 이슈가 되었다. 본 연구에서는 수생태 건강성 확보를 위한 일환으로 수생태계 종적 연결성 평가를 위한 국내외 연구 현황, 선진국의 어류 기반 종적 연속성 평가모델 개발 및 현장 적용성에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 이를 위해, 우리나라에서 하천의 종적 연결성 현황 및 구조적 문제점, 어류 모 니터링 기법 및 현황, 종적 측면의 어류 이동성 단절 및 종 다양성 영향에 대한 현황분석을 하였다. 또한, 물리적 서식지 적합도 평가, 환경생태유량 평가 및 어류 서식처 모의를 위한 생태-수리모델링의 기술적 한계 등에 대한 연구 현황 을 분석하였다. 또한, 어류 유영력 기반 이동성 분석 및 행위자 기반(ABM) 어류행동예측 프로그램개발에 대한 현재 기술의 한계성도 제시하였다. 전 세계에서 적용된 하천 종적 연결성 평가모델 및 기법 (프로토콜)에 대해 문헌, 자료 및 다양한 모델을 종합적으로 검토한 결과에 따르면, 첫째, 하천 구조물과 어류 유영속도, 점프력 등의 지표 기반 평가 기법, 둘째, 직접 현장 어류조사 및 모니터링 기법, 셋째, 하천지형학적 접근방식 평가 기법 및 구조물 기반 DB 구축 기법 및 넷째, 하천 연계성 지수 평가법 등으로 분석되었다. 종적 연결성 평가모델의 조사방법론 및 적용성 평가 결과에 따르면, 유럽권의 ICE 모델 (Information sur la Continuite Ecologique)과 ICF 모델 (Index de Connectivitat Fluvial)을 우리나라에 수정보완하여 적용할 경우 적절할 것으로 평가되었다.

Radon is a radioactive gas material, which is not detectable by humans because of the absence of color and odor. Radon gas can exist indoors through a number of pathways and long-term exposure to such material can affect the human body, which may result in serious health issues such as lung-cancer. It is thus essential to reduce and maintain indoor radon concentration in order that potential health risks from radon can be diminished. In order to achieve the aforementioned goals, it is requisite to utilize a practical detector which is capable of continuous radon monitoring. In relation to this, a recently developed prototype radon detector, i.e., RS9A, provides highperformance comparable to existing research-grade radon detectors for the purpose of continuous radon monitoring in the air. Furthermore, RS9A is a convenient piece of equipment for use by the public as it is compact in size and affordable. In this paper, we conducted continuous measurements of indoor radon concentrations by using sets of RS9A and evaluated the equivalence of RS9A in terms of quality assurance.

3D printing technology is a processing technology in which 3D structures are formed by fabricating multiple 2D layers of materials based on 3D designed digital data and stacking them layer by layer. Although layers are stacked using inkjet printing to release various materials, it is still rare for research to successfully form a product as an additive manufacture of multi-materials. In this study, dispersion conditions are optimized by adding a dispersant to an acrylic monomer suitable for inkjet printing using Co3O4 and Al2O3. 3D structures having continuous composition composed of a different ceramic material are manufactured by printing using two UV curable ceramic inks whose optimization is advanced. After the heat treatment, the produced structure is checked for the formation and color of the desired crystals by comparing the crystalline analysis according to the characteristics of each part of the structure with ceramic pigments made by solid phase synthesis method.

가열 공정 중 고체와 액체 사이에 정확한 온도 분포를 식별하는 것은 다상식품 가공에서 매우 중요하다. 다상형태 의 고령친화 식품의 적절한 가공을 위해서는 불균일한 온도구배를 방지하며 신속하게 가공할 수 있는 새로운 열처리 방법의 개발이 필요하다. 연속 오믹히팅 스템은 모노 사인 펌프, IGBT 기반 전원 공급 장치, 오믹히팅 어플리케이터 로 구성되었다. 전원 공급 장치는 절연 게이트 바이폴라 트랜지스터 (IGBT), 로직 컨트롤러, 리액터 및 커패시터 뱅 크로 구성되었으며, 듀티 사이클(Duty cycle)과 주파수 (최대 20kHz)가 조절 가능함과 동시에 최대 50A 및 500V의 출 력이 가능하도록 설계되었다. 연속 저항 가열 시스템은 총 5 단계의 가열 섹션으로 이루어져 있으며, 각각의 가열섹 션을 구성하는 오믹 히팅 어플리케이터는 PTFE 튜브 양쪽 끝에 티타늄 관형 전극을 배치하여 제작되었다. 이 연구에 사용된 모델 식품은 시중에 판매되는 고령친화식품과 유사한 물리적 및 전기적 특성을 갖도록 모방되었다. COMSOL Multiphysics를 이용하여 가열 처리 중 오믹히팅 어플리케이터 내부에서 발생하는 다양한 현상을 시뮬레이션 하였다. 시뮬레이션은 400 ml/min 및 3수준의(200, 300, 400) Vrms가 적용되었으며 각 가열섹션에서 고체 및 액체의 온도구배 가 조사되었다. 200 Vrms의 최종 가열 단계에서 모델식품의 온도는 41℃로 확인되었으며, 각 가열 섹션을 통과할 때 마다 약 4℃씩 상승하였다. 300 Vrms의 최종 가열 단계에서는 67℃였으며, 각 가열 섹션을 통과할 때마다 약 9℃씩 상승하였다. 400 Vrms의 최종 가열 단계에서는 105℃로 확인되었으며, 각 가열 섹션을 통과할 때마다 약 14℃씩 상 승한 것으로 나타났다. 시뮬레이션 결과 모든 전압 조건에서 고체와 액체 사이의 불균일한 온도 구배는 해소된 것으 로 나타났으며, 기존 가열 방식에 비해 매우 높은 온도 상승률을 보여주었다. 본 연구에서는 다상 형태로 구성된 고 령친화식품을 가공하기 위하여 연속식 오믹히팅 시스템을 구성하였다. 수학적 모델링을 통한 Comsol Multiphysics 시 뮬레이션을 이용하여 액체 - 고체 사이의 온도구배 조사와 설계된 연속식 오믹히팅 시스템의 가열 공정의 거동 및 각 가열 단계별 오믹 어플리케이터 내부의 온도 분포를 분석하였다.

광펄스(IPL)와 콜드 플라즈마(CP) 연속 처리의 플라스틱 용기에 포장된 양배추 슬라이스의 식중독균 저해에 대한 효과를 연구하였다. 처리 시료는 양배추 슬라이스에 각 미생물을 접종 후 polypropylene (PP) container (225 mL, 3 cm 높이)에 15 g을 담아 PP 필름으로 열 접합하여 준비하였다. IPL 처리 시간과 처리 전압은 각각 2분 그리고 1500 V이 었고 CP 처리 시간과 처리 전압은 2분 그리고 24.5 kV이었으며 IPL 처리 중 shaking과 연속 처리 순서(IPL-CP 또는 CP-IPL)를 변수로 하여 Salmonella 저해를 확인하였다. 또한 단독 IPL 그리고 단독 CP 처리 시간을 연속 처리 시간과 같은 4분으로 하여 각 단독 처리와 연속 처리의 양배추 슬라이스에 접종된 Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, 그리고 Bacillus cereus spore에 대한 저해 효과를 비교하였다. IPL 처리 중 shaking은 단독 IPL 처리 그리고 IPL-CP 처리시 양배추 슬라이스의 Salmonella 저해도를 각각 0.7 log CFU/g만큼 증가시켰다(p<0.05). 또 한 IPL-CP 그리고 CP-IPL 처리시 양배추 슬라이스의 Salmonella는 각각 2.6 ± 0.2 그리고 3.1 ± 0.2 log CFU/g만큼 저 해되어 이후 미생물별 실험에서는 처리 중 shaking을 하고 CP-IPL 순서로 연속 처리하였다. 결정된 조건에서 단독 IPL, 단독 CP, 그리고 CP-IPL 처리는 Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, 그리고 B. cereus spore를 각각2.2 ± 0.3, 1.4 ± 0.4, 그리고 3.1 ± 0.2 log CFU/g, 2.2 ± 0.3, 1.5 ± 0.2, 그리고 2.9 ± 0.3 log CFU/g, 2.3 ± 0.3, 1.5 ± 0.2, 그리고 3.2 ± 0.1 log CFU/g, 그리고 1.6 ± 0.3, 1.3 ± 0.2, 그리고 2.1 ± 0.1 log spores/g만큼 저해 시켜 미생물 종류에 상관없이 연속 처리가 단독 처리보다 유의적으로 높은 저해도를 갖는 효과적인 미생물 저해 처리임을 알 수 있었다 (p<0.05). 단독 IPL, 단독 CP, 그리고 CP-IPL 처리된 양배추 슬라이스 색도는 처리하지 않은 양배추 슬라이스의 색도 와 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 본 연구는 IPL과 CP 연속 처리가 플라스틱 용기에 포장된 양배추 슬라이 스의 미생물을 양배추의 색 변화 없이 단독 처리보다 효과적으로 저해시킬 수 있는 기술임을 보여주었다.