본 연구는 돈분뇨를 유입수로 하는 퇴비화 공정 중에서 혐기성 소화조의 상등액의 질소와 인의 제거를 위하여 Mg2+의 주입량, pH, 반응시간, 교반속도와 같은 인자를 달리하여 실험하였다. Struvite 형성을 위한 Mg2+ 주입원으로 MgSO4를 사용하였다. 모든 실험은 상온에서 이루어졌으며 교반속도 인자 실험을 제외하고 100 rpm의 속도로 교반하여 실험하였다. Struvite 형성을 위한 최적 pH 조건을 알아보기 위하여 Mg2+: PO43-의 몰비를 1:1로 하여, pH 8부터 13까지 변화를 주고 질소와 인의 최대 제거율을 보이는 최적 pH를 알아보았다. Mg2+의 최적 주입량을 결정하기 위해 최적 pH에서, Mg2+ 주입 몰비를 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 그리고 1.5(mole Mg2+/mole PO43-)로 변화시켰다. NH4+의 경우 Mg2+의 몰비가 커질수록 제거율이 높아졌다. 반면, PO43-는 1몰 반응일 때와 1.1 몰 이상의 반응일 경우에 큰 차이가 없으므로 1:1의 몰비로 struvite 형성을 유도하였다. Struvite 형성을 위한 반응시간 및 교반 속도에 의한 질소와 인의 제거율을 알아보기 위해 10분, 1시간 그리고 24시간의 반응시간과 100 rpm 그리고 200 rpm의 교반속도를 달리하여 실험한 결과 24시간의 반응시간에서 가장 높은 질소와 인의 제거효율을 나타냈으며, 교반속도와 반응시간 10분과 1시간의 경우 질소와 인의 제거효율에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다.

This study was performed to evaluate the removal feasibility of nitrogeneous malodor compounds using AlPO4 zeolite manufactured by total phosphorus sludge (herein after TPS), which was produced from sewage treatment plant. Adsorbents in this study were activated carbon treated by H3PO4 (herein after AC), bead (herein after B-TPS) and pellet type adsorbents (herein after P-TPS) manufactured from total phosphorus sludge which was generated from sewage treatment plant. The breakthrough time of AC for ammonia gas (herein after NH3) removal was approximately 320 min, while those of BTPS and P-TPS were 1,140 min and 820 min, respectively. For trimethylamine (herein after TMA) removal, the breakthrough time of AC was 400 min, B-TPS and P-TPS were 1,180min and 1,100 min, respectively. From the results, it judged that adsorbents produced by TPS could be used to replace AC.

This paper presents the results of the electrochemical treatment of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and total nitrogen(T-N) compounds in the wastewater generated from flue gas desulfurization process by using a lab-scale electrolyzer. With the increase in the applied current from 0.6 Ah/L to 1.2 Ah/L, the COD removal efficiency rapidly increases from 74.5% to 96%, and the T-N removal efficiency slightly increases from 37.2% to 44.9%. Therefore, it is expected that an electrochemical treatment technique will be able to decrease the amount of chemicals used for reducing the COD and T-N in wastewater of the desulfurization process compared to the conventional chemical treatment technique.

For the cost-effective biological nitrogen removal (BNR) process whose characteristics of influent have low COD/N ratios, the automatic control system for the addition of external carbon based on oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) data in an anoxic reactor has been developed. In this study, it was carried out with a pilot-scale Bardenpho process which was consisted of anoxic 1, aerobic 1, aerobic 2, anoxic 2, aerobic 3 tank and clarifier. Firstly, the correlation coefficient (R2) of the dosage of external carbon source and ORP value was about 0.97. Consequently, the automatic control system using ORP showed that the dosage of external carbon source was decreased by about 20% compared with a stable dosage of 75 mg/L based on the COD/N ratio of the anoxic influent.

하수에는 유기물, 질소, 인, 중금속 등 다양한 종류의 오염물질이 함유되어 있으며, 수계로 미처리하여 방류되게 되면 수계 수질을 악화시키게 된다. 그 중 질소(Nitrogen)와 인(Phosphorus)은 영양염류(Nutrient)로 분류되며 수계 부영양화(Eutrophication)의 주요한 원인으로 알려져 있다. 생물학적 영양소 제거 방법은 화학적 처리 방법에 비해 경제적, 환경적 및 운영적 장점을 가지고 있어 대부분의 하수처리에 적용되고 있다. 하지만, 현재 적용되는 기술에서는 암모니아성 질소를 질산성 질소 상태로 산화시킨 후 탈질 반응을 거치는 완전질산화(Nitrification)반응이 적용되고 있다. 만약 아질산성 질소 상태에서 탈질을 유도하는 아질산화 반응(Nitritation)을 적용하게 된다면, 완전질산화에 비해 이론적으로 약 25%의 산소를 절감할 수 있는 효과를 기대할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 하수처리장에서 슬러지 처리 공정 중 혐기 소화단계에서 발생하는 고농도 질소를 함유한 혐기 소화 상징액을 대상으로 하여, SRT가 암모니아성 질소 제거율(Ammonium nitrogen removal rate)와 아질산화율(NItrite conversion rate)에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 서울 A 하수처리장의 혐기 소화 상징액을 대상으로 한 실험실 규모 아질산화 반응조 운전 결과 안정적인 암모니아성 질소 제거율을 기대하기 위해서는 SRT 0.5d 이상, 고효율의 아질산화율을 기대하기 위해서는 SRT 1d를 유지해야 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 암모니아성 질소 제거율의 경우 일정한 SRT 이상 유지시켜 주면, 안정적인 효율을 기대 할 수 있는 반면, 아질산화율의 경우에는 일정한 SRT를 유지시켜 주어야만 안정적인 효율을 얻을 수 있는 것으로 해석 할 수 있다. 따라서 암모니아성 질소 제거 및 아질산화 반응에 서 SRT는 그 효율 및 유도에 있어 매우 중요한 인자로 작용하는 것을 확인 할 수 있다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of influent phosphorus concentration on the nitrogen and phosphorus removal in sequencing batch reactor(SBR) and sequencing batch biofilm reactors(SBBRs) in order to recover the enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) capacity at the sludge of the deterioration of EBPR capacity. In SBBRs, comparing to SBR, the organic removal was occurred actively at the 1st non-aeration period because of the active phosphorus release at this period. However, the variation of TOC removal according to the decrease of influent phosphorus concentration was not clearly shown both in SBR and SBBRs. In case of SBR losing EBPR capacity, the EBPR capacity was not recovered by the decrease of the influent phosphorus concentration from 7.5 mg/L to 0.9 mg/L. The nitrogen removal increased by the decrease of influent phosphorus concentration both in SBR and SBBRs.

Trickling filter has been extensively studied for the domestic wastewater treatment especially for the small scale plants in rural area. The performance of the trickling filter depends on the microbial community and their activity in the biofilms on the media. Nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal of the trickling filter from the wastewater depend on the activity and the amount of the specific microorganisms responsible for the metabolism. For the estimation of the performance of a trickling filter, batch nitrification experiment and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were carried out to measure the microbial activity and its distribution on the media of the trickling filter. Batch nitrification activity measurement showed that the top part of the 1st stage trickling filter had the highest nitrification activity and the maximum activity was 0.002 g NH4-N/g MLVSS․h. It is thought that higher substrate (ammonia) concentration yields more nitrifying bacteria in the biofilms. The dominant ammonia oxidizer and nitrite oxidizer in the biofilm were Nitrosomonas species and genus Nitrospira, respectively, by FISH analysis. Less denitrifiers were found than nitrifiers in the biofilm by the probe Rrp1088 which specifically binds to Rhodobacter, Rhodovulum, Roseobacter, and Paracoccus. Phosphorus accumulating bacteria were mostly found at the surface of the biofilm by probe Rc988 and PAO651 which specifically binds to Rhodocyclus group and their biomass was less than that of nitrifiers.

Lab-scale Electrodialysis(ED) system with different membranes combined with before or after pyroma process were carried out to remove nitrate from two pickling acid wastewater containing high concentrations of NO3-(≈150,000 mg/L) and F-(≈160,000 mg/L) and some heavy metals(Fe, Ti, and Cr). The ED system before Pyroma process(Sample A) was not successful in NO3- removal due to cation membrane fouling by the heavy metals, whereas, in the ED system after Pyroma process(Sample B), about 98% of nitrate was removed because of relatively low NO3- concentration (about 30,000 mg/L) and no heavy metals. Mono-selective membranes(CIMS/ACS) in ED system have no selectivity for nitrate compared to divalent-selective membranes(CMX/AMX). The operation time for nitrate removal time decreased with increasing the applied voltage from 10V to 15V with no difference in the nitrate removal rate between both voltages. Nitrate adsorption of a strong-base anion exchange resin of Cl- type was also conducted. The Freundlich model(R2 > 0.996) was fitted better than Langmuir model(R2 > 0.984) to the adsorption data. The maximum adsorption capacity (Q0) was 492 mg/g for Sample A and 111 mg/g for Sample B due to the difference in initial nitrate concentrations between the two wastewater samples. In the regeneration of ion exchange resins, the nitrate removal rate in the pickling acid wastewater decreased as the adsorption step was repeated because certain amount of adsorbed NO3- remained in the resins in spite of several desorption steps for regeneration. In conclusion, the optimum system configuration to treat pickling acid wastewater from stainless-steel industry is the multi-processes of the Pyroma-Electrodialysis-Ion exchange.

A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate nitrogen removal from plating wastewater by a soil reactor. A combination of soil, waste oyster shell and activated sludge were used as a loading media in a soil reactor. The addition of 20% waste oyster shell and activated sludge to the soil accelerated nitrification (88.6% NH4+-N removal efficiency) and denitrification (84.3% NO3--N removal) in the soil reactor, respectively. In continuous removal, the influent NH4+-N was mostly converted to nitrate nitrogen in the nitrification soil reactor and only a small amount of NH4+-N was found in the effluent. When methanol was added as a carbon source to the denitrification soil reactor, the average removal efficiency of NO3--N significantly increased. The NO3--N removal by methanol addition in the denitrification soil reactor was mainly due to denitrification. The phosphorus was removed by the waste oyster shell media in the nitrification soil reactor. Moreover, the phosphorus removal in the denitrification soil reactor was achieved by synthesis of bacteria and the denitrification under anaerobic conditions. The approximate number of nitrifiers and denitrifiers was 3.3×105 MPN/g soil at a depth of 1～10 cm and 3.3×106 MPN/g soil at a depth of 10～20 cm, respectively, in the soil reactor mixed with a waste oyster shell media and activated sludge.

Soil biofiltration is an environmentally-sound technology for elimination of VOCs, odorous and NOx compounds from a low concentration, high volume waste gas streams because of its simplicity and cost- effectiveness. This study investigated the optimal mixture fraction of briquet ash, compost, soil and loess for NOx degradation. Extreme vertices design was used to examine the role of four components on NOx degradation. Under our experimental conditions, 74.5% of NOx degradation was observed, using a model mixture(25% briquet ash, 10% compost, 30% soil and 40% loess) containing 100 ppb of NO. It was shown that experimental design analysis could allow selecting optimal conditions in such biodegradation processes in this study.

V2O5/TiO2 catalyst impregnated ceramic candle filters are in principle, capable of performing shallow-bed dust filtration plus a catalytic reaction, promoted by a catalytic deposited in their inner structure. Pilot-scale V2O5/TiO2 catalyst impregnated ceramic candle filters were prepared, characterized and tested for their activity towards the SCR reaction. The effect on NO conversion of operating temperature, gas hourly space velocity, amount of deposited catalyst, pressure drops and long-term experiment (life of catalytic filter) was determined. The following effects of V2O5/TiO2 catalyst impregnated ceramic candle filters in SCR reaction are observed: (1) It increases the activity and widens the temperature window for SCR. (2) When the content of V2O5 catalyst increases further from 3 to 9wt.%, activity of NO increases. (3) NO conversion at first increases with temperature and then decreases at high temperatures (above 400℃ over), possibly due to the occurrence of the ammonia oxidation reaction.