This research fundamentally deals with an analysis of service level for a multi-level inventory distribution system which is consisted of a central distribution center and several branches being supplied stocks from the distribution center, Under continuous review policy, the distribution center places an order for planned order quantity to an outside supplier, and the order quantity is received after a certain lead time. Also, each branch places an order for particular quantity to its distribution center, and receives the order quantity after a lead time. In most practical distribution environment, demands and lead times are generally not fixed or constant, but variable. And these variabilities make the analysis more complicated. Thus, the main objective of this research is to suggest a method to compute the service level at each depot, that is, the distribution center and each branch with variable demands and variable lead times. Further, the model will give an idea to keep the proper level of safety stocks that can attain effective or expected service level for each depot

본 논문은 한일 양국의 가계에 있어서의 식품수요에 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위해서 종래의 수요모델에 코호트(cohort, 행동을 같이 한 집합체) 분석적인 생각을 도입하여 한일 양국의 식품수요 형태분석을 하였다. 여기에 제시한 새로운 수요분석 모델은 소비지출과 가격이 식료수요에 미치는 경제적 효과 이외에 세대주 연령효과나 출생연도와 같은 비경제적효과 등도 계량한 것이 특징이다. 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 한일 양국의 식품수요의 품목군별 탄력성을 보면 유지류, 음료, 조리식품의 수요탄력성은 한국보다 일본이 더 탄력적이었지만, 다른 모든 품목은 일본보다 한국이 탄력적이었다. 곡류, 육류, 외식의 외부화 식품의 소비지출과 가격탄력성은 한국의 큰 품목과 일본의 큰 품목이 서로 상충하고 있어서 일정한 경향 파악이 곤란하다. 그러나 신선식품에 대한 소비지출과 가격의 탄력성은 모두 일본보다 한국이 크다. 2. 식품에 대한 지출액은 세대 구성원의 연령을 반영하여 비교하여 볼 때 한국과 일본의 결과가 비슷하였다. 즉 세대주 연령이 젊은 계층의 가족에는 유아가 있기 때문에 유란류의 지출액이, 또한 중년층에서는 청소년이 많기 때문에 과자류의 지출액이 다른 연령계층에 비하여 많았다. 한국은 연령계층이 높을수록 2세대 가족이 많기 때문에 다수 품목에 지출액이 많고, 일본의 중년층은 과자류를 포함하여 특히 곡류, 육류 등의 에너지 식품이나 외식의 지출액이 많다. 그러나 연령이 높은 계층에서는 세대 구성원이 거의 성인이며 평균연령이 높기 때문에 곡류, 육류, 외식 등의 지출액이 적었지만 어패류, 야채류 등의 전통식품이나 조리식품의 지출이 많았다. 3. 식품소비의 패턴은 세대주 출생연도별로 비교하면 한일 양국 모두 구세대일수록 주식 중시의 경향을 나타내고 신세대일수록 축산물, 유지류, 외부화 식품의 비중이 높았다. 그러나 품목 구성의 세대간 차이는 한국에 있어서는 매우 크지만 일본의 경우는 비교적 작았다. 따라서 식생활의 서구화, 외부화는 세대교체에 동반하여 한국에는 급속히 진행하지만 일본은 점진적으로 진행한다고 볼 수 있다. 4. 가계 식품 수요의 장기 변화에 미치는 요인은 소비지출, 가격, 세대주 출생연도, 연령 등의 네 가지 요인으로 나누어서 각각의 효과를 요인간으로 비교하면 한일 양국이 함께 가격의 효과가 가장 작다. 그러나 그 이외 요인별 효과의 상대적 중요성은 양국간에 다른데 한국은 소비지출의 효과가 출생연도나 연령 효과보다 크지만 일본은 경제적 요인인 소비지출보다 세대주의 출생연도나 연령 등의 비경제적 요인의 효과가 크다.

The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), first identified in China in December 2019, has widely spread worldwide and is an ongoing pandemic. It is expected that the ripple effect of COVID-19 on the global economy including the agricultural sector will increase substantially if not properly controlled shortly. This study examines the potential impact of COVID-19 on the Korean beef cattle sector and farm labor demand for Korean beef cattle using a dynamic partial equilibrium model. The agricultural production value and farm labor demand for Korean beef cattle in the scenario assuming pessimistic GDP growth rate (-1.2% in 2020) with no direct supply shocks fell by up to 4.00% and 0.67%, respectively, compared to the baseline which represents the future without COVID-19 outbreak. On the other hand, the agricultural production value and farm labor demand for Korean beef cattle in the scenario assuming both pessimistic GDP growth rate and supply shocks (-12.7% beef imports and + 2.4% feed cost in 2020) increased by up to 12.08% and 1.99%, respectively, compared to the baseline.

The purpose of this study is to provide the demand information about services (S/W) and infrastructure (H/W) for rural welfare and culture. The survey was conducted on the overall satisfaction level, the condition change, the importance-satisfaction level of each field and the top priority items for administrative agencies and rural residents. In the overall satisfaction level, administrative agencies responded more than 'normal' to all fields, but the overall satisfaction level was lower than 'normal' in the fields excluding the healthcare field in the case of rural residents. In terms of condition changes compared to the past five years, both administrative institutions and local residents evaluated the improvement. IPA analysis was conducted to identify the priority ranking of each field and it was found that emergency medical facilities in the healthcare field, infant day care facilities in the social welfare field, movie theaters in the culture field, lifelong education institutions and academy facilities in the education field and private sports facilities in the leisure and sports field were most needed, respectively. The results of this study are expected to be helpful in increasing the efficiency and presenting the improvement direction about the development policy of the rural culture and welfare.

The comparison of demand and supply is needed for efficient ecosystem services planning. However, the gap between them cannot be analyzed as existing studies mainly dealt with only the supply of ecosystem services. This study compares the demand and supply of ecosystem services in Shiheung using environmental complaints and urban planning by semantic network analysis. As a result, ‘air’ and ‘water’ quality are magnified in demand, ‘energy’ and ‘water’ are crucial in supply. This result presents that citizen ask for the improvement of air quality in regulation services, although local government has plans for energy support in provisioning services. Periodic ecosystem services demand and supply monitoring will be the base of effective ecosystem services planning, which reduce insufficiency and surplus.

계획적이고 안정적인 영농을 위해 영농작업 인력을 확보하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 하지만 농가인구의 감소로 인한 농업인력 확보의 어려움과 농업노동 임금의 지속적인 증가는 경영주에게 이중의 고통이 되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 농가처분가능소득이 전국에서 가장 높은 강원도를 지역 표집으로 선정하여 Bivariate Probit 모형을 이용해 내국인과 외국인 고용의 상호 관계를 고려한 고용인력 수요 결정요인을 살펴보았다. 분석결과, 첫째, 3개월 이상 노동력을 고용하는 농가들의 경우 내국인 고용수요와 외국인 고용수요 간에는 양(+)의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 전형적인 도시근교 농업의 특징을 나타내는 춘천시에 비해 강원도내 타 지역 농가들은 다른 변수들이 일정할 경우 내국인과 외국인의 고용 수요가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 젊은 경영주일수록 내국인 상시 고용에 대한 수요가 높고, 농가조직에 참여하고 있는 농가일수록 자가노동 확률은 0.13% 감소하고, 상시 농업 노동력에 대한 수요가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과를 종합한 농업 노동력 확보를 위한 정책적 시사점으로는 첫째, 상시고용된 농업인력들을 대상으로 국내외 문화 차이를 인지하고, 내국인 노동자와 외국인 노동자간의 협력 네트워크 구축을 위한 영농교육 확대가 필요하다. 둘째, 각 지역별로 내국인 또는 외국인 노동자의 상시고용 수요가 상이한 것으로 나타나 강원도내 지역별 농산업 현황을 기반으로 「(가칭)강원도 농업 인력 수급 플랫폼」구축이 필요하다. 셋째, 청년창업농과 농가조직 참여 농가들을 대상으로 농작업 상시고용 인력을 우선적으로 매칭해 주는 것이 필요하다.

The present study aims to provide an analytical framework for achieving aid and development effectiveness of agricultural cooperation with a demand-oriented perspective. This paper pays particular attention to categorize the stages of agricultural development of African recipients to identify demands for agricultural aid of the categorized groups. To do so, first of all, it establishes theoretical background to apply the demand-oriented concept and utilize the phase of agricultural development as an alternative for aid and development effectiveness. On the basis of the theoretical robustness, it conducts a series of analyses to categorize the African recipients by the development stages, incorporating factor analysis, cluster analysis and comparison between the present-future agricultural development levels. The findings propose analysis indicators for phase of agricultural development and clustered results including 18 countries of KAFACI members and priority countries in Africa. In addition to the practical application of the results, the methodological flow can be used as steps for sketching a future roadmap to construct the demand-oriented ODA(Official Development Assistance) plan. This paper also offers implications regarding ODA strategy of Korea in response to the phase of agricultural development and the aid demands.

This study aimed to categorize mountain villages according to business expense investments and investigate residents' supplementation demands and differences between expected effects by the categories. For the study, 35 villages where are completely developed on and after 2007 were selected to consider fairness among local governments. Each village leader(the head of the village or the chairperson of the management committee) was conducted a survey from 2012 May to August and one copy of survey was eliminated from the study. The study is summarized into four results. First, the types of mountain villages were categorized as a type of mountain village practice(18), a type of life environment improvement(8) and a type of forestry income(8) according by the itemized reports of the business expense investments. Second, the result of F-test(One Way ANOVA) for the average analysis by types showed that 3 out of 6 demands for the operation were significant differences and a supplementation necessity of the program was identified significant differences in p<0.01 level. The necessity of forestry resources use and sprawling development prevention are also showed significant differences among types in p<0.05 level. Third, F-test results from 7 questions of desired effects through mountain village creation project revealed that promotion and market security of forestry products and local patriotism instillation through a personal exchange are significant differences between types in p<0.05 level. Forth, the results of duplication benefits(the mountain village development projects and the village support programs with other departments) on the residents' development expectation found that when a village received a large number of projects, residents' expected effects were higher than other village residents where received relatively a small number of projects. However, the expected effects from the increasing quantities of projects were decreased.

The purpose of this study is to approach for the flow analysis of changing central-place functions and basic demands between the central city and the small town. Under the rural society progressed, this study examines how the small town changes in the relation to the central city. The subject of study is based on changes in demand for retail and hospitality. The small town is providing basic demands and urban services primary for the rural in the settlement system. Because of the rural depopulation and the aging of society, Retail and hospitality in the rural is reducing of the facility followed. But the majority of related researches are stocks approach. These studies are useful to find out the characteristic of small town, but is difficult to consider the influence of the central city. In this situation after this study using the function index is set up a concept model, it examines for the basis of changes in demand for the small town. The result of the analysis is that the changes of retail and hospitality are more severe in the more small town than in the central city. Whereas the small town with a population decline is consistent with the reduced number of branches, Population growth in the central city is reduced to the number of the Number of branches. The central-place function has been strengthened in the central city. While the younger generation, recreation, etc. related retail are disappearing rapidly, the mainstream of small town is grocery, home improvement, restaurants.

This study aims to develop rural house maintenance technique by researching and analyzing the demand for rural house by urban retirees or urbanites who are planning to retire. The target for the survey consisted of urban retirees or urbanites who are planning to retire at the ages between 40 and 65, and were divided into group A, the attendants in rural-related education, and group B, the non-attendants in rural-related education. The contents of the survey included the plan and purpose for rural settlement, the utilization form or residential form of rural house and its expected size, necessary in-house facilities, necessary community facilities, improvement and maintenance factors of rural house, political and legal support for the application of rural house maintenance, etc. The results findings of this study are as follows; 1)For both group, the major purpose of rural settlement appeared to be 'for rural life', utilization form of rural house to be 'acquired ownership or use of empty house', residential form to be 'cohabitation', expected size to be 'under 20~30 pung', and expenditure to be 'under 50~100 million'. 2)Most wanted necessary in-house facilities included backyard, multipurpose storage room for group A, and backyard, garden for group B. Necessary community facilities included boardwalk, sewage disposal unit for group A, and boardwalk, shop for group B. 3)Improvement factor for rural house showed 'poor insulation' as first factor for both groups, and for maintenance factor, 'backyard', 'under-floor heating' for group A, and 'environmental-friendly materials', 'backyard' for group B. 4)Most wanted overall political and legal support included 'support on land and real estate supply' for group A, and 'medical and transportation service' for group B. For both group, most wanted support when purchasing a house included 'provision of information on house and realestate purchase', and for legal support, 'legal support for guaranteed house and maintenance' as first factor. The results of this study could be utilized to restructure the rural residence, which would meet the diverse demand of both rural residents and urbanites by providing an opportunity for urbanites to enjoy rural life.

Recently, due to the growing concern of the public in rural amenities and hobby farming works, much more urbanites, especially near-retirees, have been interested in rural life style than before. However, in spite of popular preference to ruralities, little has been known about their demand on retired rural life. Therefore, this study examined urbanites' attitude to preparatory works for out-migration, preferred residential site conditions and life style in the countryside. For this purpose, data were collected from a survey with the sample of 386 urban residents aged 40 to 65 rho hoped moving into the countryside after retirement, through structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistical works were performed using SPSS/PC windows program. The major findings of this study were as follows; (1) Host of urbanites, who answered in this study, planned to prepare ex-urban movement in their fifties and to put into practice in their sixties. (2) Key factors of location decision on movement were proximity/accessibility to centre city, medical service level, and distance to their family or friends. And about a half of respondents wanted second home in the countryside. (3) Most favoured rural life styles were nature-friendly well-being and hobby/healthy firming. Generally, the respondents of this survey had the positive attitude to do works in their later life, especially preferred to farming and volunteering in their communities.

최근 들어 지구온난화와 기상조건의 변화로 기후의 변동폭이 증가하면서 극심한 가물이 자주 발생하고 있다. 또한 기 개발된 용수원의 수질 오염, 물 분배에 관한 상류지역의 반대 및 지방자치단체간의 수리권 문제 등도 상류지역으로부터의 맑은 수자원 확보를 필요하게 만드는 요인이다. 따라서 이에 대한 용수공급 관리 방안의 필요성에 대한 인식이 부각되고 있으며, 수도권의 용수수요 변화에 대한 북한강 유역 댐의 용수공급 능력에 대한 적절한 검토가 필요한 실정이다.