The literature on ethical consumption has expanded over time and has focused on studying the attitudes and behaviours of consumers with regards to different products and services, such as organic, Fair Trade, environmentally and social friendly products. In addition to this, some research has focused on studying consumers’ attitudes and behaviours towards pirated or counterfeited products. However, to the best of the author’s knowledge, so far research has not mapped the “objects” taken into account within ethical consumption research (i.e. the type of products or services bought by consumers). Hence, this research aims at mapping these elements in order to have a clear picture on what aspects the marketing literature on ethical consumption has focused on and, in this way, understand if there are products and services on which future research should focus on. In order to achieve this aim a scoping review has been carried out by analysing 195 papers published on ethical and unethical consumption. From the results achieved so far, it appears that research has mainly focused on environmental and social products and services, while limited research has been devoted to legally questionable objects (e.g. smuggled cigarettes, illegal drugs, etc.). It should be noted, however, that the analysis of collected papers is still on-going, thus the results here reported are incomplete.

Over time popular media has used the idea of Italian Mafia and the related image of mobsters in TV series, movies, and cartoons. The overall image surrounding Mafia is so powerful that nowadays many people associate the name Mafia to The Godfather movie or other fictional images. In addition to this, there are also businesses that offer products and services branded with names that remind the idea of Mafia, despite, in reality, the Mafia is a violent criminal organisation involved in drug trafficking, human trafficking, murders, etc. However, marketing research has never studied consumers’ attitudes towards the use of these stereotypes in marketing and their willingness to buy products and services that use them. This research tries to fill this gap and, by adopting Forsyth’s (1980) ethical ideologies questions, it studies the links between consumers’ ethical ideologies and: 1) consumers’ attitudes towards these products and services; 2) consumers’ willingness to buy them in order to understand whether there are differences between relativists and ideologists consumers. This research is based on an online survey made up of open and closed-ended questions. Section one of the survey was made up of closed-ended questions aimed at studying ethical ideologies; section two was made up of a mix of open- and closedended questions aimed at understanding the perceptions that respondents had towards the Mafia; their degree of acceptance towards the use of the Mafia for commercial purposes; and their willingness to buy Mafia-inspired products; the last section included some demographic questions. The survey was made available via Qualtrics and respondents were recruited through Prolific. In the end 152 responses from UK participants were collected. Data analysis has not been carried out yet, but it is expected to analyse data through the Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA), a new data analysis technique that is aimed at identifying necessary, but not sufficient conditions within data. In addition to this, analysis of group differences will be carried out through ANOVA, in conjunction with regression analysis. Through this research it is expected to be able to understand whether consumers’ attitudes towards the use of Mafia stereotypes in marketing and their willingness to buy products and services that use these stereotypes differ according to whether consumers are classified as relativists or ideologists. With this study it is expected to analyse an area of consumption that so far has been neglected by research, i.e. consumers’ attitudes and willingness to buy products and services that use Mafia-related stereotypes.

Introduction Consumer ethical behaviors regarding social impact, environmental concern, and ethical practices for the buyer/seller dyad has become a vital issue. A large number of consumers have the willingness to be activists to address potentially threatening environmental problems with foresight (Atkinson & Rosenthal, 2014). Consumers with environment awareness have begun to consider the environmental claims of products, such as environmental protection certification (do Paço & Reis, 2012) and production process with environmental protection regulations (Yoon & Kim, 2016). All such information effectively spreads the environmental protection knowledge to help consumers identify the environmental features of the product (Leonidou, Leonidou, Palihawadana, & Hultman, 2011), and then to conduct consumption behaviors with ethical/moral concerns. However, the related research to examine the relationships between consumer ethical behaviors and their attitudes toward environmental information disclosure in advertising in Asian countries is few. This study’s main purpose is thus to understand how environmental information disclosure in advertising influences consumers’ attitudes toward the brand and their ethical behaviors. Literature Review Mitchell, Balabanis, Schlegelmich, and CornWell (2009) argues that all direct or indirect consumer actions that could make businesses or other stakeholders to lose money or reputation are viewed as consumer unethical behaviors. Consumers’ (un)ethical behaviors would be influenced by their moral principles and standards as they obtain, use, and dispose of goods and services (Muncy & Vitell, 1992). First, according to the equity theory, brand equity will increase the relationship intention between sellers and buyers. Those consumers with a high perception about product value or brand equity would tend to build a positive relationship with sellers, and thus their ethical behaviors would be influenced (Chang & Lu, 2017). Consumers’ ethical consumption depends on the equity of the profitability of the seller and this study proposes that brand equity has significant positive effects on consumer ethical behavior (H1). Second, environmental advertising claims refer to the classification of environmental claims in advertising with various environmental protection information about products (do Paço & Reis, 2012). Chan, Leung, and Wong (2006) state the two types of environmental advertising claims. Substantial environmental claims focus on the substantial benefits of products for the environment and the positive impacts of enterprises on the environment in order to substantially maintain or enhance consumers’ understanding of products with environmental awareness (Chan, 2000). Associated environmental claims feature advertising that do not have a direct connection with the products or production of enterprises; instead, they reveal an enterprises’ concern about environmental protection topics through environmental protection activities or topics regarding the conservation of the ecosystem, in order to indirectly trigger the consumers’ positive image and reactions to the enterprises or brands (Chan, 2000). Different environmental advertising claims would have different extents of impact on consumers’ attitude towards advertising and the product (Chan et al., 2006). Chan (2000) states that substantial environmental claims are more persuasive than associated claims, as the advertising of the former could directly publicize the specific environmentally-friendly measures in products or production process. The hypotheses are thus submitted: environmental advertising claims have significant positive effects on brand equity (H2.) and the impact power of substantial environmental claims on brand equity is stronger than those of associated environmental claims (H3). Third, eco-labels provide the information of products toward the environment influence during their life cycles (Atkinson & Rosenthal, 2014; Chekima, Wafa, Igau, Chekima, & Sondoh, 2016) and the claims regarding the eco-features, production, and constituents of the products (Atkinson & Rosenthal, 2014). Maniatis (2016) argues that eco-labels could clearly reveal the economic and ecological benefits of products and help consumers make purchase decisions. Specific claims, such as marks, pictures, or signs, could clearly convey information about the products, which make it easy for consumers to understand. Therefore, hypothesis 4 is submitted: environmental advertising with eco-labels has a significant positive effect on brand equity (H4). Method This study used the 2x2 factor experiment to create four situations through two types of environmental advertising claims (substantial and associated environmental advertising claims) and two types of eco-labels (available/unavailable). The manipulation checks with regards to the constructs of environmental advertising claims and eco-label were shown to be successful through a pilot test. On the other hand, this study selected 14-items of Muncy and Vitell’s (1992) scale to measure consumer ethical behaviors. The measuring items of brand equity were taken by Yoo and Donth’s (2001) three-dimensional scale, containing brand awareness/associations, perceived quality, and brand loyalty. Moreover, 294 valid questionnaires were retained in the formal survey via electronic questionnaire survey. Females accounted for 50.7%. Those aged less than 25 occupied a larger proportion (50%), followed by those aged from 26 to 35 (21.8%). The samples with a college education or above accounted for 92.5%. Additionally, the component reliability, convergent and discriminant validity were also confirmed (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988; Fornell & Larcker, 1981) due to the results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) by Lisrel 8.7. Results and Conclusion Based on the ANOVA results, first, environmental advertising claims had significant effects on awareness/association, perceived value, and loyalty. The effects of substantial orientation on brand equity were significantly stronger than that of associated orientation claims. H2 and H3 were fully supported. That is to say, substantial environmental advertising claims could reveal enterprise efforts to protect the environment and inform consumers that the substantial benefits for the ecosystem are embodied in their products. If enterprises want to disclose information about their social responsibility or to convey the contribution of their products toward environmental protection, direct environmental advertising claims related to product features and production processes should be considered. Second, eco-labels significantly affected on awareness/association, perceived value, and loyalty; hence, H4 were supported. Eco-labels verified by a third-party public notary office could enhance brand equity. As eco-label information regarding environmental protection enterprises and products want to convey, consumers can comprehend and evaluate such environmental advertising through the mark of eco-labels in triggering their positive attitude and value toward the brand. Third, this study also found that the interactive effect of environmental advertising claims and eco-label on the awareness/association dimension of brand equity was significant. Consumers are more likely to receive information from the environmental advertising with a substantial claim and eco-label than other sets, and then their perceptions toward that brand awareness and brand association could be improved. Forth, each dimension of awareness/association, perceived value, and brand loyalty had a significant positive effect on consumer’s ethical behaviors by using structural equation modeling (SEM) via Lisrel 8.7; H1 therefore were supported. That is, consumers’ perceived enterprise efforts related to protecting the environment would improve consumers’ ethical behaviors. If advertising could fully and effectively convey the environmental protection information embodied in products, consumers would know that the products are beneficial for society and ecosystems, and thus they would enact ethical activities in the marketplace. Finally, future studies can use random sampling to improve the sample representative. Product type can also be included into the research model in future studies to consider the different product features how to influence the effects of environmental advertising claims and eco-labels on the consumers’ attitudes and behavior decision.

Understanding why individuals behave unethically is an important topic for both theory and practice, especially in the current environment where people experience much more stressful events. The current research aims to examine the relationship between peoples’ experienced stress and their attitude towards unethical consumption behavior, as well as the underlying mechanism. Empirical findings from a survey of 451 participants suggest perceived stress serves as an important indicator of people’s tolerance of unethical activities, and that this relationship is mediated by chronic construal level and materialism value. Specifically, stressed individuals tend to develop low-construal mindsets and more materialism values, both of which further increase their tolerance of ethically questionable behaviors. The present research highlights the importance of stress on consumer ethics and contributes to prior literature in three ways. Firstly, the current study adds to the literature on consumer ethics by examining a new predictor of consumers’ ethical beliefs, which enriches the understanding of why some consumers act more ethically than others do. Secondly, to the best of our knowledge, little prior literature has examined the effect stress on ethical beliefs. The current research for the first time examines the effect and the mechanism and reveals the mediating roles of construal level and materialism value. Thirdly, the present research finds that stress increases low-level construal, leading to unethical beliefs. This finding broadens the scope in construal level theory by suggesting that chronic construal level predicts individual ethical judgments.

국내기업의 기업윤리와 국제간 윤리협약의 실천이 지속가능경영의 필수적인 요소로 대두되 고, 윤리경영에 대하는 조직 및 개인의 태도와 행위의 변화가 공식적이고 투명하게 됨에 따라 윤리적 판단력의 인식변화는 새로운 기업윤리로 변화되고 있다. 연구의 초점은 일반적으로 선 행연구에서 보아온 윤리적 의사결정이 조직성과에 대하여 미치는 영향 분석뿐만 아니라 개인 과 다양한 수준의 기업에 대한 설문조사를 통하여 개인과 기업의 역량에 따르는 윤리적 판단 력과 기업의 조직적지원의 수준을 통하여 일반적인 조직유효성에 어떻게 작용하는지 그 역할 을 살펴보고 기업의 경쟁력을 제고시키려는 관점에서 진행되었다. 기업문화의 이해와 더불어 윤리적 판단력의 영향분석으로 조직 유효성에 미치는 영향뿐만 아니라 조직신뢰, 조직 동일시 를 매개효과를 분석하였다. 연구를 통하여 살펴본 윤리적 판단력은 조직유효성, 조직동일시, 조직 신뢰에 정(+)적인 영 향을 미치고 있으며, 윤리적 판단력이 조직유효성에 미치는 조직특성변수(조직동일시, 조직신 뢰) 즉, 개인이 조직을 어떻게 인지하느냐에 따라 영향을 주고 있다. 이러한 결과는 조직유효 성을 높이기 위해서는 조직동일시, 즉 조직과의 일체감을 높이기 위한 노력의 필요성이 있으 며, 윤리경영의 선포와 실질적인 실천의지를 보이는 것이 필요하다.

This research was conducted in order to examine whether the type of credit card (premier vs. standard card) influences consumer purchase decisions regarding luxury consumption. The present research reports three experiments with online panels of non-student adults, which find that (1) the use of a premier card (vs. a standard card) leads to a more goal-congruent choices, (2) the effect is mediated by a temporary increase in the perception of pride, and (3) the effect is pronounced for people with a low level of chronic pride. The effect of payment methods on consumer spending has been a concern of theory and research in consumer behavior (Bernthal, Crockett, & Rose, 2005; Feinberg, 1986; Prelec & Lowenstein, 1998; Soman, 2001). This research stream has shown that consumers tend to spend more when they use a credit card than when they pay cash and has proposed various theoretical mechanisms to account for the phenomenon (Chatterjee & Rose, 2012; Prelec & Simester, 2001; Soman, 2001; Thomas, et al., 2011). However, researchers have paid little attention to the effect of different types of credit cards (i.e., premier vs. standard card) on consumer decisions. We contend that the use of a premier card (vs. a standard card) can increase the feeling of pride momentarily and in turn increase consumers’ motivation to pursue a long-term goal that they value. As a result, they prefer a choice alternative that is more congruent with the goal. To be specific, the use of a premier card would increase the choice of luxury alternative, and that this effect would be pronounced for those who value material possessions (i.e., high materialism). This expectation was confirmed in the studies that we have performed. In three experiments, participants were shown a credit card(either premier or standard) and were asked to assume that they were going to use it for their purchase. Then, they were asked to make choices in shopping contexts. Participants with premier credit card, compared to those with standard card, showed more goal-consistent choices. They were more likely to choose luxury alternatives, and this effect was apparent only for those who have a high materialistic value. When the choice set includes both a low-calorie food and a high-calorie food, the use of a premier card increased the choice of low-calorie food, and this effect was apparent only for those with diet goal. These effects were mediated by the feeling of pride. Three studies in combination provide insights into the effect of types of credit cards on consumer spending regarding luxury consumption and the processes underlying the effect, which have not been reported elsewhere. The use of a premier credit card (vs. a standard credit card) led to a greater choice of luxury alternatives over standard alternatives and a greater choice of low-calorie foods over high-calorie foods. However, these effects were apparent only when people highly valued the goal under consideration (i.e., high materialism or strong diet goal). Finally, these effects were attributable to a momentary increase in the perception of pride by virtue of the use of a premier card, and consequently, the effects were observable only for people who have a relatively low chronic pride. The effects we observed in this research generalized over different product categories and different long-term goals. Nevertheless, it is desirable to extend findings in more diverse consumption categories (e.g., services) as well as to identify additional variables that moderate the magnitude of the effect. In addition, it is worth considering alternative underlying mechanisms than the one we considered (i.e., the feeling of pride) in future research. For example, a premier card may increase individuals’ construal level, thereby affecting consumer purchase decisions.

The willingness to actively contribute to more sustainability bares important challenges for managers who must take strategic decisions. The literature about corporate social responsibility has developed in many directions, with often a divide in focus, between society (Acquier & Aggeri, 2015) or corporate sustainability and responsibility (Bansal & Song, 2017). The paper sits at the intersection of these fields by focusing on the question of ethical dilemmas. The objective is to approach the question of ethics in context, through the trade-offs that managers are facing when taking strategic decisions to build sustainable business models, to discuss the contours of the ethical competences at work. The paper focuses on a specific context, the one of successful pure players of sustainability in the luxury fashion industry. It means first that we leave aside the question of organizational change to analyze the core dilemmas that even new actors that start from scratch must face. These pure players could also be named “social entrepreneurs” (Elkington & Hartigan, 2008) or “elegant disrupters” (Bendell & Thomas, 2013). Second, by focusing on luxury fashion we locate our analysis in an industry where the nature of the activity is both a source of salient controversies and of exemplary practices (Kapferer, 2010; Godart & Seong, 2014), two aspects that have the potential to make visible some dilemmas. We focus on a small number of cases of organizations that we selected per criteria of similarities and differences, to allow for an inductive in-depth comparative case study (Yin, 2009). The four organizations are: a producer of yak products, a fur recycling company, a fur auction house and a digital platform for emerging designers. The cases are similar in that each organization is a successful promoter of sustainable practices. The four cases however differ in that each puts at the core of the business model different types of sustainability issues and is based at a different level of the value chain (sourcing, fabrication, intermediation and market access). Also, the four organizations differ in the degree to which they aim to disrupt existing practices in the luxury fashion industry. Data were collected through a series of interviews and complementary press articles, websites and reports. Data analysis proceeds in two steps. We start by narrating each case through the voice of the organization, to describe and understand the rationale behind each business model. We then further our interpretation of the cases through a comparative analysis by systematically recording the tensions or contradictions. Each firm organizes the activity around key engaging choices that promote sustainability but do not lift some inbuilt dilemmas–labelled as: sustainability vs. luxury fashion, sustainability vs. sustainability, and sustainability today vs. tomorrow. The paper highlights how innovative players can openly discuss some dilemmas, approaching sustainability as a story they care about but also as a debate. Yet, the paper also points to the fact that some dilemmas may remain harder to reflect upon, especially the ones that can counter in the long-run the objectives that were at the base of the business. Some questions as the one of growth, in time and scale, might push far the reflexive ability but it is also where ethical competences might be the most needed.

In recent years, ethical consumption has been attracting attention in Japan. Ethical products cover various issues, such as protection of the global environment, sustainability of resources, and protection of producers. Because the specification of such issues is difficult, previous studies often analyzed only one phenomenon. Several studies have attempted to examine the buying behavior of consumers of organic food products, based on Ajzen’s (1991) theory of planned behavior (TPB) (Sparks and Shepherd, 1992; Arvola et al., 2007; Chen, 2007, Lodorfos and Dennis, 2008). The TPB considers intention as a function of three principle determinants: attitude toward behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Regarding ethical food consumption, moral norms are individual value judgments connected to a specific behavior and its outcome (Manstead, 1999). A comprehensive model based on ethical issues for various products is required. Prior research highlights the consensus that targeting females in ethical consumption will have a greater chance of success (Roberts, 1996; Mainieri et al., 1997; De Pelsmacker et al., 2005). We propose three hypotheses to explain gender difference in consuming ethical food products. The aim of this study is to analyze the purchase behavior of consumers of ethical food products and to examine how consumers differ by gender in terms of the ethical issues. This study adopted organic vegetables, fair trade products, products certified by the Rainforest Alliance, free-range eggs, and fish certified by the Aquaculture Stewardship Council as ethical food products. These food products are associated with different ethical issues, and thus, we define ethical issues as “ethical attitude” for each product. For example, the ethical attitude of free-range eggs is included in the following categories (Table 1): environment, which means the protection of the global environment; health, which refers to the health of consumers; animal, which means the welfare of animals and the sustainability of resources; and farmer/aquaculturist, which means protecting farmers or aquaculturists

The relationships among corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices, corporate identity, and Hedonic and Utilitarian Dimensions of Consumer Attitude were evaluated for the luxury corporation Hermes. Discretionary CSR practices and moral/ethical CSR practices emerged as significant predictors of the corporate social values dimension of identity. Relational CSR practices, however, contributed mainly to the expertise dimension of corporate identity. Also, familiarity with CSR practices of a corporation had a significant effect on corporate identity, which in turn affected both dimensions of consumer attitude. Both corporate expertise and corporate social values were significant predictors of consumer attitude. The results are interpreted within a dual process model of corporate identity.

E-commerce has become an irreplaceable sales channel for businesses of any size all around the globe. It is a major source of revenue and sales through this channel continue to gain momentum with an annual growth rate of 20%3). The ubiquity, flexibility, and convenience associated with e-commerce has undoubtedly changed the consumption patterns. However, consumers’ preferences and considerations when making purchasing decisions are not static either. In a global competition, businesses have to adopt quickly to respond emerging trends in retail. An important and persistent trend in this regard is ethical consumption, a development which has been widely researched in an offline context. The present experiment demonstrated that online shop-related ethical labeling positively influences consumers’ willingness to pay and purchase intention across a broad range of products. While any type of ethical labeling showed a positive effect in these regards as compared to no ethical labeling, there was no pronounced difference between the various types of labels used. Accordingly, we assume that consumers make inferences from a specific ethical label about the higher–level ethical “trait”.

It is recognized that the global apparel market of the twenty-first century is largely profit driven, and that the majority of producers and retailers have sourced products from the lowest cost locations. Purchase tickets of fashion goods available from ‘fast’ fashion retailers (at least within the UK) refrain from providing the consumer with details of the full circumstances of production. It seems that the majority of major retailers and producers are not willing to engage in levels of self-regulation which could ensure that the products offered to consumers are ethically produced and offer acceptable levels of sustainability. Meanwhile many fashion consumers have the desire to purchase sustainable products, produced ethically by workers paid fair wages in safe working environments. Consumer demand could be a powerful tool to adjust the behaviour of manufacturers and buyers. This paper proposes the introduction of international legislation demanding greater degrees of transparency than exist currently and that the full sourcing and production details of fashion products are stated clearly on the product’s purchase ticket within its retail setting. With the introduction of such legislation, consumers could thus be given the opportunity of purchasing goods which they feel accommodate their own views on ethical manufacture and sustainable products. In turn, consumer pressure could ensure indirectly that retail buyers consider all ethical and sustainable aspects of production when negotiating with garment producers/suppliers. Further to this, such a negotiating stance could ensure the improvement of the terms and conditions of employment of the numerous garment workers worldwide.

내란기의 사색 은 아일랜드 내란이 촉발한 예이츠의 시들 중 하나이다. 시에 내재된 주제인 유산이 예이츠의 윤리관이 반영되고 있는 것을 찾기 어렵지 않다. 이 시에서, 예이츠 자신은 예술가로서 혹은 시인으로서 역사에 참여하는데, 과거와 미 래를 다루는데 중심적 역할을 한다. 또한, 그는 자신을 역사적 유산의 상속인과 피상 속인으로 본다. 그는 건강한 역사적 상속을 받았으며 미래의 세대들에게 전할 자신의 건강한 유산을 만든다.

본 연구는 기업 및 공공기관의 팀장과 구성원을 대상으로 윤리적 리더십이 조직몰입 등 조직성과에 미치는 직접효과를 확인하고, 차상위 리더의 도덕적 행동이 중간관리자인 팀장의 윤리적 리더십에 미치 는 적하효과와 팀장의 윤리적 리더십의 매개효과를 실증분석 하였다. 검증결과, 첫째, 차상위 리더의 도덕적 행동은 팀장의 윤리적 리더십의 하위차원 중 도덕적 행동과 맥 락적 일관성에 유의미한 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 둘째, 중간관리자인 팀장의 도덕적 행동은 조직몰입(+), 이직의도(-), 리더십효과성(+) 및 지각된 팀성과(+)에 유의미한 영향을 주었다. 셋째, 팀장의 행동진실성 은 조직몰입(+), 이직의도(-), 리더십효과성(+) 및 지각된 팀성과(+)에 유의미한 영향을 주었다. 넷째, 팀 장의 맥락적 일관성은 가설과 반대로 조직몰입(-), 이직의도(+), 리더십효과성(-) 및 지각된 팀성과(-)에 유의미한 영향을 주었다. 마지막으로 팀장의 도덕적 행동은 차상위 리더의 도덕적 행동과 조직성과(조직 몰입, 이직의도, 리더십효과성, 지각된 팀성과)의 관계에서 완전매개역할을 하였다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 시사점과 연구의 한계점 및 향후 연구방향이 논의 되었다.

본 연구는 윤리적 리더십이 구성원들의 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향력을 살펴보고 이들 사이의 관계에서 도덕적 정체성이 매개역할을 수행하고 있다는 것을 검증하고자 한다. 여러 연구들에서 윤리적 리더십의 영향력이 규명되었으나 어떠한 과정으로 결과변수에 영향력이 나타나는 지를 규명하는 것은 이론적으로 무척 중요하다. 조직시민행동은 Williams와 Anderson(1991)의 연구를 토대로 개인, 조직에 대한 조직시민행동으로 구분하였으며 도덕적 정체성은 Aquino & Reed Ⅱ(2002)의 연구에 기반하여 내재화와 상징화로 구분하였다. 연구가설의 설정은 주효과 가설과 매개효과 가설로 설정하였다. 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 윤리적 리더십은 구성원들의 조직시민행동을 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 도덕적 정체성은 윤리적 리더십이 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향력에 있어서 매개역할을 수행하는 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 윤리적 리더십은 구성원들의 조직시민행동을 증가시키는 있으므로 조직시민행동의 중요한 선행변수라는 것을 알 수 있었다. 무엇보다 윤리적 리더십 발휘가 구성원들의 조직시민행동을 높이는데 있어서 구성원들의 도덕적 정체성을 향상시키고 향상된 도덕적 정체성을 통해 조직시민행동으로 이어진다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 결국 구성원들의 도덕적 정체성 형성이 중요하며 이러한 도덕적 정체성 형성이 이루어져야만 윤리적 리더십이 조직시민행동을 높일 수 있다는 것을 규명하였다는 점에서 본 연구의 의의를 찾을 수 있다.

최근 사회적 이슈가 되는 다수의 사건들은 조직의 윤리성에 대한 관심을 더욱 증대시키고 있다. 더욱이 조직의 비윤리성은 이미지 실추와 함께 실질적인 성과를 떨어뜨리며, 때로는 돌이킬 수 없는 불행한 종말 을 가져오기도 한다. 이러한 현실은 우리 사회 전반에 걸쳐 윤리에 대한 인식과 그 수준이 향상되어야 하는 이유가 된다. 그에 따라 그 어느 때보다도 윤리경영의 핵심인 윤리적 리더십의 중요성이 커지고 있 다. 이런 시점에서 본 연구는 윤리적 리더십이 조직의 효과성에 직결되는 구성원의 조직시민행동 및 일탈 행동에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보았다. 그리고 이 관계에서 리더만족의 매개역할과 구성원의 정치적 기술의 조절효과를 검증하였다. 군 간부 150명과 직속상사 90명의 자료를 토대로 회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 상사의 윤리적 리더십이 높아질수록 조직에 이로운 조직시민행동은 높아지는 것으로 나타났으며, 반대로 반생산적 업무행동인 일탈행동은 줄어드는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 Baron & Kenny(1986)의 매개효과 검증 방법 및 SPSS macro의 부트스트래핑 방식으로 윤리적 리더십의 간접효과를 확인한 결과, 윤리적 리더십은 리더만족을 통해 조직시민행동 및 일탈행동에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막 으로, 구성원의 정치적 기술이 낮을수록 윤리적 리더십과 리더만족 간의 관계가 더 강하게 나타남을 확인 할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 주로 서구에서 밝힌 구성원의 조직시민행동 및 일탈행동에 미치는 윤리적 리더 십의 효과를 국내 표본을 대상으로 확인함으로써 선행연구 결과의 일반화를 확장하였다는 시사점이 있 다. 특히 국내에서는 윤리적 리더십과 일탈행동 간의 관계에 대한 연구가 더욱 제한적이라는 점에서 실질 적인 함의를 제공하고 있다. 또한 리더만족의 매개역할 검증을 통해 윤리적 리더십과 구성원의 조직시민 행동 및 일탈행동 간의 관계에 대한 심층적인 이해를 높였다. 마지막으로 본 연구는 선행연구에서 고려되 지 못한 구성원의 정치적 기술이 윤리적 리더십에 대한 태도적 반응에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것을 밝힘 으로써 윤리적 리더십 역학관계에 대한 이해의 증진은 물론, 실무적인 시사점을 제공하고 있다. 아울러 말미에 연구의 한계 및 향후 연구방향에 대해 논하였다.

The paper examines how ethical leadership and organizational identification contributed to explaining organizational commitment. In order to verify the relationships and mediating effect, data were collected from 256 individuals in employees working in small and medium-sized firms at Jinju, Changwon, Gimhae City to test theoretical model and its hypotheses. All data collected from the survey were analyzed using with SPSS 18.0. This study reports findings as follows: first, the relationship between the ethical leadership and the organizational identification is positively related. Second, there was also a positive correlation between the organizational identification and the organizational commitment. Third, the relationship between the ethical leadership and the organizational commitment is positively related. Finally, the organizational identification played as a partial mediator on the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational commitment. Based on these findings, the implications and the limitations of the study were presented including some directions for future studies.

본 연구는 조직의 윤리적 분위기를 반영하는 지각된 윤리적 행동-커리어 성공의 연계성과 상사 신뢰가직원들의 스트레스에 미치는 영향을 검토하고자 했다. 이러한 목적을 위해서 스트레스에 대한 이들 두변수의 주 효과를 가설화하는 동시에 상호작용효과도 예측하였다. 527명의 사무직 근로자들의 응답을 기초로 다중회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 지각된 윤리적 행동-커리어 성공의 연계성과 상사 신뢰는 각각 스트레스에 대한 중요한 예측변수임을 발견했으며, 상사 신뢰는 또한 윤리적 행동-커리어 성공의 연계성과 스트레스의 관계에서 유의한 조절변수임을 확인했다. 이러한 결과들은 조직 윤리와 신뢰에 관한 후속 연구자들에 의미 있는 논제를 제공하며, 조직변화를 추구하는 기업의 경영자들과 HR 담당자들에게는 실무적 시사점을 제공한다.

본 연구는 상사의 윤리적 리더십이 부하의 윤리적 의사결정 의도에 미치는 영향과 조직 분위기의 조절 효과를 검증하였다. 자료의 수집은 충청남ㆍ북도, 대전시 소재 제조업의 총무부서, 자재조달부서, 회계부서의 구성원을 대상으로 2013년 10월 1일부터 동년 동월 30일까지 295명에 대하여 조사하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 상사의 윤리적 리더십이 부하의 윤리적 의사결정간에 유효한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 조직 분위기의 이기주의는 상사의 윤리적 리더십이 윤리적 의사결정 의도에 미치는 영향에 있어 유의한 부(-)의 조절효과가 있으며, 원칙주의는 상사의 윤리적 리더십이 윤리적 의사결정 의도에 유의한 정(+)의 조절효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 기업의 리더는 자신의 윤리적 행동과 의사결정 과정의 윤리성을 다시 점검하여 부하에게 매력적이고 모범적인 역할 모델이 될 수 있도록 노력해야 하며, 부하와의 의사소통을 통해 윤리적 행동의 필요성을 인식시키고 명확한 윤리적 기준을 수립하여 보상과 통제를 해야 할 것이다. 이러한 윤리적 리더십이 정착되면 부하의 윤리적 의사결정을 향상시킬 수 있을 것이다. 또한 모든 구성원이 공감하고 공유할 수 있는 가치기준이나 행동규범이 정립되고 윤리성이 높은 조직 분위기를 조성하는 것이 구성원의 윤리적 의사결정을 높이는 지름길이라고 할 수 있다.