동등생물의약품이란 백신, 항체, 호르몬, 효소 와 같이 생물체에서 유래된 것을 원료로 하는 의 약품인 생물의약품의 복제약을 의미한다. 생물의 약품의 임상에서의 사용이 많아지면서 의약품 시 장에서의 비중이 커지고 있고 그에 따라 동등생물 의약품에게도 관심이 커지고 있다. 이런 시점에서 미국에서는 2010년 생물의약품 가격경쟁 및 혁 신법(BPCIA)을 통해 동등생물의약품에 대한 규 제를 확립하였고 한국에서도 2009년 동등생물의 약품 평가 가이드라인이 배포되었다. 한국에서는 평가 규정을 제외한 규정은 소분자 합성의약품과 구별 없이 약사법에 의해 규제를 받 고 있고 미국의 제도와 비교하였을 때 대체가능 동등생물의약품이 정의되지 않은 점, 대조약의 판 매독점권 기간이 짧은 점 등이 동등생물의약품의 특성을 고려하지 못하였다고 생각된다. 허가-특허 연계제도에서는 한국에서는 대조약이 처음 허가 받을 때 관련 특허를 등재하는 특 허목록이 존재하고 이 목록에 등재된 특허를 대상 으로 특허 소송이 이루어지는데 반해 미국에서는 사전에 대조약 제공인이 등재하는 특허목록이 존 재하지 않고 동등생물의약품 신청인과 대조약 제 공인 사이의 관련 특허 목록 교환을 통해 합의하 게 된다. 양국의 허가-특허 연계제도는 이밖에도 동등생물의약품 허가 신청 통지 대상, 소송 대상 이 되는 특허, 대조약 제공인이 신청 가능한 판매 제한 조치의 유무 같은 부분에서 차이를 보이지만 대조약 제공인과 동등생물의약품 신청인 사이의 균형을 유지하려는 목적은 동일하다고 생각된다. 생물의약품은 소분자 합성의약품과 비교하였 을 때 특성이 더 복잡하여 동일한 특성의 복제약 의 제조가 더 어렵다. 이런 점을 고려하여 국민의 건강과 국내 제약산업의 성장에 도움이 되도록 동 등생물의약품에 대한 한국의 제도를 개선해야 한 다고 생각된다.

본 연구에서는 프리젠티즘에 관하여 연구해보고자 한다. 즉, 프리젠티즘이 유발하는 결과인 성과와의 관계에 주목한다. 성과뿐만 아니라 직장에서의 상황이 가정까지 전이 되는 것을 증명해보자 했다. 특히 한국, 미국, 일본의 국제간 비교를 통해 향후 국내에서 프리젠티즘의 영향력을 전망해 볼 수 있을 것이며, 이를 토대로 보다 효과적 정책마련이 가능할 것으로 생각된다. 프리젠티즘은 조직과 개인 그리고 가정생활 전반에 걸쳐 조직구성원의 상태를 총체적으로 알아볼 수 있기 때문에 중요하다. 그리고 궁극적으로 프리젠티즘 관리로 인해 조직구성원들의 일-가정 균형과 직무성과의 향상을 도모할 수 있게 하여 국가 경쟁력 강화라는 목표달성을 가능하게 하여 그 중요성이 더욱 부각된다. 연구 결과는 첫째, 프리젠티즘은 일-가정 균형과 부(-)의 영향관계가 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 선행연구에서 일-가정 균형의 영향요인이면서 상관관계분석에서 일-가정 균형과 유의한 상관관계가 나타난 성별, 연령, 결혼, 교육수준, 직위, 근속년수를 통제변수로 통제하면서 프리젠티즘과 일-가정 균형의 관계를 살펴보았다. 프리젠티즘이 많이 나타날수록 일-가정 균형이 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 컨디션 난조를 겪음에도 불구하고 회사에 출근하면서 업무를 진행할 때는 일과 가정영역에서 요구되는 역할을 모두 성공적으로 균형적으로 성취했다는 느낌을 감소시킨다는 것이다. 둘째, 프리젠티즘과 직무성과도 부(-)의 영향관계가 나타났다. 조직구성원의 건강이 좋지 못한 상태로 출근하여 업무를 진행할 때는 연구 초기에 기대했던 것처럼, 직무성과가 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 한국, 미국, 일본의 프리젠티즘 특성 관계를 비교하여 살펴보니, 나라마다 특성이 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점을 논의했다.

Fire Protection Qualification in the United States is Government Qualification. The State Government controls and NCEES(National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying) and NSSB(National Skill Standards Board) operates. The standard of exam has been run establishing standards for industrial sites. It is possible to take a qualification test should have to have academic ability with career. Also, there is a regulations of education training before and after acquisition of capacity and especially after acquisition of capacity is more revved up. Punishment and standards of administrative measure is strong, so if someone act behavior against the law, open him to the public on a certain website and the record is maintained forever.

본 연구에서는 미국 뉴햄프셔주 13개 임분의 낙엽활 엽수림에서 5년간(1994~1996, 2003~2004) 낙엽량 측 정을 위한 최소 필요 표본수를 알아보았다. 임분별 최소 필요 표본수는 오차범위 10%에서는 현재의 15개 트랩 수와 비슷했으나, 1994년과 1995년은 타 년도에 비해 약 2배인 30개의 트랩수가 필요하였다. 오차범위 20%에 서는 5년간 13개 모든 임분에서 필요한 트랩수는 10개 미만으로 나타났다. 임분별로 최소 필요 표본수는 차이 가 있었는데 특히 경사가 급하고 해발고도가 높은 임분 에서 더 많은 트랩이 설치되어야 하며, 임분 연령이나 낙엽량과는 관계가 없음이 나타났다. 결론적으로 낙엽량 측정을 위한 최소 필요 표본수를 산정할 경우, 본 연구 에서와 같이 다년간의 샘플링이 필요하며, 임분의 지형 적 특성 역시 고려해야 함을 알 수 있었다.

This study was conducted as a comparative analysis, using the SPSS 17.0 program for a survey conducted from March to July 2013, on the level of perception and preference factors of Koreans and Americans residing in Virginia, USA(89 male and female adults of 20 years of age or above). For the information on the degree of obesity, a survey was used and the subjects provided with their heights and weights. The researcher used this data to calculated their BMI and distinguished the degrees of obesity. For the BMI, the obesity diagnosis of Korean Society for the Study of Obesity was used for Koreans, and the WHO's obesity diagnosis on adults were employed for Americans. First, regarding the Korean participants, the level of obesity appeared in the order of normal (79.6%), overweight (14.3%), and underweight (6.1%). Also, the level of perceptions of their health conditions appeared in the order of average (51.7%) and good (34.7%). No one perceived their health to be in poor condition. Meanwhile, for the American participants, the order was as follows: overweight at about 45%, normal weight at about 35%, obesity at about 12.5%, and underweight at about 7.5%. In terms of the level of perception of health during ordinary times, about 55% of the American participants answered that they are in good health. Therefore, the Americans were found to perceive their health to be in relatively better condition than the Koreans residing in the USA. Also, concerning the level of interest in health while eating food at ordinary times, the American participants were discovered to be more interested (about 62.5%) than the Korean participants. The research on their preference for salty taste was conducted as a survey, and the subjects were asked to choose an item according to their subjective feeling. Regarding the preference for salty taste, both Koreans and Americans residing in the USA responded as moderate. However, a higher proportion of Americans than Koreans responded to favor salty taste. Concerning the reason for their preference for salty taste, Koreans responded with various reasons whereas Americans mostly responded that it is because they eat salty food frequently. For any changes in dietary behavior related to eating salty food, both Korean and American respondents thought that the amount of their daily intake of salt is appropriate and that they consider taste as most important in selecting a snack. Based on the above data, the results of this research indicate a need for actual improvement in the diet with regard to salty food along with diverse policies for promoting life with a low salt diet in future.

본 연구는 한미 및 한-EU FTA 체결에 따른 국내 기술이전의 효과를 기술이전의 경로별로 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 국내 진출한 150개의 미국 및 EU 외투기업 자료를 활용하여 실증분석을 수행하였으며, 다음과 같은 분석결과가 도출되었다. 첫째, 한미 및 한-EU FTA 체결 이후 기술이전의 주요 경로인 해외직접투자, 라이센싱, 인적 네트워크, 공동 R&D 모두 증대될 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 미국 및 EU와의 FTA로 인해 증대된 해외직접투자는 암묵적 기술이전에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, FTA로 인해 증대된 라이센싱은 명시적 기술 이전에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, FTA로 인해 증대된 인적 네트워크 및 전략적 제휴에 해당하는 공동 R&D는 암묵적 기술이전을 촉진하는 경로인 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 학문적 기여는 FTA 체결에 따른 국내 기술이전 효과를 명시적 기술이전과 암묵적 기술이전으로 나누어서, 각 기술이전 경로별로 효과를 실증적으로 분석하였다는 점이다. 그리고 이러한 분석결과를 기반으로 하여 미국과 EU로부터의 효과적 기술이전을 위한 정책 방향을 제시하였다는 것이 본 연구의 정책적 시사점이다.

The objective of this study is to propose an export strategy due to an analysis of USA and Japan consumer's perception and willingness-to-pay for flower tea. For that, we conducted a survey on the consumer's perception on flower tea compared with leaf tea such as green tea. We also analyzed the willingness to purchase and pay for it. The reasons of drinking of flower tea for USA consumer are 'flavor'-followed by 'taste', and for Japanese consumer 'relaxation'-followed by 'flavor' in order. Both of them consider 'quality', 'safety'- and 'origin' in order when they purchase flower tea. USA consumers have a willingness-to-pay of about 8.3% and Japanese consumers have a willingness-to-pay of about 29.1%. Based on those results, it is necessary to differentiate the process and marketing strategies for the export of flower tea.

Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive species from Asia causing major economic losses in agricultural production in the United States. H. halys is also well known for nuisance problems as massive numbers of adults often invade human-made structures to overwinter inside protected environments. However, overwintering ecology of H. halys in natural landscapes is virtually unknown. We explored forested landscapes in the mid-Atlantic region to locate and characterize natural overwintering structures used by this invasive species. We also confirmed the identified overwintering structures by training and using detector canines in the natural landscapes. Overwintering H. halys were recovered from dry crevices in dead, standing trees with thick bark, particularly oak (Quercus spp.) and locust (Robinia spp.); these characteristics were shared by 11.8% of all dead trees in surveyed landscapes. Dispersal ecology of H. halys were evaluated in the laboratory and field to understand how this pest disperses among its overwintering sites, cultivated crops and wild hosts. In the laboratory, we evaluated the baseline flight capacity of H. halys using flight mill systems. Both foraging and overwintering populations flew on average 2.5 km over a day with some exceptional individuals flying >20 km. In the field, direction observations indicate that H. halys are not likely to initiate flight when temperatures are below 17oC. In addition, H. halys did not initiate flight even under very mild wind (2.4 m/s). We also evaluated the potential of using a portable harmonic radar system to individually track H. halys movements in the field. Our study demonstrates that a portable harmonic radar can be used to track adult H. halys without affecting its survival, walking mobility or flight capacity. In diverse semi-field settings, the success rates of locating radar-tagged H. halys were >85%. The knowledge of overwintering and dispersal ecology reported here would serve as baseline to develop and enhance the management programs of H. halys at landscape levels.

PURPOSES: The objective of this study is to investigate the current state of the practice, examining the steps in the process recommended by various agencies and the Asphalt Recycling and Reclaiming Association (ARRA)-namely mix design, structural design, structural capacity evaluation, and material characterization-in order to better understand the implications of hot in-place recycling (HIR). METHODS: In addition, the current practice of state departments of transportation (DOTs) is here reviewed with the purpose of learning from successful past experiences so as to forestall any difficulties that may emerge under similar circumstances. Also, HIR benefits, including reduced costs, improved construction processes, and environmental friendliness are presented, as well as advantages and disadvantages of HIR application. RESULTS: Most of the United States highway system is now deteriorating so that rehabilitation or reconstruction techniques are required for the most distressed roads, taking into account ways to increase the effectiveness of existing budgets. Several options are available in rehabilitating distressed roads, and the choice among these depends on many factors, including pavement distress condition, funding, and design life. Among these techniques, Hot In-Place Recycling (HIR) has emerged as a cost-effective treatment for deteriorated pavements, and has been proven an effective long-term strategy for pavement rehabilitation.

To compare genetic characteristic and differentiation between Dasineura oxycoccana populations, we collected 20 local samples from Korea and USA between 2012 and 2013. We established population genetics from Principal component analysis (PCA) and STRUCTURE using newly developed 12 microsatellites for 362 individuals. PCA results showed that Korean populations were divided into three genetically different groups. Correspondingly, STRUCTURE results indicated that Korean populations had at least three different genetic origins, which was totally different from USA populations. Among them, two populations occurring in Heongseong and Cheonan seemed to have species-level difference when matching with previous DNA barcoding result.

Since 1956 the state of Florida has been implementing Nematology regulatory programs to protect high value crops such as Citrus spp and ornamental plants. The discovery of Radopholus similis, which causes a severe disease called “spreading decline” of citrus, during the 1950s, prompted the state to develop and implement strict phytosanitary and regulatory measures, including quarantine and a citrus nursery certification program to avoid further dissemination of the nematode. This also included two other major citrus pathogens, Pratylenchus coffeae and Tylenchulus semipenetrans. Also, ornamental and other plant nurseries certification programs were implemented to promote the export of plants to both national and international markets. These markets have restrictions against the movement of R. similis and other plant-parasitic nematodes that occur in Florida. Other plant-parasitic nematodes present in Florida, not regulated internally but regulated by other states and countries include Rotylenchulus reniformis and Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Regarding root-knot nematodes occurring in Florida, only Meloidogyne enterolobii is of regulatory concern because its ability to overcome the resistance of Mi-1, N, Rk, Tabasco and in omato, bell pepper, cowpea, sweet pepper and soybean, respectively, as well as other unidentified genes in soybean cultivars. The identification of M. enterolobii using morphological and morphometric characters, molecular markers, such as isozyme phenotypes (esterase and malate dehydrogenase) and mtDNA (C2F3/1108 primer set) will be discussed.

As nematologists we should ask ourselves how has nematode management changed or improved over the past 50 years. During this period we have lost over 12 key chemicals used as nematicides, some of which were highly efficacious. And in the meanwhile practically none have been added to our chemical control guides. This is problematic as we move into the future. For example, high value vegetable crops were highly dependent on methyl bromide for the past 40+ years. This product, whether used singly or in formulations mixed with chloropicrin, was highly efficacious against weeds, soilborne fungal diseases, and plant-parasitic nematodes. Now that the product is in very short supply, expensive, and allocated on the basis of critical use exemptions vegetable growers must begin to turn to other tactics. In 1994 scientist set a goal of developing a highly efficacious, reliable, and cost effective alternatives to methyl bromide but little success has been attained. The task was made difficult because of the lack of highly efficacious products, environmental constrains, worker protection issues, and newly imposed regulations that impact the use of soil fumigants. As a consequence we are moving toward a period when growers will be forced to choose less efficacious chemical products, if such products receive Federal registration, or choose other nematode management tactics. There has been only limited success with development of crop plants with resistance to plant-parasitic nematodes. Although promising, biological control has not yet made an impact on nematode management. Crop rotation, which has been listed as a control tactic for many years, remains one of the better choices for growers. Other tactics, e.g., solarization, organic amendments, and fallowing-flooding, etc have limited use. The pros and cons of each of these possible plant- parasitic nematode management tactics will be discussed.

2012년 1월 31일 농림수산검역검사본부 영남지역본부 부산신항사무소에서 미국산 오렌지 생과실 화물을 검사하는 과정에서 Navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker)이 검출되었다. 이 해충의 유충이 간혹 호두 과실 속에서 검출된 예가 알려져 있지만, 오렌지 생과실 속에서 검출된 경우는 처음이다. 여기서는 식물검역의 안전성을 보장할 목적으로 이 유충의 진단형질 및 미국산 오렌지 생과실에 대한 병해충수입 위험분석과 관련된 검출정보를 제공하고자 한다.

국제법의 일반원칙에 따르면, 연안국은 공해상의 범죄혐의가 있는 외국선박에 대하여 관할권을 행사할 수 없다. 공해상의 선박에 대해서는 국제법상 원칙적으로 기국이 관할권을 가지며, 공해상의 항해 자유의 원칙은 확립된 국제해양법의 원칙이기 때문이다. 따라서 공해상에서 연안국의 관할권 행사에 있어 국제법상 법리적 한계를 인식하고, 외교적 측면에서 실효적인 관할권 행사를 위한 노력이 필요하다는 점을 유념해야 할 것이다. 한편, 국제법상 해석학적 현장성의 법리나, 일부실행행위이론에 따르면, 공해상의 외국 선박에 대하여 연안국의 관할권 행사가 법리상 가능하다. 우리 해양경찰함정과 어업지도선의 공해상의 위법 외국선박의 단속에 있어 국제법상 판례를 통해 확립된 이러한 법리들을 활발히 적용하여 우리의 해상관할권을 적극 행사하도록 해야 할 것이다.

This article illustrates the complicated process of language socialization and literacy development with identity reformulations that Korean students face while learning English in U.S. schools. With providing a detailed and broad picture of second language literacy development across time, the article presents two research-based studies conducted at the elementary and secondary levels respectively. Despite the constant growth of the Korean population in the USA for decades, few research studies have examined the ways that newly arrived Korean students engage in language learning and literacy practice along with changes in life, language, literacy, and culture. The presented studies employed ethnographic data gathering methods and utilized methods of constant comparison, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis. The first study focuses on literate identities of second grade Korean students in the English as a Second Language (ESL) classroom. The second study explores how Korean adolescents engage in school writing practice and how they negotiate their identities in and with writing through a case study.