The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate various hand functions in the most common position (chair sitting, standing, floor sitting) used by cerebral palsied children with spastic diplegia. The results, analysed statistically, could be useful in suggesting treatment strategy for the improvement of hand function in such patient. For this study, 27 children mild or moderate spastic diplegia were chosen. They were patients of the Rehabilitation Hospital, Yonsei University Medical Center. Both dominant and nondominant hands were tested by the Box and Block Test. Bilateral hand function was tested by bead striding and card sorting activities. Collected data was analysed using univariate correlation analysis and MANOVA. Results were as follows: 1) In chair sitting there was a significant positive correlation between dominant hand scores in the Bloc and Box Test and chronological age, gestation period, and time of treatment initiation. In bilateral hand function, card sorting scores correlated positively with time of treatment initiation. 2) In standing, there was a significantly positive correlation between dominant hand scores in the Block and Box Test and time of treatment initiation. 3) In floor sitting, there was a significantly positive correlation between the dominance hand scores in the Block and Box Test and the tine of treatment initiation. Bead stringing, a bilateral hand activity, correlated positively with gestation period and birth weight but negatively with the postnatal incubation period. 4) That score of children who walked showed no significant difference in any of the three postures. 5) Highest test scores in children who could nat walk were in the Box and Block Test for nondominant hand in bead stringing for bilateral hand function. There scores occurred with the children in thee chair sitting posture. The results showed that, in order to improve hand function in children with spastic diplegia, it is necessary to maintain a well supported upright trunk posture with variations allowed for relevance to the chosen position of thee improvements hand activity being performed.

Manual dextrity is frequently evaluated in rehabilitation to estimate hand function. The Box and Block Test(BBT) mearsures gross manual dextrity. The first goal of this study was to verify the test-retest reliability of the BBT for 4, 5 years old children. The second goal of this reserch was to develop normative data from 35 convenient sample of normal children. The results showed the test-retest reliability was high (Pearson product moment correlation coefficients of 0.71 to 0.82).

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the function of the non-affected hand of hemiplegic children is comparable to the hand function with both normal hands. The subjects of the study were 19 hemiplegic children and 20 normal children, all six years of age. The hemiplegic children were treated at one of three facili- ties: Yonsei University Rehabilitation Hospital, Seoul Community Rehabilitation Center and Inchon Severance Hospital during in period March to April, 1996. The normal children were randomly selected from a kindergarten in Inchon City. All hand function was measured by Jebsen Hand Function Test. Subtest was analysed statistically using the basic statistic analysis, Mam-Whitney test and Pearson correlation test . The results were as follows: The normal children had faster right hand function than herniplegic children whose nonaffected hand was their right hand, for the small objects, simulated feeding, checkers subtests. Normal children had faster left hand function than hemiplegic children whose nonaffected hand was their left hand, for the small objects, checkers, large light objects and large heavy objects. The unaffected hand function of the hemiplegic children had a negative correlation with time of diagnosis, and treatment durat ion. These results showed that the nonaffected hand function of hemiplegic children dif- fered from the respective hand of normal children. Therefore, when hemiplegic children are treated, both the affected and unaffected hand must be treated as this will affect the treatment result.

The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate various hand functions in the most common positions (chair sitting, standing, floor sitting) used by cerebral palsied children with spastic diplegia. The results, analysed statistically, could be useful in suggesting treatment strategy for the improvement of hand function in such patients. For this study, 27 children with mild or moderate spastic diplegia were chosen. They were patients of the Rehabilitation Hospital, Yonsei University Medical Center. Both dominant and nondominant hands were tested by the Box and Block Test. Bilateral hand function was tested by bead stringing and card sorting activities. Collected data was analysed using univariate, and MANOVA. Results were as follows: 1. The scores of children who walked showed no significant difference in any of the three postures. 2. The highest test scores in children who walked with assistance (aid /other person) were in the Box and Block Test for the nondominant hand, and in bead stringing for bilateral hand function. These scores occurred with the children in the chair sitting posture(p(0.05). The results showed that, in order to improve hand function in children with spastic diplegia, it is necessary to maintain a well supported upright trunk posture with varia- tions allowed for relevance to the chosen position of the hand activity being performed.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the biomechanical variables of the walking patterns of the obese children compared with those of normal children would revealing significant differences. Normal(N=25) and obese(N=19) subjects were screened based on a health record which was examined to eliminate any subjects who had any pathological condition related to their gait. Data for a minimum of 5 repeated walking trials were collected using a stop watch and a tape measure. Basic kinematic analyses yielded data based on the following variables : stride length divided by leg length, and cadence divided by leg length. This measurement data was classified by the Obesity Index calculated from by height, weight data. Results showed no significant difference among normal, obese and subjects(p>.05). Difficulties in formulating the experimental condition and poor equipment quality are thought to be reason for the inconclusive results. Future studies might include medical complications such as tibia vara, genu valgum, other diseases caused by obesity.

Spinal cord injury in child often occurs without evidence of fracture or dislocation. The mechanisms of neural damage in this syndrome of spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality(SCIWORA) include flexion, hyperextension, longitudinal distraction, and ischemia. Inherent elasticity of the vertebral column in infants and young children, among other age-related anatomical peculiarities, render the pediatric spine exceedingly vulnerable to deforming forces. The neurological lesions encountered in this syndrome include a high incidence of complete and severe partial cord lesions. Children younger than 8years old sustain more serious neurological damage and suffer a larger number of upper cervical cord lesions than children aged over 8 years. Of the children with SCIWORA. 52% have delayed onset of paralysis up to 4 days after injury, and most of these children recall transient paresthesia, numbness, or subjective paralysis. The long-term prognosis in cases of SCIWORA is grim. Most children with complete and severe lesions do not recover; only those with initially mild neural injuries make satisfactory neurological recovery.

The main purpose of this study was to observe the effect of school lunch program on dietary habits of elementary school children and their food preferences. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 785 children and their mother in ele-mentary school with and without school lunch program. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. 91.1% of subjects were eating rice for breakfast menu and 12.2% of subjects were skipping breakfast every morning. 2. Most of the children preferred fruits, ddugboggi, ice cream, fritter, cookie, bread, beverage and hot dog for snacks. 3. Despite of its restrictive practice, the school lunch program proved to be contributory to the improvement of children's food intake habits, table manners, keeping social order, sanitary consiousness, gratitude for their parents. 4. Children preferred kimbap, bokumbap and hamburger for main dish, fish jelly soup, brown seaweed soup and bean-sprout soup for soup, animal food for side dish and frying saute for cooking methods. 5. Most of the children disliked crown daisy, green pepper, mushroom, green onion, onion, dropwort, soybean and carrot for their food materials.

To find out the reference data of the school food service system, I serveyed four primary schools in Seoul, Korea and Nara, Japan respectively. The school children and their parents of whom arbitrary selected two classes among each primary school, were taken the questionaire about the present school food service system and their favorate food. The results were as follows; 1) 74.8% of Korean and Japanese children, and 92.5% of their parents were in favor of school food service. 2) Korean childrin wanted more amount of food and less salty taste. 3) Korean and Japanese children and their parents believed that the school food service system correct children's unbalanced diet. 4) Korean children wished more kinds of foods, western-styled cooking and that the food would be served in warm state. 5) Korean parents wanted that school food service system should be natural and better quality food material, and teacher should educate good eating habit. 6) Korean school children prefer yogurt, cuttle-fish, chicken, bean-curd, tomato, orange, dried laver, sweet potato, pine-mushroom in each food group. In conclusion, school food service system should be enough to meet children's good nutrition status, and the menu would be selected with consideration of children's preference and Korean traditional diet habit. Good table manner and eating all kinds of foods should be targht by school food service system as well as preparing good quality of food.

The objectives of the present study were to assess the early nutrition-related knowledge, eating behaviors of preschool children, the types of messages that their mothers give to them about nutrition and to analysis the interrelationships among these variables. The children of this study showed the uncooperative eating behaviors most frequently when they had breakfast and vegetables. In these cases the most frequent mother's messages given to the children was encourage eating some of each food. Children's eating problems as perceived by mothers were mainly low dietary intake and an unbalanced diet. The most frequent messages given to the children in the presentation of new foods were telling the child taste them and general nutrition about the new food. General topics in nutrition the mothers had discussed with their children were about nutrients, food groups, food transformations and food origins. Children whom mothers provided more information about these topics scored significantly higher on the concepts of food transformation, food origins and the total nutrition knowledge score. It is clear from this study that preschool children begin to learn about nutrition through these parental messages. Both parents and caretakers of young children should recognize the potential importance of these early interaction patterns.

For the purpose of clarifying to what degree the mothers of developmentally delayed children are involved in treating their child at home. 193 mothers were sampled from 220 mothers of developmentally delayed children below 12 years of age who have visited one of four institutions: the Rehabilitation Hospital of Yonsei Medical Center, Inchon Severance Hospital, Disabled Welfare Center in Myongil-dong, and Nambu Disabled Welfare Hall. The study period was from Mar. 25, 1995 through Apr. 15, 1995. A questionnaire survey was conducted listing the characteristics of the developmentally delayed children, their mothers, mother's satisfaction with their therapists, and the actual conditions of the home treatment. 1. The mothers who treat their child at home for more than 31 minutes a day show a high involvement score, while the mothers of those who give treatment for less than 30 minutes a. day show a low involvement score. That is, the longer the treatment, the greater the involvement score. This indicates a statistically significant result(p<0.01). 2. In cases where a child's father is involved in the home treatment, his/her mother discloses a statistically high involvement score(p<0.001). 3. The result of analysis of cases where other family members, relatives or friends (fathers excepted) reveals a statistically significant high involvement score(p<0.05) for the mother. 4. Mothers in general represent a statistically significant high involvement in home treatment. In the meantime, the mothers in a nuclear family show a higher involvement home treatment than mothers in an extended family(p<0.01). 5. Among those respondents who think that home treatment is helpful and that mothers' involvement in home treatment is helpful, the mothers record a statistically significant high involvement score(p<0.05). When seen from the above perspectives, it seems of much significance that fathers and other relatives or family members play an important role in enhancing the involvement of mothers in home treatment. One point to note here is that providing a long home treatment time is crucial. Therefore, it is recommended that family members have access to rehabilitation treatment for training developmentally delayed children or their care giver; and moreover, we needed to carry out family training or at least arrange for meetings between the family members and medical personnel involved in the child's rehabilitation.

This study estimated the status of dietary intake of 258 children from ages 3 to 6 living in Seoul and analyzed the correlation between the degree of children's nutrition awareness and dietary intake, to provide some basic informations on nutrition education program for their health promotion. Average height and weight of the children were 110.5 cm and 19.7 kg. And their body mass index was 16.2 and obesity index was 6.5%. Proportions of carbohydrate, protein and fat to the total calorie intakes were on the average 55.8%, 15.6% and 28.6%. Calorie intake proportion of breakfast, lunch, dinner and snack were 20.9%, 21.9%, 22.3% and 34.9%. In protein intake, proportion of animal and vegetable protein was 1.4, in fat intake pattern, P/M/S ratio was 1.2/1.2/1.0. As a consequence of analyzing the correlation between children's nutrition awareness and dietary intake, children of high awareness degree to the food value did not intake much calorie and carbohydrate, and did not choose cereals and starches, condensed fat food. As a result, dietary intake of pre-school children showed very good but partially showed a problem of over and under nutrition in quantity or in quality we hope that the result of this study could be helpful for the nutrition education program for the health and nutrition of the pre-school children.

This study was undertaken to investigate the dietary behavior and sugar intake of korean school children. The subject were 131 school lunch program children and 149 non school lunch program children lived in Soung Nam city. Sugar intake, food intake, dietary behavior and anthropometric measurement were studied through personal interview using 24-hour recall dietary data and records. Total daily energy and nutrient intake of children were higher than RDAs except for intake of Calcium and vitamin A. The nutrients intake of school lunch program children were significantly higher than that of non school lunch program children (p〈0.05). The range of daily sugar intake was 10 g to 220 g and the total daily sugar intake was 63.0±37.4 g. Sugar intake of school lunch program children (51.4±25.7 g) was significantly lower than non school lunch program children (73.1±42.9 g) (p〈0.0001). The more sugar intake increase more intake of Energy, Fat and Carbohydrate. The result of stepwise multiple regression analysis using the sugar intake of children as dependent variable, energy, vitamin B2, protein, niacin, calcium school lunch program, education of fathers are significant explanatory variables, explaining 44.8% of variation. Result of this study suggest that school lunch program is desirable for good dietary behavior and decreation of sugar intake of school children.

The relationship of obesity and related behaviors was analyzed among 361 primary school children, 4th and 5th grade, in one of private school in Seoul in July 1994. Compared to 1985 Korean Children's Growth Standard, the surveyed children have shown remarkable growth, which is the secular trend in growth of Korean children accompanied with rapid economic growth. But the relative incremental weight was far larger than that of height and this trend was more evident among children over 50th percentile, which shows a wide prevalence of obesity of the surveyed children. By WLI index, 15% of the children was overweight and 13% was obese. The higher the WLI, the more frequent and stronger stress they had. The nutrition knowledge score of obese children was higher compared to others. They were especially sensitive to their physical fitness but many normal or underweight-children also experienced stress due to their body weight and have tried to lose weight by incorrect methods. On the other hand many obese children thought they were optimal or underweight. These results reasserts the importance of nutrition education focused on children aheading puberty. They need to know the correct degree of obesity and to get appropriate education through teachers, dietitians, parents and doctors. The findings of this study could be applied to a nutrition implementation policy to ensure better physical fitness of children aheading puberty in the future.