The volume of fluid method is applied to study the effects of the gas channel wall contact angle on the removal characteristics of a water slug in a right angle PEMFC gas channel. While maintaining the same GDL surface contact angle, two different contact angle distributions on the control area in the corner region are compared via the water coverage ratio and water volume fraction. The water coverage ratios of the hydrophobic channel corner case mainly show smaller values than that of the hydrophilic case except around 27 ms. The water volume fraction of the hydrophobic corner case is supposed to drop down quickly around 27 ms due to the dynamic movement of the liquid water compared to the hydrophilic case. In overall, the hydrophobic corner case shows better water slug removal characteristics.

The volume of fluid (VOF) method is applied to study the effects of the gas channel cross-section shape on the removal characteristics of a water slug in a trapezoidal PEMFC gas channel. Two different open angles 50 and 60 degrees are selected to investigate the effect of cross-section shape on the behavior of a liquid water slug. In comparison to the 50 degrees case, the water slug is removed slightly faster for the 60 degrees case.

To study the effects of the gas channel wall contact angle on the behavior of a liquid water slug, numerical simulations are performed with the volume of fluid (VOF) method. Two different contact angle combinations on the side and top channel walls are selected. In comparison to the reference case, the water slug is removed faster when the hydrophobic contact angle is applied selectively in the corner section.

반도체 공정에서 에칭공정은 실리콘 기판위에 패턴된 절연층을 식각하는 공정으로 분진과 미반응 가스를 배출하며, 다량의 질소와 혼합되어 실질적으로 수 ppm으로 배출되어, 주로 Scrubber를 통하여 후처리가 수행되고 있으나, 처리효율이 저하되는 단점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 막분리 공정을 통하여 질소와 PFCs를 분리회수하는 통합시스템을 개발하여, PFCs 가스 분리,회수에 대한 평가를 수행하였으며, 회수율 95%, 농축비 1을 나타내었다.

The negative factors of fishery in environmental aspect of view are Greenhouse gas emission problems by high usage of fossil fuel, destruction of underwater ecosystem by bottom trawls, reduction of resources by fishing and damage of ecosystem diversity. Especially, the Greenhouse gas emission from fisheries is an important issue due to Cancún meeting, Mexico in 1992 and Kyoto protocol in 2005. However, the investigation on the GHG emissions from Korean fisheries did not much carry out. Therefore, the quantitative analysis of GHG emissions from Korean fishery industry is needed as a first step to find a relevant way to reduce GHG emissions from fisheries. The purpose of this research is to investigate which degree of GHG emitted from fishery. Here, we calculated the GHG emission from Korean bottom pair trawl fishery using the LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) method. The system boundary and input parameters for each process level are defined for LCA analysis. The fuel use coefficient of the fishery is also calculated. The GHG emissions from the representative fishes caught by bottom pair trawl will be dealt with. Furthermore, the GHG emissions for the edible weight of fishes are calculated with consideration to the different consuming areas and slaughtering process also. The results will be helpful to understand the circumstances of GHG emissions from Korean fisheries.

미국과 유럽 등지에서는 자동차용 경유의 방향족 함량이 대기 환경오염의 원인물질로 추정하고 있다. 경유의 총 방향족 및 다고리 방향족 함량 감소가 환경 유해배출가스 HC, NOx, PM 등을 감소시키기 때문이다. 국내에서도 급변하고 있는 차량기술 및 연료품질간의 상관성 규명이 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 국내 실정에 맞는 차량과 연료간의 상호작용에 의하여 발생될 수 있는 환경적 영향평가를 진행하였으며 대상으로는 2.2L급 국내 대표 차량 2종(DPF 유 무)과 국내 정제기술로 생산된 5종의 연료를 통하여 경유의 방향족 함량에 따른 배출가스 특성을 분석하였다.

The purpose of the study is to estimate the Green-House-Gas (GHG) emissions from domestic eel farm in the water recirculation system or still-water system by the assessment of energy consumptions and GHG emissions for establishing to reduce standards of GHG from a sustainable perspective. GHG emission components as seeds, feed, fuel, electricity, fixed capital, fish respiration, and others were analysed at the different culture type between water recirculation system and still-water system by 3 stage farm size of small, medium, large scale. The result showed that the mean GHG emission of the eel farm was 18.7kg·CO2 in the stage of production per fish 1kg at different culture type and farm size. Therefore it could be useful for policy, planning, and regulation of aquaculture development with establishing GHG reduction standards.

The performance of five kind adsorbents, which can reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) from the diesel engine occupying 85% of the fishing boat, was carried out and the emission reduction filter was manufactured and evaluated in the adsorption efficiency of the emission gas for 240 KW diesel portable generator. As a NOx emission filter made of mordenite which has an excellent cation exchange capacity was manufactured by ball type adsorbents having excellent specific surface area. The adsorption efficiency of mordenite material applying the emission reduction filter began to show up at the operating time 10 minutes in comparison with the activated carbon and zeolite materials, and it was exposed to continue until 100% capability with passing by 20 minutes. So the adsorption efficiency of the NOx reduction filter consistently maintained at the averaged 80%.

본 연구에서는 국제해사기구(IMO)의 뜨거운 관심분야로 부상되고 있는 선박기인 입자상물질(PM)과 오염물질 배출에 관하여 한국해양대학교 실습선 한바다호를 이용하여 계측하였다. 특히, PM은 TEM 그리드를 이용해 채취하고 전자현미경으로 구조를 파악하였으며, NOx, CO₂, CO 등의 배기가스는 연소가스분석기(PG-250A, HORIBA)를 이용해 측정하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 선박이 항구에서 출항할 때, Bunker Change로 인한 PM 배출량은 최대 30 % 정도 차이가 있었다. 2) 정속 운항을 하면서 Bunker-A에서 L.R.F.O(3 %)로 변경할 때 측정한 PM 배출량은 1.34㎎/㎥, L.R.F.O(3 %)로 고정해 측정한 PM 배출량은 1.19㎎/㎥, L.R.F.O(3 %)만 사용하며 주기관 회전수를 20 % 증가시키면서 계측한 PM 배출량은 1.40㎎/㎥이었다. 또한, 저질유(L.R.F.O(3 %))로 변경시 CO 농도는 약 16 % 증가하는데 비해 RPM을 20 % 상승시킨 경우에는 152 % 이상 급격한 증가를 보였다. 이러한 결과로부터 배기가스 배출의 증가는 연료유종의 영향도 있으나, RPM의 변화에 민감하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 3) TEM 그리드로 채취한 PM은 약 4~10㎛ 정도의 다양한 입경을 가지는 다공질 응집체 형상의 구조인 것으로 확인하였다.

본 연구에서는 균질기에 의해 혼합된 물과 벙커-A를 보일러로 연소하였을 때의 배기 배출물 특성에 대해 연구를 수행하였다. 그 결과로 균질기로 균질화 된 벙커-A의 경우, 순수 벙커-A에 비해 NOx 농도는 19 %, CO 농도는 54 % 감소를 나타냈다. 물-벙커A의 경우 물 혼합 비율이 증가할수록 NOx 농도분포가 낮아지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히, 20 %물-80 %벙커-A의 경우 순수한 벙커-A 보다 배기가스 내 NOx 농도가 45 %까지 감소하였다. 그러나 20 %물-80 %벙커-A의 경우, CO농도 분포는 불규칙한 변화를 나타냈다. 이것은 일정량 이상의 물 혼합은 보일러의 연소 성능 저하 원인이 될 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 이 결과로부터 본 연구에서 보일러의 정상 연소를 위한벙커A유 내 물의 한계 혼합율은 15 % 인 것을 알 수 있었다. 연돌 부근에서 채취한 매연 부착양은 물의 혼합율이 증가할수록 감소하였다.

PURPOSES : The present paper is to compare vehicles' CO2 emissions in roundabouts and signalized intersections. METHODS : The present paper uses the SIDRA software with variables of traffic and road conditions. RESULTS : The results of the study are as follows : First, when entering traffic volumes are more than 1600pcph, vehicle's CO2 emissions in roundabouts are lower than those of signalized intersections regardless of the left turn ratio. Second, When entering traffic volumes are more than 2800pcph, vehicles's CO2 emissions in 2-lane approaches are lower than those of 1-lane approaches in signalized intersection. Third, when entering traffic volumes are more than 1600pcph, vehicle's CO2 emissions of CASE B are lowest. (CASE B is the condition with one exclusive left-turn lane and one exclusive straight lane and one shared straight lane with right-turn.) Also, CASE A is the condition that vehicle's CO2 emissions in roundabouts are lower than those of signalized intersections between 1600pcph and 3600pcph. (CASE A is the condition with one exclusive left-turn lane and one shared straight lane with right-turn.) But, when entering traffic volumes are more than 4000pcph, vehicle's CO2 emissions in signalized intersections is lower than those of roundabouts. CONCLUSIONS : It may be concluded that vehicle's CO2 emissions on roundabouts are much lower than those of signalized intersections, especially, when entering traffics volumes are between 1600pcph and 3600pcph in 1-lane or 2-lane approaches.

Various efforts have been explored to save the cost in many industrial fields. In order to recover the residual thermal energy from the flue gas, an extreme high efficiency heat exchanger is planning to install at a power plant. The gas temperature will be reduced to 40°C from 115°C. Thus gas buoyancy decreases, and dispersion of nitrogen oxides is expected to deteriorate as increasing relative humidity. In this study, the conversion of nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen dioxide and dispersion regime are investigated through computational modeling. Nitrogen dioxide which indicates 0.1 ppm at 85 m from the ground could be propagated to 620 m at 115°C of the flue gas, whilst when cooled down to 40°C, it expands up to 750 m. The ground level influence area showed more expansion of dispersion, approximately to 930 m.

The global warming related to GHG (greenhouse gases) emissions from industries is a major issue globally. Furthermore, GHG emissions from the fishery industries also represent an important issue, as indicated by "The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries" at the Cancun, Mexico, meeting in 1992 and by the Kyoto protocol in 2005. Korea pronounced itself to be a voluntary exclusion management country at the 16th IPCC at Cancun, Mexico, in 2010. However, few analyses of GHG emissions from Korean fisheries have been performed. Therefore, a quantitative analysis of GHG emissions from the major Korean fisheries is needed before guidelines for reducing GHG emissions from the fishing industry can be established. The aim of this study was to assess the present GHG emissions from the Korean Purse seine fishery using the LCA (life cycle assessment) method. The system boundary and allocation method were defined for the LCA analysis. The fuel consumption factor of the purse seine fishery was also calculated. The GHG emissions for the edible fish were evaluated by determining the weights of whole fish and gutted fish. Finally, the GHG emissions required to produce 1kg of whole fish and 1kg of edible fish were deduced. The results will help determine the GHG emissions from the fishery. They will also be helpful to stakeholders and the government in understanding the circumstances involved in GHG emissions from the fishing industry.

우리나라는 2015년부터 육상 온실가스 다배출 부문을 대상으로 기후변화의 위험성 감소를 위해 온실가스 배출권거래제도 시행을 통하여 온실가스배출 감축을 추진하고 있다. 그러나 해운부문은 선박활동방식의 국제성을 기반으로 국제해사기구(IMO)를 통해 부문별 접근방식으로 전 세계 모든 선박이 일률적인 규제를 통하여 온실가스 배출을 제한하는 제도를 마련하고 있다. 이미 2011년 기술적․운항적 온실가스 규제안을 마련한데 이어 시장기반적 조치에 대하여 선박을 대상으로 논의 중에 있다. 그 중에서도 전통적인 시장기반 조치 중의 하나인 배출권거래제도에 대하여 중요하게 논의되고 있다. 그러나 해운부문은 배출권거래제도 제안문서에서 지목되고 있는 안전경영증서상의 선박운항자가 온실가스관리 업무를 맡기에는 계약구조에 따른 선박의 소유, 점유 및 사용하는 방식의 차이에 따라 일률적으로 적용하기에는 한계가 있다. 육상부문의 배출권거래제도가 점오염원을 대상으로 시행되는 것과는 달리 선박은 비점오염원으로서의 특성이 있어서 관리가 쉽지 않은 실정이다. 또한 해운이 자본집약적 산업임에도 불구하고 글로벌 초대형선사와 중․소형선사간에 인력운용에 따른 수준 격차로 인해 배출권거래제도 편입에 따른 대응문제 등 다양한 문제점이 있다. 이 논문에서는 선박 온실가스배출규제를 위한 배출권거래제도 도입에 있어 앞서 제기한 문제점을 극복하고 국제해사기구의 부문별 접근방식, 전통적인 환경법의 원칙인 오염자 부담의 원칙 이행 및 기후변화협약의 유연성체제 등을 균형 있게 이행할 수 있는 방안에 대해 검토하였다.

When gasoline car using gasoline additives and lubricant additives was running, we were able to find the characteristics which is related to noise and vibration, and also affection of emission by chassis dynamometer. The results are followed. 1) change of HC was not related to lubricant additives, it turned out that change of HC will be low, when ratio of gasoline additives is high. 2) NOx was detected to high, when ratio of lubricant additives is high. And when ratio of gasoline additives was 8.29, the data for NOx was lowest. 3) CO2 was 13.5～14% constantly, this result is not related to ratio of lubricant additives and gasoline additives. 4) Noise was not related to both of them ratio of lubricant additives and gasoline additives. But vibration was downed to 120Hz at 40km/h due to lubricant additives.

This research aims to develop parts for Advanced Fuel/Oil Filtering Re- circulation applicable to this kind of regulation proof engines. These parts can play a role of converting traditional air emission type crankcase into recovery type crankcase so that the engine can deal with environmental regulations, which do not allow minimal amount of toxic gas discharge. For the experiment, test method and specially made testing equipment are prepared. The results showed that Oil separation efficiency of the Cyclone type crank case oil separator was higher than one of the partition wall type in bench test and that Emission gas of the cyclone type oil separator was higher than one of the partition wall type in vehicle test.