Background: This study was conducted to investigate the growth characteristics, root yield and curcuminoid content of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), cultivated using mother seed rhizomes (MR) and finger seed rhizome (FR) of different sizes. MR are attached to the stem, and FR are connected to the MR, and are used as a general seed rhizome. Methods and Results: Seed rhizomes of different types and sizes were used: large, medium and small for FR, and large, half-sized, and small for MR. These were assigned to the experimental groups and cultivated under greenhouse conditions. The growth characteristics, root yield, and curcuminoid content did not show clear difference between MR and FR, but suggest that the larger seed rhizomes (above 30 g) could have higher root yields. On average, harvested mother rhizomes (HMR) contained more curcuminoid than harvested finger rhizomes (HFR), while the yield of HFR was higher than that of HMR. The higher weight of harvested roots correlated significantly with elevated curcuminoid content. Conclusions: The two seed rhizomes, MR and FR, did not differ in root yield and curcuminoid contents, but larger seed rhizomes may produce better root yields. This suggest that the optimum seed rhizome is larger FR, to produce higher yields and quality in turmeric root production.

Background: Angelica gigas Nakai is a perennial herb belonging to the family Umbelliferae. Its roots are utilized in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to increase the yield of and the content of two indicator components (decursin and decursinol angelate) in A. gigas Nakai. Methods and Results: The roots of A. gigas Nakai were harvested 4-times from late August to late October in 2017. Two agents (trace element-TE, and plant hormone-HM) were applied 4 times at intervals of 2 weeks. The content of the two indicator components were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The HM treatment showed the greatest increase in underground part yield and root diameter. The content of the two indicator components in the control (non-treatment) group was the highest in the underground part, but was higher in the aerial parts in the agent treatment group. After treatment with the agents, the content of the indicator components tended to decrease in the underground part. However, the total content of the indicator components in the two agent treatment groups exceeded the level of 6% set by the Korean Pharmacopoeia. Conclusions: The highest underground part yield was found in the HM treatment group, while the highest content of decursin and decursinol angelate were found in the control group. This study provides basic information for yield improvement in A. gigas.

The study was carried out to determine the changes of growth characteristics, anthocyanidin, and brown rice yield grown at coast and inland areas apart from the east coastline of Gyeongsangbuk-do province. Number of spikelets per panicle was much more increased in inland area. Regional difference in number of spikelets per panicle was observed in Jeongjinju cultivar. Among these red rice cultivars, the highest brown rice yield was Jeongjinju rice cultivar having 702 ㎏ in inland area and 692 ㎏ in coast area, respectively. Anthocyanidin content ranged 524 to 610 ㎍/g dry weight basis. Cyanidin content was 11.4 to 14.0 times higher than that of delphinidin under coast and inland area. Anthocyanidin content was higher in rice cultivar grown at coast area. Highest head brown rice rate was only observed in Geonganghongmi to 95.2 at coast area and 95.4 inland area. In considering brown rice yield and pigment content, Hongjinju rice cultivar was recommended in optimal pigment rice cultivar in eastern coast of Gyeongsangbuk-do Province.

본 연구는 병원에서 원예치료 프로그램으로 식물을 원예용 상토, 분갈이 용토, 물을 이용한 재배방법으로 식물을 식재한 뒤 병원과 똑같은 환경의 조건 내에서 토양과 수질에 병원성 미생물을 조사하고, 식물 생육의 변화를 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 토양 유해 미생물을 조사하 기 위하여 원예활동에서 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 헤테라(Hedera helix L.), 테이블 야자(Chamaedorea elegans)를 원예용 상토(팜한농), 분갈이 용토(흥전농산), 수돗물(경산)을 이용한 수경재배로 12cm 플라스틱 화분에 각각 이식하였다. 실험 장소는 병원환경과 비슷한 온도 인 20~23℃, 습도 60~70%, 광도 1000Lux로 설정한 실내공간에서 2017년 2월 27일부터 5월 1일까지 63일간 실시하였으며 4일 간격으로 50mL씩 관수하였다. 이식 전 원예용 상토, 분갈이 용토, 수돗물의 E. coli O157:H7과 Salmonella spp.을 분석하였으며 실험 마지막 날에도 식물 근권에 위치한 토양을 채취하여 유해미생물을 분석하였다. 또한 병원과 비슷한 환경조건에서 10주간 재배하는 동안 일주일 간격으로 초장, 엽장, 엽폭과 엽수, 엽록소 함량을 측정하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째 토양 내 병원성 미생물 분석 결과 이식전과 실험 마지막 날 모두 원예용 상토, 분갈이 용토, 수경재배 모두 E. coli O157:H7과 Salmonella spp.은 검출되지 않았다. 이는 오염된 토양이 아닌 한 토양 자체 내에서 유해 미생물이 발생되지 않았고 병원 내 주변 환경보다는 공기 중 미생물 농도에 따라 영향을 미친다(Jaffal et al., 1996)는 연구 결과와 맥을 같이 하고 있다. 둘째 식물 생육 변화를 관찰한 결과 병원과 동일한 환경조건아래에서 아이비와 테이블 야자의 생육변화가 현 저히 차이가 났다. 먼저 아이비의 초장은 수경재배(19.2cm)>원예용 상토(10.6cm)>분갈이 용토(7.2cm) 순으로 증가하였으며 엽수는 원예 용 상토(37.6)>수경재배(30.3)>분갈이 용토(25.0)순으로 증가하였다. 엽록소 함량으로 추정한 결과 아이비는 이식한 뒤 원예용 상토, 분갈 이 용토, 수경 재배 모두 35일이 지난 시점부터 엽록소 함량이 떨어지기 시작하였다. 그중 수경재배에서의 아이비는 원예용 상토의 2배, 분 갈이 용토의 3배만큼 엽록소 함량이 급격히 떨어졌으며 잎이 고사하여 떨어지는 현상도 나타났다. 테이블 야자는 원예용 상토, 분갈이 용 토, 수경재배 모두 초장의 성장률은 극히 적은 변화를 보였지만 그중에서 원예용 상토에서 제일 높은 증감률을 보였다(0.39cm). 엽록소 함 량은 28일 지난 시점부터 낮아지기 시작하였으며 수경재배를 한 테이블 야자의 엽록소 함량이 제일 급격히 떨어지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 원 예활동 시 치료의 목적으로 식물의 빠른 성장을 보기 위해선 아이비, 테이블야자 모두 원예용 상토에 식재하는 것이 효과를 줄 수 있다. 또 한 수경재배를 통한 원예활동 시 어떠한 영양분을 첨가하지 않았기 때문에 35일이 지나면 영양분을 첨가해 주거나 병실 내에서 제거해주 는 것이 좋을 것으로 사료된다

Background : Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a member of the malvaceae family and has been prescribed in traditional folk medicine in Africa and India. It showed broad biologicas activities such as hepatoprotective activity, antioxidative activity and haematinic activity. Kenaf leaves contain a lot of vegetable calcium, protein, iron and vitamins, so have high potential as functional food. Thus, the present study purposed to analyze useful substances contained in kenaf leaves and their activities and look for their possibilities as the materials of food and medicine. Methods and Results :　We sowed the seeds of three varieties of kenaf, namely, Dowling, Everglade-41 and Tainung-2 at planting space of 20 × 20㎝ on the field and collected plants on the 98th , 127th and 141st days from sowing. The total polyphenol content was measured using a slightly modified Folin-Denis method, which uses the phenomenon that a phenolic substance turns blue by reaction with phosphomolybdate. Conclusion : We analyzed SOD enzyme activity related to the scavenging of superoxide anion radical (․O2-) through NBT reduction. As for the SOD activity of leaf extract by variety, the activity was 92.6%, 91.0% and 92.6%, respectively, in Tainung-2 on day 98, 127 and 141 from sowing, slightly higher than those in the other two varieties but not significantly different. The activity was slightly higher in the middle period of growth than in the harvest period, but not much different according to harvest time. As for the DPPH radical scavenging activity of leaf extract by variety, the activity was 80.87% and 80.71%, respectively, in Tainung-2 on day 98 (30th of October)and day127 (28th of September), slightly higher than the other two varieties.

두둑을 재활용한 무경운 재배 토양의 고추의 생육량은 관행경운 토양에 비하여 22% 정 도 증가되었고, 무경운 3년차는 12% 정도 증가되었다. 무경운 재배 2년차 토양에서 생산된 풋고추 건물중은 348.4 kg 10-1으로 관행 경운 토양에 비하여 16% 증가되었으나, 무경운 3 년차는 감소되었다. 무경운 2년차 토양의 세균은 관행 경운 토양에 비하여 유의적인 증가를 보였으나, 무경 운 3년차에서는 관행 경운 토양과 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 방선균도 경운 토양에 비하여 무경운 2년차 토양은 유의적인 증가를 보였으나 무경운 3년차는 감소되었다. 곰팡이는 경 운토양에 비하여 무경운 2~3년차 토양에서 1.3~1.7배 정도 증가되었다. 무경운 재배 토양의 CO2 발생량은 경운재배 토양에 비하여 41% 수준으로 발생량이 현저 하게 감소되었다. 고추 생육 초기 관행 경운 토양의 미소동물은 톡토기목과 응애목 2종 6개체가 포획되었 으나, 무경운 1년차 토양에서는 지네강 등 5종 11개체가 포획되었고, 무경운 2년차는 딱정 벌레와 지네강 등 3종 5개체가 포획되었다. 고추 정식 46일 후에 조사한 경운재배 토양은 보라톡토기 등 4종 40개체를 포함 큰집게벌레 등 8종 97개체가 포획되었다. 무경운 재배 토양은 9~10종 101~107개체가 포획되었다. 지표생물로서 환경의 변화의 기준이 되는 자연도 점수는 관행경운양 19점에 비하여 무 경운 토양의 자연도 점수는 33점으로 1.74배 정도 높았다. 따라서 두둑과 고랑을 재활용한 한국형 무경운 농업은 관행 경운토양에 비하여 작물의 생육과 토양 미생물, 토양 곤충을 포함한 토양생물 다양성, 온실가스 발생량 감소에 긍정적 인 역할을 하는 것으로 판단되었다.

Background : Recently, some ginseng has been greenhouse production within the purse of fresh vegetables. The chemical of bed soil is very important because this leads to the stabilization of production in ginseng cultivation. The objective was to investigate the effects of composition of bed soil type on the growth. Methods and Results : Bed soil was commercial bed soil to the control and compared bed soil in 5 types. Culture nutrient solution was modified from Korea Wonshi nutrient solutions. Nutrient solution supply system has been applied to sub-irrigation system. Light intensity and photoperiod were 100 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1 and 16 h, respectively; and air temperature was maintained at 25 ± 5℃. Nutrient solution was supplied after transplantation 20 days. Soil sampling was investigated every 30 days, and shoot growth were investigated from 60 to 150 days. Bed soil analysis result, the content of NO3 and P2O5 were significantly changed after 60 days in all types soil. The quantity of NO3 and P2O5 decreased with increase growth period. Also, Growth of roots showed a large influence of the soil pH. Conclusion : Results for ginseng hydroponic culture will enable the production of stable soil environment and efficient ginseng fresh vegetables.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of irrigation interval and fertilizer level on changes in soil chemical properties and growth of cut flower in soil retarding culture of standard chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum) ‘Iwanohakusen'. The compound fertilizer (Poly-Feed, N-P-K 19-19-19) diluted with 1 g･L -1 were treated by irrigation intervals of 1 time/1 day (1.5 L･m -2 ), 1 time/2 days (1.5 L･m -2 ), 2 times/3 days (3 L･m -2 ) and 2 times/5 days (3 L･m -2 ). As irrigation interval was long, the nutrient contents of soil decreased. In 1 time/1 day treatment, NO3-N, K, and P2O5 contents of soil decreased, but Ca and Mg contents of soil did not change than before planting. The growth of cut flower, such as stem length, stem diameter, fresh weight, and weight of flower was the best in 1 time/1 day treatment, and was the worst in 2 times/5 days treatment. To examine the proper fertilizer level, the compound fertilizers (Poly-Feed, N-P-K 19-19-19) of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 kg per 1.5t water were treated 1 time/1 day in 1,000 m 2 field. In fertilizer level of 0.8 or 1.6 kg, EC and nutrient contents of soil were higher or similar than before planting, and inorganic salts in soil were accumulating continuously. The growth of cut flower, such as stem length, number of leaves, weight, and diameter of flower bud was more effective in fertilizer level of 0.4 kg, but it was the worst in excessive fertilizer level of 1.6 kg. Therefore, fertigation of 0.4 kg compound fertilizer with 1 time/1 day in 1,000 m 2 field was the most effective for reasonable soil management and cut flower production of high quality in retarding culture of standard chrysanthemum ‘Iwanohakusen’.

This study was conducted to investigated the changes in the nutrient components (NO3 --N, NH4 +-N, PO4 3-P, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) and environmental parameters (electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and pH) on the leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown with hydroponics. Recirculating hydroponic cultivation system was consisted of planting port, LED lamp, water tank, and circulating pump for hydroponic. Nutrient solution was used in the standard solution for Japan vegetables experimental station and commercial hydroponic. The result showed that electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and pH, depending on the growth of lettuce decreased continuously. With the growth of the lettuce, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, phosphate phosphorus were required for periodic replacement. The number of pH compensation due to the growth of lettuce are the most high. The concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ during the lettuce growth showed no significant change. However, K+ concentration increased due to the replacement with nitrogen and phosphorus. Electric conductivity and total dissolved solids with total nutrient concentration showed the linear relationship and the correlation coefficient R2 were 0.8601 and the 0.827, respectively.

The histological changes in the Ussurian bullhead, Leiocassis ussuriensis, and the Korean bullhead, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco, were observed during the early period of growth. The retinas size of both species increased in the 9 days post-hatching (DPH) (P<0.05). In the just-hatched Ussurian bullhead, the retina already consisted of six layers: the epithelial layer, ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, outer limiting membrane layer, and rod and cone layer. The Korean bullhead had the same components. At 50 DPH, the thickness of the retina was 538.0±7.19 μm in the Ussurian bullhead and 558.9±9.44 μm in the Korean bullhead. The relative thickness of each layer of the retina did not differ significantly in the two species. Although the growth of the Korean bullhead’s retina was faster, the relative thickness of each layer in the retina did not change during early development. After hatching, some parts of the tissue gradually became denser. Immediately after hatching, the kidney and midgut epithelium of the Ussurian bullhead and Korean bullhead were already formed and grew gradually thereafter. From 0 DPH to 30 DPH, the nuclear height in the midgut epithelium did not differ significantly between the two species, but at 50 DPH, it was 11.4±2.45 μm in the Korean bullhead and 9.9±2.13 μm in the Ussurian bullhead. During the experimental period, the major axes, minor axes, surface areas, and volumes of the proximal tubule cells in the kidney did not differ significantly between the two species. Thus, the early histological development of the Ussurian bullhead is similar to that of the Korean bullhead.

본 연구는 강낭콩 싹나물의 재배시 재배온도에 따른 싹나물의 재배특성 및 항산화 활성을 분석하여 강낭콩을 이용한 채소용 싹나물 재배방법 구명과, 강낭콩 싹나물이 가진 성분 및 활성 등을 분석하여 최적 재배 조건을 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 1.강낭콩 싹나물 재배를 위하여 20℃, 23℃ 및 25℃의 온도에서 5일간 재배한 결과 전장 및 배축장은 23℃에서 재배하였을 경우 가장 우수하게 재배되었으며, 배축직경의 경우는 온도와 상관없이 모두 유사하게 재배되었다. 2.재배온도별 강낭콩 싹나물의 불완전발아율 및 수율을 측정한 결과 재배온도별로 큰 차이를 보였으며, 20℃ 및 25℃에서 재배 시 50%가 넘는 불완전발아율을 보였으나, 23℃에서는 10% 내외로 나타났다. 3.강낭콩 싹나물의 재배온도별 조지방 및 조단백질 함량을 분석한 결과 재배온도 및 강낭콩 품종에 따라 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 4.재배온도(20℃, 23℃ 및 25℃) 및 일수(0일, 3일, 5일 및 7일)별 강낭콩 싹나물의 폴리페놀 함량 및 라디칼 소거능을 측정한 결과 재배온도 및 일수가 증가함에 따라 폴리페놀 함량 및 라디칼 소거능이 증가하였으며, 특히 23℃에서 재배 시 가장 높은 폴리페놀 함량 및 라디칼 소거능을 나타냈다.

We investigated the process of yolk absorption in Korean rose bitterling, Rhodeus uyekii, and determined the changes in its morphometric characteristics. The R. uyekii from 1 days post hatching (DPH) to 21 DPH, the eye diameter (ED) was 5.4 at 5 DPH. Thereafter, the ED/total length (TL) ratio increased to 10.7 at 21 DPH (p<0.05). The yolk length (YL) decreased from 95.4 to 1.1 by 21 DPH, and this rate of decrease was greater than that for any other dimension (p<0.05). 12 morphometric dimensions/TL for the R. uyekii were measured at each sampling day from 21 DPH to 170 DPH. At just hatching, the average TL and BW were 6.1±0.09 mm and 4.9±0.07 mg, respectively. At 53 DPH, the average TL was 12.9±0.28 mm and the average BW was 14.7±0.72 mg; the total length growth equation was TL=5.507e0.038t (R²=0.916). Further, the body weight growth equation was BW=3.3647e0.0296t (R²=0.9354). The dimensions with regard to body depth showed the greatest growth rates in the external characteristics of the fish (p<0.05). The patterns of the morphometric characteristics measured in this study can be classified in three ways. The patterns were shown to be increased (y=0.0992x+ 12.07, R²=0.8333), decreased (y=–0.0569x+42.029, R²=0.8395) or maintained (y=0.005x+18.263, R²=0.3678) from 21 DPH to 170. These results will provide useful indices for the successful rearing of the R. uyekii.

The histological changes in the Ussurian bullhead, Leiocassis ussuriensis, and the Korean bullhead, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco, were observed during the early period of growth. The retinas size of both species increased in the 9 days post-hatching (DPH) (p<0.05). In the just-hatched Ussurian bullhead, the retina already consisted of six layers: the epithelial layer, ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, outer limiting membrane layer, and rod and cone layer. The Korean bullhead had the same components. At 50 DPH, the thickness of the retina was 538.0±7.19 μm in the Ussurian bullhead and 558.9±9.44 μm in the Korean bullhead. The relative thickness of each layer of the retina did not differ significantly in the two species. Although the growth of the Korean bullhead’s retina was faster, the relative thickness of each layer in the retina did not change during early development. After hatching, some parts of the tissue gradually became denser. Immediately after hatching, the kidney and midgut epithelium of the Ussurian bullhead and Korean bullhead were already formed and grew gradually thereafter. From 0 DPH to 30 DPH, the nuclear height in the midgut epithelium did not differ significantly between the two species, but at 50 DPH, it was 11.4±2.45 μm in the Korean bullhead and 9.9± 2.13 μm in the Ussurian bullhead. During the experimental period, the major axes, minor axes, surface areas, and volumes of the proximal tubule cells in the kidney did not differ significantly between the two species. Thus, the early histological development of the Ussurian bullhead is similar to that of the Korean bullhead.

Morphometric changes in the Ussurian bullhead, Leiocassis ussuriensis, and the Korean bullhead, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco, were observed during the early period of growth. Yolk length, yolk height, and yolk volume in the two species decreased within 9 days post-hatching (DPH) (p<0.05). The body lengths and body heights of both species increased gradually to 150 and 130 DPH, respectively (p<0.05). The horizontal distance between the anteriormost extension of the head and the anterior insertion of the pectoral fin, the anteriormost extension of the head × the verticality position of the anterior insertion of the primary dorsal fin rays, and the anterior insertion of the primary dorsal fin × the anterior insertion of the pectoral fin were greater in the Korean bullhead than in the Ussurian bullhead (p<0.05). However, the relative sizes of the head region, pectoral fin, ventral fin, and anal fin were greater in the Ussurian bullhead than in the Korean bullhead (p<0.05), and relative body depth and the size of the outer-mandible barbel were greater in the Korean bullhead than in the Ussurian bullhead (p<0.05). The growth curves of the morphometric characteristics of both species were divided into three types.

In this study, we measured the morphometric and histological changes in the cyprinid loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, during the early period of growth. Eyes, yolk length, yolk height, and yolk volume of the larva decreased for 16 days post hatching (DPH) (P<0.05). During 60 DPH (P>0.05), the most anterior extension of the head × the posterior end of the supraoccipital, the most anterior extension of the head × the origin of the dorsal fin, the most anterior extension of the head × the origin of the pectoral fin, the posterior end of the supraoccipital × the origin of the pelvic fin, and the origin of the dorsal fin × the ventral origin of the caudal fin gradually decreased, whereas the most anterior extension of the head × the dorsal origin of the caudal fin, the origin of the dorsal fin × the origin of the anal fin, the origin of the dorsal fin × the origin of the pectoral fin, and the insertion of the dorsal fin × the origin of the pelvic fin gradually increased (P<0.05). In the cyprinid loach, the retina is composed of six layers: the epithelial layer, ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, outer limiting membrane, and rod and cone layer (RCL). After hatching, part of the RCL gradually increased in density. The kidney and midgut epithelium were already formed in the cyprinid loach just after hatching and grew gradually in subsequent days.

This experiment was carried out to investigate the appropriate chilling requirements for breaking dormancy by treating the dormant plant of Hanabusaya asiatica with low temperature (4℃) for different time periods. The rates of sprouting and flowering were higher with longer treatment periods at low temperature. In addition, the growth and flowering of the plant were better when it was potted after treatment at a low temperature for 90 days. The abscisic acid levels and polyphenoloxidase activity of the dormant plant increased during the low temperature treatment, reached a climax 90 days and decreased thereafter. The catalase activity was the lowest after the low temperature treatment for 90 days and increased subsequently. The peroxidase activity increased and showed a sharp rise after the low temperature treatment for more than 90 days. Considering the physiological activities of the enzymes, the changes in the abscisic acid levels, and the characteristics of growth and flowering after sprouting of the plant, the appropriate cold periods required for breaking dormancy could be 90 days.

The relationship between air temperatures and the fraction of urban areas (FUA) and their linear regression equation were estimated using land-use data provided by the water management information system (WAMIS) and air temperatures by the Korea Meteorology Administration (KMA) in the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) during 1975 through 2000. The future FUA in the SMA (from 2000 to 2030) was also predicted by the urban growth model (i.e., SLEUTH) in conjunction with several dataset (e.g., urban, roads, etc.) in the WAMIS. The estimated future FUA was then used as input data for the linear regression equation to estimate an annual mean minimum air temperature in the future (e.g., 2025 and 2030). The FUA in the SMA in 2000 simulated by the SLEUTH showed good agreement with the observations (a high accuracy (73%) between them). The urban growth in the SMA was predicted to increase by 16% of the total areas in 2025 and by 24% in 2030. From the linear regression equation, the annual mean minimum air temperature in the SMA increased about 0.02℃/yr and it was expected to increase up to 8.3℃ in 2025 and 8.7℃ in 2030.