This study aims to extend previous research on the structural relationships between organisational empowerment and frontline employees’ behaviors,and explores the role of the self-regulating process and its impact on service recovery performance by using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Following the procedure of applying fsQCA (data calibration, truth table construction and fsQCA analysis) on the data of express mail firms in China, the results explore the combination of several causes as solutions that lead to both high and low service recovery performance. The findings show that the organisational empowerment is a sufficient antecedent for high service recovery performance, especially in case where frontline employee have full awareness and positive work involvement. Moreover, in the context of organisational empowerment, a reasonable level of emotional exhaustion represents a positive impact on performance in service recovery. This study offers more comprehensive insights for practitioners to empower frontline employees and monitor their emotions and behaviors using more appropriate approaches.
This study applies optimization-based algorithm to develop combination classification methods. We propose a genetic algorithm-based combination classification method of multiple decision trees to improve predictive accuracy, optimize classification rules, and interpret classification results. The basic algorithm for decision tree has been constructed in a top-down recursive divide-and-conquer manner. Based on different split measures (attribute selection measures), different decision tree algorithms can be produced, and then multiple decision trees can be formed. We proposed the parallel combination model of multiple decision trees. On top of the combination model, multiple decision trees are parallel combined. Each decision tree produces its own classification rules according to training samples from which one can present the classification result using probability distribution of target class label. At the bottom, the classification result of each decision tree serves as the input for combination algorithm in producing classification result and rules for the combination model. Combination algorithm adopts weighted summation of the outputs of probability measurement levels from individual decision trees, while genetic algorithm optimizes connection weight matrix. Finally the target class label with the largest probability output value is selected as the decision result for combination classification methods. The proposed method is applied to the issues of customer credit rating assessment and customer response behaviour pattern recognition in CRM. From the simulation results it is concluded that the proposed method has higher predictive accuracy than single decision tree. Moreover, it retains good interpretability and optimizes classification rules.
본 연구는 친환경적이고 감성적인 패션상품의 색채기획을 위한 자료를 제공하고자 수행되었다. 쪽과 괴화로 복합 염색 후 무매염 견직물과 4종의 매염제(Al, Cu, Fe, Zn)를 처리한 견직물에 대하여 색채특성을 측정하였다. 또한 복합염색 후 매염처리된 연두색 견직물에 대하여 여대생을 대상으로 색채감성과 색채 선호도를 조사하였으며, 색채 특성과 색채감성이 색채 선호도에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 쪽/괴화로 복합염색된(무매염) 견직물은 선 염색한 쪽 농도가 10 g/ℓ이면 녹색, 쪽 20 g/ℓ을 사용하면 청록색을 나타내었으며, 4종의 매염제를 사용하여 처리시 거의 모든 경우 연두색을 나타내었다. 연두색을 나타내는 복합염색된 견직물 10종의 색채감성을 요인분석한 결과, 유쾌성, 품위성, 편안성 요인으로 분류되었으며, 이러한 색채감성은 쪽 농도와 매염제의 종류에 따라 대부분 유의한 차이를 보였다. 또한 복합염색된 연두색 견직물의 색채특성과 색채감성요인 간에는 대부분 유의한 상관성을 보여, L*값, b*값, C*값이 크고 a*값이 작을수록 유쾌성과 편안성 감성을 더 강하게 느끼며, L*값이 작고 a*값이 클수록 품위성 감성을 더욱 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 쪽과 괴화로 복합염색하고 매염처리한 연두색 견직물의 색채감성요인을 예측변수로 활용할 수 있는 색채 선호도 예측 회귀식이 제안되었다.
Eight different data sets are examined in order to gain insight into the surface heat flux traits of the East Asian marginal seas. In the case of solar radiation of the East Sea (Japan Sea), Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments ver. 2 (CORE2) and the Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Fluxes (OAFlux) are similar to the observed data at meteorological stations. A combination is sought by averaging these as well as the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)-1 data to acquire more accurate surface heat flux for the East Asian marginal seas. According to the Combination Data, the annual averages of net heat flux of the East Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea are −61.84, −22.42, and −97.54Wm−2 , respectively. The Kuroshio area to the south of Japan and the southern East Sea were found to have the largest upward annual mean net heat flux during winter, at −460- −300 and at −370- −300Wm−2 , respectively. The long-term fluctuation (1984-2004) of the net heat flux shows a trend of increasing transport of heat from the ocean into the atmosphere throughout the study area.
무릎 임플란트에서 접촉압력이 마모에 큰 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 본 연구기관에서 개발한 무릎 임플란트 모델을 이용하여 유한요소해석을 하였다. 연구와 산업에서 실제로 사용하는 조합을 이용하여 총 10가지의 무릎 임플란트의 재료조 합에 대한 접촉압력을 분석하였다. 무릎이 30도, 45도 60도 기울어져있을 때의 하중을 가하여 접촉압력을 구하였다. 접촉압 력을 계산한 결과 티타늄합금-UHMWPE 조합에서 가장 작은 접촉압력이 나왔다. UHMWPE의 경우 대퇴골부에 어떠한 재 료를 사용하여도 접촉압력이 크게 변하지 않았다. 접촉압력이 가장 큰 조합과 작은 조합을 비교하였을 때 0.77% 차이를 보 였다. 반면에 Carbon/PEEK 복합재료의 경우 접촉압력이 가장 큰 경우와 작은 경우를 비교하였을 때 5.3% 차이를 보였다. 이를 통해 Carbon/PEEK 복합재료를 베어링부로 사용할 경우 대퇴골부의 재료가 마모에 영향을 미침을 알 수 있다. 본 연구 는 무릎 임플란트 마모예측과 마모를 최소화 연구에 도움이 될 것이라 생각한다.
Large-size graphene samples are successfully prepared by combining ultrosonic assisted liquid phase exfoliation process with oxidation-deoxidation method. Different from previous works, we used an ultrasound-treated expanded graphite as the raw material and prepared the graphene via a facile oxidation-reduction reaction. Results of X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirm the crystal structure of the as-prepared graphene. Scanning electron microscopy images show that this kind of graphene has a large size (with a diameter over 100 μm), larger than the graphene from graphite powder and flake graphite prepared through single oxidation-deoxidation method. Transmission electron microscopy results also reveal the thin layers of the prepared graphene (number of layers ≤3). Furthermore, the importance of preprocessing the raw materials is also proven. Therefore, this method is an attractive way for preparing graphene with large size.
Wood pellets are used by Biomass-solid refuse fuel (Bio-SRF) has been imported from many East-Asia countries especially,Vietnam in Korea. Wood pellets are made through grind and high-pressure process shows different physical characterizationlike high methyl bromide (MB) absorption unlike other wood materials. Furthermore, detected pests in wood pellets havesimilarity with detected pests in stored grain. In this study, we analyzed susceptibility on pupa and adult stages of redflour beetle, Tribolium castaneum in wood pellets against mixture of MB and phosphine (PH3). Mixture treatment ofMB and PH3 was more effective than single MB treatment compare with control. Pupal stage showed more tolerant thanadult stage on each fumigant and 100% mortality was determined at 27 mg/L of MB only at 20°C. However, PH3 increasedMB toxicity on pupae that 100% mortality was observed at 100:1 ratio of MB (5 mg/L) and PH3 (0.05 mg/L) at 20°C.Based on this study, mixture treatment of different type of fumigant will be applied to control of quarantine pests.
The attraction of the tomato whiteflies Trialeurodes vaporariorum, to four type of traps combined with a colored stickyboard and an light emitting lamp was investigated in 2016 in an tomato greenhouse. The colors of the sticky boardswere yellow and the peak wavelengths of the light emitting traps were 470nm(blue), 590nm(yellow) and 450~625nm(white).The type of traps was designed to directly illuminate the plants with an light emitting lamp and set along the lowerpart of the crops whose each sticky board was directed to the plants. This experiments showed that T. vaporariorumadults on average preferred (p>0.05) traps in blue lights(110±3.2adults/trap) compared to traps in yellow lights (71±1.4adults/trap)and white light traps(45±1.1adults/trap). The blue light trap(470nm) showed the most attractive to T. vaporariorum adults,followed by a similarly attraction to the yellow light trap(590nm), whereas the control (no light trap) was little attractiveto T. vaporariorum adults.
This study investigated the synergistic effects of a combination of cephalexin and gentamicin (CCG) against Streptococcus spp. isolated from bovine milk. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index were determined for 12 bacteria isolated from 12 bovine farms in Gyeongnam province. The MIC ranges of cephalexin, gentamicin and CCG were 0.25-0.5, 0.5-2.0 and 0.06-0.125 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, the FIC index range of CCG against the isolates was 0.32-0.34, showing a synergistic effect in the checkboard assay. In conclusion, CCG has a high antibacterial activity against Streptococcus isolates and may be utilized in the treatment of bovine streptococcal mastitis.
Fludarabine, a chain terminating anti-cancer drug, is a purine analogue that causes DNA strand breaks in normal cells. In this study, we determined if A. melanocarpa and Korean red ginseng extract mixture reduce cytotoxicity of fludarabine. Treatment of HaCaT cells with 10 μM of fludarabine for 24 hours decreased cell viability and increased DNA strand breaks. Treatment of A. melanocarpa and Korean red ginseng extract mixture for 24 hours increased cell viability as compared with single extract treatment. The protective effect of these extracts on cell activity increased in a concentration-dependent manner. DNA strand breaks induced by fludarabine decreased as concentration of extract mixture increased. p-H2AX level, a marker of DNA strand breakage, decreased depending on the concentration of extract mixture. The effect of mixed extract of A. melanocarpa and Korean red ginseng on DNA damage is due to the anti-oxidative effect of A. melanocarpa and signal transmission through glucocorticoid receptor upon binding of saponin of Korean red ginseng.
PURPOSES :The purpose of this study is to perform a reliability analysis of the proposed wind load combination which governs the design of support structures of subsidiary road facilities, and to evaluate whether the target reliability of the design is satisfied.METHODS :The statistical estimation method is applied and the design period of the support structure is used to obtain the statistical property of the wind load. In addition, the statistical properties of the strength of support structures are obtained from a literature review and simulation study. Actual support structures are designed by the proposed load combination and are used as the examples to examine if the target reliability is obtained.RESULTS :The result of the reliability analysis performed by using the statistical properties of load and resistance for the support structure in this study indicates that the proposed wind load combination satisfied the target reliability index of the design. Also, the convenience of the design is achieved by adopting the same design wind velocity given in the bridge design code by applying the wind velocity ratio defined for the design period of the support structure.CONCLUSIONS :It is presented that the design using the wind load combination proposed in this study achieved the target reliability index and the design wind load for different design periods can be conveniently defined by applying the velocity ratio proposed in this study.
‘후지’ 사과(Malus×domestica Borkh.)에 1.0μL·L-1 1- MCP를 처리하거나 또는 1-MCP 처리 후 10μL·L-1 에틸 렌가스를 살포(1-MCP+에틸렌)하여 180일간 0.5oC 저온에서 과실의 저장성을 조사한 후에, 28일 동안 상온에서 보관하면서 연화정도를 비교하였다. 1-MCP 또는 1- MCP+에틸렌 처리된 과실의 산함량과 경도는 저온저장 120일 이후부터 높은 수준으로 유지되었고, 이후 상온보관 28일 동안에서도 높게 나타났다. 1-MCP처리 과실은 저온저장+상온보관 동안 14N 이상으로 경도가 유지되었다. 과피 적색도는 저온저장 기간 중에는 처리에 따라 일관성 있는 결과가 나타나지 않았지만 상온보관 21일 과 28일째에서는 1-MCP처리에 의하여 4.0 이상 높은 수준이 유지되었다. 대조구와 에틸렌 처리구는 저온저장 90일차에 에틸렌과 호흡량이 크게 상승되었고 클라이매 터릭 맥시멈이 지나면서 노화가 더 빨리 진행된 것으로 판단되었다. 따라서 1-MCP가 처리된 과실은 10μL·L-1정도의 에틸렌에 노출되더라도 장기간 저온저장과 약 한달 간의 상온저장 동안 상품성 유지가 가능한 것으로 평가되었다.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of activation method on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction, apoptosis and in vitro development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos. Porcine in vitro matured oocytes were activated by four activation methods; 1) electric stimulus (ES) (E), 2) ES+10 μM Ca-ionophore (A23187) treatment (EC), 3) ES+2 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) treatment (ED), or 4) ES+A23187 and 6-DMAP treatments (ECD). Parthenogenetic embryos were sampled to analyze x-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) mRNA, ER stress-associated genes and apoptosis genes at 3 h after ES and the 1-cell and blastocyst stages. In the EC group, the band intensity of spliced Xbp1 (Xbp1s) mRNA was higher than those of the other groups at the 3 h and 1-cell stage, and higher than that of the E group at the blastocyst stage. Four ER stress-associated genes were expressed at the highest level in the EC group and weakly expressed in the ED group at 3 h after activation. However, most of the genes were highly expressed at the 1-cell and blastocyst stages with some variation in the EC and ECD groups. Expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and caspase-3 mRNA was significantly higher in the EC group than in the other groups at all development stages. The developmental rates to the blastocyst stage were higher in the ED and ECD groups than in the E and EC groups. These results suggest that the intracellular ER stress of parthenogenetic porcine embryos is affected by the activation method and subsequently lead to the apoptosis of embryos.
In this study, to estimate the combination of earthquake magnitude (Mw) and distance (R) corresponding to the design spectrum defined in Korean Building Code (KBC) 2016, the response spectra predicted from the attenuation relationships with the variation of Mw (5.0~7.0) and R (10~30km) are compared with the design spectrum in KBC 2016. Four attenuation relationships, which were developed based on local site characteristics and seismological parameters in Southern Korea and Eastern North America (ENA), are used. As a result, the scenario ground motions represented by the combinations of Mw and R corresponding to the design spectrum for Seoul defined in KBC 2016 are estimated as (1) when R =10 km, Mw = 6.2~6.7; (2) when R = 15 km, Mw = 6.5~6.9; and (3) when R = 20 km, Mw = 6.7~7.1.
본 연구의 목적은 트리아세테이트와 흡한속건성 PET 합연사로 구성된 복합직물의 염착량 증진 및 동일색상 염색 (union dyeing)을 위한 최적 혼합염색 조건을 찾는 것이다. 이를 위하여 E-type 분산염료(C.I. Disperse red 50)와 S-type 분산염료(C.I. Disperse red 92)를 혼합하여 1욕 혼합염색으로 염색온도, 염색시간, 염료의 혼합비율에 따른 염색직물의 흡진율, 염착율, 색상 및 색차를 측정하였다. 혼합염색의 염착평형은 100℃에서 일어났으나 염색된 직물의 K/S 값과 겉보기 색상을 비교해보았을 때 트리아세테이트와 흡한속건성 PET의 색이 동일한 색으로 발현되는 온도는 120℃임을 확인하였다. 염색 시간 증가에 따른 혼합염료 흡진율과 염착량의 변화는 크게 나타나지 않았으나 염색시간이 길수록 그리고 혼합염료를 사용할 경우 균일한 색상을 얻을 수 있었다. E-type에 S-type염료의 혼합비율을 적절히 조절하여 혼합염색 하면 단독염색 보다 E-type 염료의 색상과 차이 없이 염착량을 증대시킬 수 있었다.
본 연구는 의료분야 사용자 혁신을 아이디어 도출-연구개발-상용화 및 창업의세 단계로 분류하고, 각 단계별로 혁신의 성공에 미치는 핵심요인의 조합을 30개 국내 사례에 대한 퍼지집합 질적 비교분석을 통해 파악했다. 아이디어 단계에서는 사용자 인적 네트워크상에서 그 가치를 평가하고, 연구개발 단계로의 이행을 위한 자원을 제공해 주는 것이 중요했다. 연구개발 단계에서는 급진적 혁신은 기술역량, 자원 접근성, 정부지원이 모두 갖추어져 있거나 우수한 혁신 네트워크에 아이디어가 도입된 경우 발생했다. 상용화/창업의 경우급진적 혁신은 연구개발과 같이 세 조건이 모두 갖춰진 경우 발생했으며, 점진적 혁신은 기술역량이 탁월한 개인이 소규모 정부지원 또는 주변 자원을 활용해 이루어졌다. 민간기업의사용자 혁신 전략과, 정부 지원 정책의 효과, 효율성을 모두 제고할 수 있는 사용자 혁신의틀을 제공했다는 점에 현실적 의미가 있다. 학술적으로는 사용자 혁신 단계별 핵심요인 조합을 규명하고, 퍼지집합 질적 비교분석방법을 적용한 첫 연구라는 의의가 있다.
Background: The functioning of the serratus anterior (SA) muscle is essential to normal scapulohumeral rhythm during forward flexion (FF) of the shoulder. Also, SA weakness and overuse of the upper trapezius (UT) is observed in patients with shoulder dysfunction and trapezius myalgia. We designed a combination exercise involving FF and scapular protraction with resistance (CFFSP) to activate the SA muscle and to deactivate the UT muscle.
Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not CFFSP would be more effective in activating the SA muscle than FF alone and FF with scapular protraction (FFP).
Methods: Nineteen subjects (12 men and 7 women) participated in this study and performed FF, FFP, and CFFSP at 120°. Surface electromyography was applied to the SA, UT, and pectoralis major (PM) muscles, as was one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures. Statistical significance was set at .05. Bonferroni adjustment was used to counteract the problem of multiple comparisons, with a statistical level of significance of .017 (.05/3).
Results: A statistically significant difference was found in relation to the three positions for the SA muscle (p<.001) and the SA/UT ratio (p=.005) using ANOVA. Significantly different results, depending on the position, were also demonstrated using the Bonferroni post-hoc test for the SA muscle (FF=28.27±16.20, FFP=45.66±15.81, and CFFSP=62.4±27.21) and for the SA/UT ratio (FF=3.04±2.14, FFP=3.61±2.38, and CFFSP=5.95±3.01). Significant differences between the three positions was not found regarding the average amplitude of SA/PM muscle ratio (SA/PM: p=.060).
Conclusion: We recommend the use of CFFSP to strengthen the SA muscle at 120°.
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of cervical alignment, pain, and physique to apply proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation( PNF) techniques in patients with forward head posture (FHP). The subjects of this study were 24 patients diagnosed with FHP. They were randomly divided into two groups: a PNF group(n=12) and a control group(n=12). The intervention was performed a total of 24 times, 30 min a day, six times a week for four weeks. Data on cervical alignment(forward head displacement, FHD), pain(visual analog scale, VAS), and physique(height, weight, and body mass index) were obtained pre- and post-intervention. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the groups and time. For FHD, the VAS, and physique(height and BMI), there was an interaction effect for the groups and time(p<.001, BMI: p<.05) and main effects for time(p<.001, BMI: p<.05). For weight, there were main effects of time(p<.01). For FHD(p<.01) and the VAS(p<.05), there were main effects for the groups. In the PNF group, there were significant improvements in FHD, VAS, and physique. In the control group, there was a significant increase in FHD. The results of this study indicated that PNF intervention using scapular and upper extremity patterns effective in FHP positively. The use of a therapeutic intervention on physique changes may also be effective in improving poor posture and help to better patients’ quality of life.
Recently, in construction vehicles like exacavator, many customers demand the interior parts to be convenient and handy to operate. Futermore, that parts had to be more lightweight and better quality and durability. For this reaseon, the combination switch, a part for operation of head lamps, wipers, horn, etc, had been designed as a new lightweight structure by using PA plastics material and had been changed the mechanical contact into electric non-contact by using Hall IC and FET.