Observations of dark matter dominated dwarf and low surface brightness disk galaxies favor density profiles with a flat-density core, while cold dark matter (CDM) N-body simulations form halos with central cusps, instead. This apparent discrepancy has motivated a re-examination of the microscopic nature of the dark matter in order to explain the observed halo profiles, including the suggestion that CDM has a non-gravitational self-interaction. We study the formation and evolution of self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) halos. We find analytical, fully cosmological similarity solutions for their dynamics, which take proper account of the collisional interaction of SIDM particles, based on a fluid approximation derived from the Boltzmann equation. The SIDM particles scatter each other elastically, which results in an effective thermal conductivity that heats the halo core and flattens its density profile. These similarity solutions are relevant to galactic and cluster halo formation in the CDM model. We assume that the local density maximum which serves as the progenitor of the halo has an initial mass profile δM / M ∝ M-є, as in the familiar secondary infall model. If є = 1/6, SIDM halos will evolve self-similarly, with a cold, supersonic infall which is terminated by a strong accretion shock. Different solutions arise for different values of the dimensionless collisionality parameter, Q ≡ σpbrs, where σ is the SIDM particle scattering cross section per unit mass, pb is the cosmic mean density, and rs is the shock radius. For all these solutions, a flat-density, isothermal core is present which grows in size as a fixed fraction of rs. We find two different regimes for these solutions: 1) for Q < Qth(≃ 7.35 × 10-4), the core density decreases and core size increases as Q increases; 2) for Q > Qth, the core density increases and core size decreases as Q increases. Our similarity solutions are in good agreement with previous results of N-body simulation of SIDM halos, which correspond to the low-Q regime, for which SIDM halo profiles match the observed galactic rotation curves if Q ~ [8.4×10-4 - 4.9 × 10-2]Qth, or σ ~ [0.56 - 5.6] cm2g-1. These similarity solutions also show that, as Q → ∞, the central density acquires a singular profile, in agreement with some earlier simulation results which approximated the effects of SIDM collisionality by considering an ordinary fluid without conductivity, i.e. the limit of mean free path ⋋mfp → 0. The intermediate regime where Q ~ [18.6 - 231]Qth or σ [1.2×10 4 - 2.7×10 4] cm2-1, for which we find flat-density cores comparable to those of the low-Q solutions preferred to make SIDM halos match halo observations, has not previously been identified. Further study of this regime is warranted.

Provitamin B5 liquid crystal (PVB5-LC) was the new emulsion system to enhance moisturizing activity on the skin. In this study, it should be mentioned that PVB5-LC could be prepared with the main compound of hydrogenated lecithin (HL) in oil-in water (O/W) emulsion. The key ingredient of humectants was contained 2% of provitamin B5 (PVB5) into the PVB5-LC. The best suitable compositions of PVB5-LC were made from 4.0 wt% of HL, 4.0 wt% of cetostearyl alcohol (CSA) as emulsifier and gelling agent, 3.0 wt% of 1,3-butylene glycol (1,3-BG) and 2.0 wt% of glycerin as moisturizers, 3.0 wt% of cyclomethicone (CMC), 3.0 wt% of isononanoate (ININ), 3.0 wt% of capric/caprylic triglyceride (CCTG), 3.0 wt% of macadamia nut oil (MNO) as emollients. As the analytical result of PVB5-LC, it could know that the distribution range of particle size was 0.14 to 12.37 m level (mean size 3.24 m). It was certified the multi lamellar phase around the droplet of liquid crystal when observed the droplet particles through a polarization microscope. And it clinically was tested the effectiveness of moisturizing activity (in-vivo) compared with control sample (O/W emulsion). The effectiveness of moisturizing activity of PVB5-LC with Skincon-200EX after 6 hours went up 49.0% (p〈0.05, n=20) whereas the effectiveness of moisturizing activity of generally O/W emulsion cream was 25.7% (p〈005, n=20). Also, in case of Comeometer CM-825, the moisturizing activity of PVB5-LC after 6 hours rose 36.6% (p〈0.05, n=20) whereas the effectiveness of moisturizing activity of generally O/W emulsion cream was 10.8%. Therefore, it was known that the effectiveness moisturizing activity of PVB5-LC with HL was remarkably superior compared with O/W emulsion cream.

Normal development of human fetal teeth during prenatal period play an important role in analyzing abnormal teeth formation and examining pathologic approach to abnormal teeth formation. The purposes of this study were to describe the normal development of dental hard tissues in fetal teeth compared to abnormal teeth formation through review and literature. We will apply these study to examine the pathologic alterations of human teeth in the future.

Hydroxyapatite(HA) has been widely used as bone substitutes to rehabilitate bone loss area by new bone formation. But there were some problem of bone formation around HAs due to a little space between HAs embedded in bone loss area. The purpose of this study was to observe morphologically new bone formation around HAs mixed with PLGA block (5.5㎜ in diameter, 4 mm in depth) in Newzealand white rabbit tibia. Before 1 week of sacrification, Alizarin red was injected intraperitoneally into rabbit. At 3 day, 1, 2, 4, 10, 18, 32 weeks, bones with HA as control group(CG)and HA mixed with PLGA block as experimental group (EG)were fixed with 10 % neutral formalin, dehydrated, and embedded with Spurr low viscosity resin. After the specimens were cut by 500 ㎛ with slow diamond wheel saw, these were coated with carbon and examined by REM, LSM and qualifative analysis of calcium and phosphorous deposition were done with EPMA. The obtained results were as follows. 1. Both group showed scattered HA around compact bone under REM and little AZ labelled bone under LSM at 3 days. 2. Both group showed active AZ labelled bone, while EG showed higher Ca(calcium) and P(phosphate) deposition than that of CG at 1 wk. 3. There was decreased AZ labelled bone of both group under LSM. REM of EG showed HA associated with new bone from compact bone, while EPMA features showed similar to Ca and P deposition at 1 wk and EG showed higher than that of CG. 4. REM features of both group showed resorbed HA associated with new bone. There was decreased AZ labelled bone of both group under LSM. EPMA features showed higher Ca and P deposition at 4 wks than that of 2 wks. 5. New bone of both group was well demarcated from compact bone under REM at 10 wks. LSM features showed various AZ labelled bone, but weak AZ labelled than that of CG. 6. LSM features of 14 wks showed discontinuous AZ labelled on osteon formation. EPMA of both group showed increased Ca deposition, while there was higher Ca deposition of EG and similar P deposition to CG. 7. REM featureless of 18 wks in EG showed similar gray color to compact bone. LSM features showed osteon formation with little concentric lamellars. EPMA of both group showed increased Ca deposition, while there was higher Ca and P deposition of EG. 8. New bone was ill demarcated from compact bone and increased otseon formation of REM features at 32 wks. There was little AZ labelled bone. EPMA features showed higher Ca and P deposition of EG than that of compact bone. From the aboving results, there was early active AZ labelled bone of both group within 1-2 weeks and since 18 weeks new bone with active osteon formation was poorly demarcated from compact bone. Calcium deposition of EG was early increased than that of CG deposition since 4 weeks after experiments. It was suggested that EG showed active and rapid new bone formation and similar bone mineralization of compact bone