이 논문은 풍동실험 결과를 토대로 고층아파트 건축물의 풍압분포에 대한 내용을 다루고 있다. 태풍에 의해 창유리 파손을 입은 아파트 단지의 풍압모형을 제작하여 각 건축물의 상호간섭효과를 조사하였다. 풍동실험은 풍압모형을 이용하여 대형경계 층풍동에서 수행하였다. 간섭하는 주변건물의 여부에 따른 실험결과를 비교하고 검토하였다. 주변건물이 없어서 바람을 직접 맞을 때에는 105동, 106동은 주로 정압이 작용하였지만, 주변건물이 둘러싸고 있을 때의 105동, 106동은 큰 부압이 작용하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 따라서 고층아파트 외장재 설계시 외장재의 안전성 확보를 위해서는 풍동실험을 수행하여 바람에 의해 야기되는 상호간섭효과를 고려하는 것이 가장 적합한 방법이라 할 수 있다.
Earthquake resistance design has been developed many countries like Japan, USA, Mexico, New Zealand etc., which countries have experienced many earthquakes. Nowadays, earthquake resistance design has come into worldwide use. In Korea, the seismic design regulations have been established since 1988 in order to minimize the economic losses. Recently performance based design method has been adopted as a new Earthquake resistance design method. These regulations, however, are targeted for newly constructed buildings, In Korea, there are no regulations for existing buildings that built before 1988. So, we need to prepare the regulations that evaluate the seismic performance, furthermore proper retrofitting design guideline needs to be proposed when remodeling old buildings. This study was performed that many existing apartments is being a Remodeling object when considering the present condition of existing apartment and the problerns of cost and environment in the future plan. When Remodeling construction is reviewed by former the Seismic Performance Evaluation Method, generating problems is evaluation by using Push-over. According to this, it provides the appropriate method of calculating the Seismic Performance Index.
Since the beginning of our military history, we are continuously interested in supplying apartment for military officers. So we possessed 72,361 households and used in 2002. however, 18% of those are over 20years and need to be remodeled. Department of Military has taken this fact seriously to solve the problems, they built more new buildings, rent public buildings and remodeled the old one. But, The procedure of present military apartment remodeling has many problems at the stage of evaluating the priorities in various remodeling projects which have been caused from lots of corps. I’ve reviewed the study of military apartment business and applied the AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) method which is effective to evaluate the priorities in various groups’ decision.
This paper presents the results of experimental investigations on the response control performance of tuned liquid damper(TLD). Steel frame building model is used for the experiments. Shaking table is controled by velocity consol. Experimental variables are mass ratios(u=mass of TLD/mass of structure), shape ratio(depth of water/ length of TLD), number of nets(N) and tuned frequency ratio(fl/fs). Results show that the greater the mass ratio is, the more good the control performance is. So, it can be concluded that TLD is able to be used for the remodeling of existing buildings that are not designed to resist earthquake
Before incorporating the earthquake-resistance design in design code(1988), most of existing residential buildings were built without having lateral resistance capacity in addition to their structural peculiarity such as exterior stair ways, exterior elevator room. For these reasons, the retrofitting research demands for existing buildings arise recently and many retrofitting methods are proposed. These tasks are irnportant to reduce the enormous economic loss and environmental issues. The objective of this study is to predict the perforrnance increase due to various strengthen schemes and suggest adequate strengthen methods for wall type apartment buildings not designed to resist earthquake.
The reinforced concrete wall type apartments built before 1988 in Korea, which are rarely seen in other countries, were constructed using tunnel form method for convenience of construction. Tunnel form method, however, do not arrange bearing walls in the direction of long side of the apartment, and this results in little resistance capability against lateral loads in that direction. Consequently, there exists significant collapse possibility due to the formation of plastic hinge at the joints of wall and slab during earthquake. This study experimentally investigates the reinforcement methods using carbon sheet and L-shaped steel which were not seismically designed. The reinforcement method using carbon sheet and L-shaped angle, has following advantages; construction workability, usage of light-weight material, and little requirement for the installation room. The specimen with steel bar fill up using modified epoxy mortar in the mid-span of the slab shows the same stiffness as the standard specimen without reinforcement and the stiffness of the specimen reinforced by carbon sheets without L-shaped steel was increased by only about 13%, implying that those existing methods cannot provide significant reinforcement effects. For the specimens of which wall-slab joints were reinforced using both carbon sheet and L-shaped steel, the increase of stiffness ranges from 43% to 496% and the increase of energy dissipation amount ranges from 120% to 233%. Also it was identified that the linkage method using penetration bolts was more efficient than the one using expansion anchors in increasing stiffness, strength and energy dissipation capacity.
Before incorporating the earthquake-resistance design in design code(1998), most of existing residential buildings were built without having lateral resistance capacity in addition to their structural peculiarity such as exterior stair ways, exterior elevator room. For these reasons, the retrofitting research demands for existing buildings arise recently and many retrofitting methods are proposed. These tasks are important to reduce the enormous economic loss and environmental issues. In this study, Scaled residential buildings with/without lateral resistance were tested and monitored with external lateral load especially toward the longer side of the building. From these experiments, enhanced retrofitting methods of old shear wall system are proposed and also compared with structural analysis.
본 연구는 서울시에 조성된 아파트단지내 녹지를 대상으로 식재개념, 식재밀도, 식재유형 및 패턴 등 배식특성을 조사.분석하여 개선방안을 제시하고자 실시하였다. 대상지는 아파트단지 녹지면적이 크게 달라지는 시기의 대표대상지인 1978년에 준공된 강서구 화곡주공아파트(2단지)(용적률:99%), 1983년에 준공되 강남구 삼익그린아파트(2차)(용적률:175%), 1992년에 준공된 강서구 동신대아아파트(용적률:225%)를 선정하였으며 녹지를 전면녹지, 측면녹지, 후면녹지로 구분하였다. 대상지의 녹지유형별 식재개념은 경관식재로만 이루어져 시기에 따른 차이는 없었으며 식재종에 있어서도 외래종 조경수목이 주를 이루어 녹지공간별 차이는 없었다. 아파트단지의 식재밀도은 교목 및 아교목층 0.0~0.2주/m2로 관목층의 식재밀도가 부족하였으나 조성시기에 따른 식재밀도의 차이는 없었다. 층위구조는 교목.아교목층과 관목층 수목이 각각 다른 위치에 평면적으로 식재된 단층구조이었으며 녹지공간과 관계없이 독립식재, 열식재, 부등변삼각식재가 주로 활용되었다. 아파트 단지내 녹지는 공가별 식재개념에 따라 식재종, 식재밀도, 층위구조, 식재패턴이 다양하게 이루어져야 하므로 식재개념에 차별화시키기 위하여 전면녹지는 시각적 차폐와 미적인 기능, 후면녹지는 녹지량 증지 및 생태적 개념, 측면녹지는 녹지량을 증진을 주된 목적으로 조성할 것을 제안하였다.
Recently, concern about Sick House Syndrome (SHS) has been increased in Korea. And it is suspected that formaldehyde (HCHO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major factors for SHS. This study was surveyed the indoor air quality in new apartments in Korea. The HCHO and VOCs were measured at 90 sites and analysed by HPLC-UV and GC/MS, respectively. The range of HCHO concentrations at 90 sites were 9.39∼248.78㎍/㎥ and the mean value 105.41㎍/㎥ and the concentrations of HCHO at 42 sites (46.7%) exceeded the indoor air quality guideline (100㎍/㎥) in Japan. Among the 4 VOCs, toluene concentrations were the highest and the mean value 127.33㎍/㎥ and that concentrations at 12 sites (13.8%) were exceeded the indoor air quality guideline (260㎍/㎥) in Japan. There was a tendency which the longer the movement and measurement period is, the more the pollutants concentration is decreased. HCHO and VOCs concentrations of domestic results was similar to Japan's survey results in 2000.
구조물의 지진해석시 구조물-지반 상호작용의 영향을 무시할 수 없으며, 기초지반강성에 따른 구조물의 지진응답에 커다란 차이가 있다는 것은 이미 잘 알려져 있다. 이러한 인식에도 불구하고, 현재 벽식구조 아파트의 지진해석시 기조지반의 특성을 무시하고 기초가 매우 단단한 것으로 가정하여 지진해석을 수행하고 있다 본 연구에서는 구조형식이 독특한 의식구조 아파트 지진해석을 연약지반을 고려하여 수행하고, 지진응답을 암반과 UBC-97 지반조건의 연약지반을 고려한 지진응답과 비교분석하였다. 깊은 연약지반 위에 세워진 중, 저층 벽식구조 아파트의 내진거동은 기조의 절연효과로 지진응답이 크게 감소된 강체거동을 보여 UBC-97 설계응답스펙 트럼으로 내진설계를 하는 것은 보수적인 설계로 안전은 하지만 상당히 비경제적인 것으로 판단되었다.
주거용 건축물은 구조적 측면에서 고려해야할 많은 문제점을 안고 있다. 특히 건물이 고층화 될수록 동적인 특성으로 인해 바람 또는 지진과 같은 황하중의 영향애 커진다. 풍하중과는 달리 지진하중은 비슷한 구조물일지라도 동적특성에 의해 결정되고 예측이어렵다. 본 연구의 목적은 지진 발생이 아파트 옥탑층 물탱크가 건물의 거동에 미치는 영향을 파악하는 것이다. 옥탑층 물탱크가 건물의 거동에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 옥탑층 물탱크를 고려한 경우와 고려하지 않은 경우에 대하여 동적해석을 수행하였다 또한 옥탑층 물탱크가 구조부재에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 아파트 건물의 구조설계를 수행하였으며 지진하중의 영향을 평가하기 위하여 최대지진가속도를 변화시키면서 구조설계를 수행하였다 옥탑층 물탱크가 건물의 전체적인 거동에는 많은 큰 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났으나 각 부재의 설계에는 영향을 미치지 않았으며 0.4g의 최대지진가속도에서 일부 부재가 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.
본 논문의 목적은 탄소성 지진 응답해석을 수행하여 고층 벽식 아파트의 내진성능을 평가하는 것이다 먼저 구조물을 3차원 입체 모델화 하여 정적 탄소성 해석을 수행하고 층강성 및 항복 충전단력을 평가한 후 그 결과를 이용하여 집준 질량계 모델을 사용한 시간 이력 지진 응답해석을 수행한다 탄소성 이력 모델로는 bi-linear 모델 및 Clough 모델을 입력 지진동파형으로는 4종류의 기록 지진동 띠 Centro 1940 NS, Taft 1952 EW Hachinohe 1968 NSm Kobe 1995 NS를 사용하고 입력 지진동의 강도는 최대 지반속도치 12Kine이 되도록 크기를 조절하여 입력한다 탄소성 지진응답 해석결과 고층 벽식 아파트는 진도 5정도의 지진동 크기에서 전층에소성 변형이 발생하여 취약한 내진성능을 보여준다.
This paper described the dynamic characteristics of 20-story apartment buildings from the results of full-scale measurements and analysis. The natural frequencies and mode shapes are quantified by measuring and analyzing ambient vibrations of the structure and compared with the results from dynamic analysis. Comparison with computed mode shapes and frequencies shows good agreement with the experimental results. It proved that it is important to estimate coupling beam and soil parameters through a comparison of the measured results with calculated results.
공동주택단지내 조경수목의 생장과 피음시간과의 관계를 파악하기 위하여 과천주공아파트 2단지 내의 조경수목 4종을 대상으로 현재의 규격과 식재위치를 조사하여 개체별 그림자시간을 분석하고 피음시간과 수목규격을 단순회귀분석하였다. 전체적으로 R2값이 낮아 두 변수간의 상관성은 설명력이 약하다 하겠으며, 도출된 회귀방정식도 일반화 할 수는 없는 것으로 판단되었다. 즉, 본 연구대상지내에서 조경수목의 생장과 피음시간과의 상관관계가 낮아 대상지내 조겨수목의 생장에 있어서 피음시간은 타 환경여인보다 상대적 중요도가 낮은 것으로 추정되었다. 다만, 전반적으로 스츠로브잣나무는 부(-)의 상관관계를, 단풍나무와 백목련은 정(+)의 상관관계를 보여 음양수의 특성이 나타난 것으로 추정되었다. 또한, 수종별로 통계적으로 유의성이 있는 경우는, 단풍나무의 경우 근원직경 및 수관폭, 백목련의 경우 수관폭과 피음시간과의 관계로서 상관계수 0.4 미만의 낮은 상관성을 보였다.
An ecological survey of food and nutrition was conducted in April and May, among 278 children, 6 to 12 years old, of the Youido elementary school, which offers no school lunch program, and is situated in Youido delta of Han River side of Seoul, known as the location of one of the socioeconomically high groups; Eighteen percent and 18.3% of subjects were proven to be overweight and obese, respectively. With regard to frequency of skipping breakfast, 28.4% of the subjects skipped breakfast often and 2.5% of subjects skipped breakfast every morning. Obese children showed good appetite and the time consumed for eating was shorter than those of normal or overweight children. Most serious anxiety among the mothers for those children was food habit of `eating rapidly' and `overeating'. Another striking observation was that 14.4% of the subjects ate only one side-dish with boiled rice, and such a pattern was more often found in the normal or slim group. Most of the subjects had their snacks after being back in home from school. Thirty-one percent of the children had snacks when they felt hungry, 69% had snacks for various reasons such as `habitually', `for unwinding', and `mother gives me snacks'. Thirty-eight percent of the boys and 19% of the girls had physical exercise everyday and overweight and obese children got exercise more frequently. But the time consumed for exercise was much more shorter than that of normal subjects. Most of the children liked fruits, meats, and biscuit, in contrast, lowest preferency was for vegetables, fermented fish products, and boiled rice mixed with other grains. Obese children experienced more kinds of food than normal or slim group. The study found that habits of overeating due to good appetite and eating rapidly were recognized as one of dominant reasons causing obesity among children. On the other hand, serious dietary problem of children of normal or slim group was eating less variety of food. Active nutrition education for both children and mothers will be recommended with joint participation of teachers.
A secondary survey was conducted of 503 customers, to investigate eating out behaviours at five fast food restaurants of Youido apartment compound in Seoul, in April of 1988. The results are summarized as follows: The majority, 84% of customers, were aged 14 to 30, consisting of junior and senior high school children, college students and company employees. In contrast to the previous survey of 1986, in which no elderly customers were found, a small number of elderly customers were observed in this study. The reasons given by customers for patronizing fast food restaurants were the following, from most to least frequent: 'convenient', 'allows for companionship', 'the pleasant place to eat', 'dining equipment and tableware are hygienic', 'to be able to stay as long as I want', and 'foods rapidly served'. Only 24.2% of the customers purchased the fast foods for a full meal, 38.3% purchased the foods for snacking, and others purchased ice cream only or drink only. The majority of the customers ate the purchased foods at the fast food restaurants. However, a limited number of female customers preferred to take the packed fast foods to their homes. Taste preference was a major factor in food selection from available menu items, among the younger customers; whereas customers over 30 years old were concerned with nutritive balance. Fried chicken, pizza, rolled rice with laver, ice cream, and juice were high on the list of liked foods; in contrast, lower preference was for fish burger, doughnut, spaghetti, Chajang noodles and chili beans. The survey discovered that the preference for fried chicken, pizza, and salad had increased compared to the previous survey of 1986. Preference by food nationality was highest for Korean food, then Western food, Chinese food, and Japanese food, in that order. Customers offered suggestions for better fast food service, such as lowering the price; greater variety in the menu; developing fast foods from the traditional Korean foods; and increasing the proportion of vegetables and fruits on the fast food menu. The customers, in particular, emphasized a need for the development of Korean traditional beverage of malt drink and persimmon punch, as well as mungbean pan cakes and sweet- spicy rice noodles (docbokki), as fast foods.