본 논문은 해양력이 동아시아 해양공간에 미치는 지정학적 파장과 그 성격의 문제를 다룬다. 마한의 도서국가지배론에서 강조되고 있는 해양력이 갖는 의미를 분석하고, 해양력의 지정학적 성격을 파악한다. 이러한 인 식과 함께, 21세기 현재 중국이 도련선 전략을 통해 태평양으로 진출하고 있는 지정전략적 성격과 그 파장의 문제를 조사한다. 지난 20세기를 전후 한 시기에 일본이 해양력에 기초해서 동아시아 해양공간에서 세력권 확장을 기획하는 대동아공영권 정책을 구체화했고, 21세기에는 중국이 도련선 개념을 구체화하면서 동아시아 해양공간을 관리하려는 지정전략을 구사하 고 있다. 중국의 도련선 전략이 미국을 비롯한 동아시아 국가들의 반발에 직면해 있는 상황에서 한국외교의 해양세력 의존정책이 21세기 현재에도 유용한가에 대한 질문을 던진다.

1. 우즈베키스탄과 농업협력강화를 위한 유망분야로 제시된 체리산업은 우즈베키스탄 정부의 제조업 육성 정책과 연계되는 사업으로 고용창출 및 경제개발 지원 효과 등 우즈베키스탄 정부의 지원이 가능한 분야임. 2. 최근 우즈베키스탄 정부는 주스 원액 제조 등 가공 산업의 개발을 통해 제조업 육성 정책 마련하고, 수출 기업들에게 국제기준에 부합하는 GAP의 인증 취득을 독려하고 있어 향후 수출 증대를 통한 농산업 발전이 기대됨. 3. 우즈베키스탄의 체리 산업은 현지 진출한 기업의 관심 분야이나, 체리 수출시 우리나라 검역관이 파견되어 상주하는 비용 등을 우즈베키스탄 생산자가 부담해야 하는 등의 이유로 우리 정부의 적극적인 지원이 필요함. 4. 향후 대 우즈베키스탄과의 농산물 교역 확대를 위해서는 기술지원 뿐 아니라 생산, 유통, 검역, 수출 등 가치사슬 전반을 고려하여 양국 협력 사업의 지속가능성을 강화해야함.

고분자 분리막의 분자동역학 연구에서는 구성 원자 개수가 많고 투과 거동 계산시 긴 시간을 필요로 하기 때문에 적절한 고분자 주쇄의 길이를 선택하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 고분자 주쇄 길이와 투과 거동 간의 상관 관계가 실제 분자동역학에서 어떻게 나타나는지 조사를 하고자 하였다. 널리 알려진 상용 고분자 Kapton® 폴리이미드 구조 를 이용하여 분자동역학을 수행하였고 기체 투과 거동을 분석하였다. 고분자 주쇄의 움직임은 그 길이와 큰 연관성이 없었으 며, 일반적인 인식과 달리 짧은 주쇄 길이를 갖고 있다고 해서 더 활발하게 움직이는 것은 아니라는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 고분자 주쇄의 말단기는 상대적으로 움직이기 쉬울 것이라는 예상과 달리, 말단에 위치하지 않은 경우라도 말단기에 위치한 원자보다 더 높은 움직임을 보이는 경우도 많았다. 최종적으로 기체 분자의 투과 성능에서도 고분자 주쇄의 길이 및 말 단기에 따른 영향은 관찰되지 않았다. 이는 기체 투과 전산모사에서 많이 언급되는 말단기 효과를 실제 전산모사에 적용할 경우, 각각의 모델 특성에 따라 제한적으로 적용을 하고 이에 대한 검증 과정을 반드시 수행하여야 한다는 것을 의미한다.

Carbon chain inserted carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been experimentally proven having undergone pronounced property change in terms of electrical conductivity compared with pure CNTs. This paper simulates the geometry of carbon chain inserted CNTs and analyzes the mechanism for conductivity change after insertion of carbon chain. The geometric simulation of Pt doped CNT was also implemented for comparison with the inserted one. The results indicate that both modification by Pt atom on the surface of CNT and addition of carbon chain in the channel of the tube are effective methods for transforming the electrical properties of the CNT, leading to the redistribution of electron and thereby causing the conductivity change in obtained configurations. All the calculations were obtained based on density functional theory method.

Gas detection is necessary for various reasons, including the prevention of gas leakages and the creation of necessary environmental conditions. Among the gas detection methods, leakage of gas can be confirmed using materials that undergo color changes that are easily distinguished by the naked eye. Metal nanoparticles (NPs) experience variations in their absorption wavelengths under the localized surface plasmon effect (LSPR) with mechanical stresses, which change the distance between NPs. In this study, we attempted to detect the presence of gas utilizing the LSPR-related color change of a chain of Au NPs. The assembly of Au NPs, arranged in a chain shape, experienced a color change from dark blue to purple with a change in the distance between the NPs by applying a physical force, i.e., compression, stretching, and gas pressure. As the force of compression and the degree of stretching increased, the absorption wavelength shifted from doublet peaks at 650 and 550 nm to a singlet peak at 550 nm. Further, applying gas pressure caused an identical color change. With this result, we propose a method that could be applied to all gases that require detection based on gas pressure.

This study is for the consideration of the existence tendency of Kudoa septempunctata in olive flounder. In general, muscle has shown a strong PCR positive reaction in spores containing tissues rather than non-containing tissues. However, blood PCR results showed opposed tendency. In various organs of the tested fish containing spores in muscle tissue, heart had shown positive reaction along with muscle at PCR analysis. Muscle fiber necrosis was observed at the histological observation, and this degeneration was common in both samples. The one sample was the PCR positive muscle containing spore and the other was the PCR positive muscle non-containing spore. Both of muscle tissues indicated a positive reaction at ISH (in-situ hybridization) against K. septempunctata.

Block Chain is a technology that records and shares distributed ledgers without a central authority, providing a decentralized platform for transparent transactions in the business and enhancing transparency and traceability in all transactions to ensure trust in the transaction. Despite initial doubts about this technology, it is committed to adopting, adapting and improving the technology in a wide range of industries, including finance, government, security, logistics, food, medical, legal, and real estate. This study examines this technology, its applicability and potential benefits to the manufacturing supply chain. A tracking system of manufacturing supply chain to visualize transparency and traceability is implemented, and the conditions for adopting the technology in the manufacturing supply chain and the issues to be addressed are discussed.

This papers focuses on remanufacturing processes in a closed loop supply chain. The remanufacturing processes is considered as one of the effective strategies for enterprises’ sustainability. For this reason, a lot of companies have attempted to apply remanufacturing related methods to their manufacturing processes. While many research studies focused on the return rate for remanufacturing parts as a control parameter, the relationship with demand certainties has been studied less comparatively. This paper considers a closed loop supply chain environment with remanufacturing processes, where highly fluctuating demands are embedded. While other research studies capture uncertainties using probability theories, highly fluctuating demands are modeled using a fuzzy logic based ambiguity based modeling framework. The previous studies on the remanufacturing have been limited in solving the actual supply chain management situation and issues by analyzing the various situations and variables constituting the supply chain model in a linear relationship. In order to overcome these limitations, this papers considers that the relationship between price and demand is nonlinear. In order to interpret the relationship between demand and price, a new price elasticity of demand is modeled using a fuzzy based nonlinear function and analyzed. This papers contributes to setup and to provide an effective price strategy reflecting highly demand uncertainties in the closed loop supply chain management with remanufacturing processes. Also, this papers present various procedures and analytical methods for constructing accurate parameter and membership functions that deal with extended uncertainty through fuzzy logic system based modeling rather than existing probability distribution based uncertainty modeling.

The proportion of software in the automotive industry is steadily increasing due to the rapid technological development of automobile E/E parts. Because the automotive E/E technology is now on the basis of intelligent automobile and advanced safety automobile technology. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of organizational capability (organizational resource capability and management capability), process capability (process capability, customer Requirement management capability), performance dimension (motivation, participation level). In this study, we conducted questionnaires and statistical analysis on engineers (members of the Korea Advanced Automotive Technology Association) who perform research and development activities in the R&D organization of the automotive E/E part in South Korea. ANOVA is applied for the verification of the difference in performance measured by organizational capability, process maturity, and motivation participation level according to company characteristics (level of processing : supply chain configuration, annual sales, total SW development ratio). According to the results of this study, in order to improve the performance of ASPICE or ISO 26262-related consulting project, a different consulting approach strategy considering the characteristics of organization and personnel is needed. In summary, the analysis results for the three main treatment levels are as follows. The difference in organizational capacity, process capability and performance was found to be statistically significant according to supply chain configuration and annual sales, but it was found that the difference of response according to the proportion of total SW was not significant.

Starch is an abundant, renewable, and low cost material that has been extensively studied for its role in crystallization. Herein, we developed a facile and green approach to produce the starch-based microparticles (SMPs) that could encapsulate curcumin during the self-association of short glucan chain obtained from waxy maize starch. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated that the diameters of curcumin-loaded SMPs were ranged from 1.5 μm to 3 μm. The characteristics of the curcumin-loaded SMPs were evaluated via Raman spectroscopy, confocal microscopy, UV spectrophotometer, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the suspended curcumin was encapsulated in SMPs in amorphous form with a encapsulating efficiency of about 96.36%. Photostability test confirmed that curcumin that is loaded inside SMPs was effectively protected against the photodegradation. Curcumin-loaded SMPs can be used not only in food industry for extending the shelf life of curcumin, but also in pharmaceutical industry to design effective carrier for oral delivery.

Background: Methods for exercising serratus anterior (SA) and upper trapezius (UT) muscles are important for the recovery of patients with various shoulder disorders, yet the efficacy of closed or open kinetic chain exercises have not yet been evaluated. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the activation of the SA and UT muscles during scapular protraction considering both closed and open kinetic chain exercises. Methods: Thirty subjects were randomly divided into experimental groups (closed kinetic chain exercise) and control groups (open kinetic chain exercise) in which scapular protraction was performed at 90° or 125° shoulder flexion. Electromyographic activity data were collected from the SA and UT muscles per position and exercise method. Results: Separate mixed 2-way analysis of variance showed significant differences in the activation of the SA (F1,28=6.447, p=.017) and the UT (F1,28=35.450, p=.001) muscles between the groups at 90° and 125° shoulder flexion. Also, the SA/UT ratio measures at 90° and 125° shoulder flexion significantly differed between the groups (F1,28=15.457, p=.001). That is, the closed chain exercise was more effective than open chain exercise for strengthening the SA muscle and controlling the UT muscle, 125° of shoulder joint was more effective than 90°. Conclusion: The findings suggest that scapular protraction with shoulder 125° flexion at the closed kinetic chain exercise may be more effective in increasing SA muscle activation and decreasing UT muscle activation as well as increasing the SA/UT ratio than open kinetic chain exercise.

Fludarabine, a chain terminating anti-cancer drug, is a purine analogue that causes DNA strand breaks in normal cells. In this study, we determined if A. melanocarpa and Korean red ginseng extract mixture reduce cytotoxicity of fludarabine. Treatment of HaCaT cells with 10 μM of fludarabine for 24 hours decreased cell viability and increased DNA strand breaks. Treatment of A. melanocarpa and Korean red ginseng extract mixture for 24 hours increased cell viability as compared with single extract treatment. The protective effect of these extracts on cell activity increased in a concentration-dependent manner. DNA strand breaks induced by fludarabine decreased as concentration of extract mixture increased. p-H2AX level, a marker of DNA strand breakage, decreased depending on the concentration of extract mixture. The effect of mixed extract of A. melanocarpa and Korean red ginseng on DNA damage is due to the anti-oxidative effect of A. melanocarpa and signal transmission through glucocorticoid receptor upon binding of saponin of Korean red ginseng.

Introduction The manufacturing of apparel is the third-largest industry in the world, generating $700 billion annually (Jacobo, 2016). However, over the last 20 years, the US has lost 90% of its apparel manufacturing jobs (Bland, 2013). In response, the US Department of Commerce considers the importance of strengthening American manufacturing to be a key piece of economic recovery. They stated that large manufacturers needed to play a key role in, “cultivating the capabilities of small firms in their supply chains and spurring cross-pollination of expertise across firms” (Supply Chain Innovation: Strengthening Small Manufacturing, 2015, p. 3). This National Science Foundation funded research investigates the development of new, small US cut and sew firms as providing a potentially important link with larger, urban firms in the US apparel manufacturing supply chain. The objectives of this qualitative research are to: 1) ascertain social as well as economic challenges to establishing viable cut and sew firms in two rural US communities; and 2) examine the emerging issues in the apparel manufacturing supply chain; and 3) build propositions for research directions. Theoretical framework From an economic-sociological perspective, business, organizations, are embedded in larger institutional environments (DiMaggio & Powel, 1983, Granovetter, 1985, Meyer & Rowan, 1977, Meyer & Scott, 1983). The firm is seen as a part of a social-economic system with strong ties to others that can offer both business advantages (Di Maggio & Powel, 1983) or disadvantages (Uzzi, 1997). Institutional theory thus links social and cultural meaning systems or norms to the business environment (Handelman & Arnold, 1999). An Institutional theoretical framework proposes that in the economic environment, there are norms or rules that participants are expected to comply with if the organizations involved are to receive support and achieve legitimacy (Arnold, Handelman, & Tigert, 1996). Business owners or managers strive to legitimize their businesses, thus elevating investors’, suppliers’, and potential collaborators’ confidence in their competency to provide the specified products or services. This theory provides a foundation for examining the process through which small startup businesses, particularly rural apparel cut and sew firms, balance economic strategic actions and adherence to societal norms internally within their community and externally across a variety of apparel supply chain businesses located in non-adjacent urban communities. Current approach and preliminary results Using the Institutional theoretical perspective, we follow the initial stages of development for two apparel cut and sew centers in rural communities and their navigation of new businesses into the apparel manufacturing industry. Prior to outsourcing of apparel, many small agricultural-based communities across the state had manufacturing centers that provided income for local community members. Community leaders have long sought ideas for returning light manufacturing to their communities for local investment, job creation, and economic growth. Rural county economic development officers set up community interest meetings to see if there was interest in addressing the apparel industry need for quick speed-to-market and greater quality control through domestic manufacturing located closer to company headquarters within the state. Meetings in two communities, located in the northeastern part of the state, generated interest from local investors who have recently moved to open cut and sew centers. Four additional communities, located in the southeastern section of the state, await proof-of-concept prior to moving forward. Given the larger plan for the centers, the concept of specialization in manufacturing was determined for growth and expansion across the state; thus, one center was focused on woven apparel production and the other on knit apparel production. Cooperation and collaboration were important business values to prevent price competition and to potentially provide fulfillment of large scale orders. Longitudinal approach and research questions To address the objectives of this early stage work we used a case study approach to capture information. Data was collected from US Census Bureau and from interviews with investors, managers, workers, large manufacturing management, industry specialists in sourcing and equipment, as well as individuals connected to economic development and Extension. Please see Table 1. summarizing case study findings and emerging themes. In addition to these findings we employ a method frequently found in the analysis of an institutional theoretical perspective known as event history analysis. In time, this study will measure the temporal and sequential unfolding of unique events that transform the interpretation and meaning of social and economic structures (Steel, 2005; Thorton & Ocasio, 2008). This method will enable accommodation of data at multiple levels of analysis involving the individual (members of the cut and sew centers), organizational (cut and sew center firms), and environment (community and industry interactions). Event history is used to assess the five elementary concepts of – state (dependent variable, cut and sew center continuance), event (defines the transitions or experiences of the cut and sew centers), duration (length of time), risk period (potential for exposure to the particular event), censoring (not experiencing the event) (Vermunt, 2007). Thus far, we have initial case study data and documentation of events for two newly established cut and sew centers, but will continue to collect data as four additional cut and sew centers evolve. The following research questions address the five elementary concepts. We address the following research questions in meeting Objective 1 of this study: RQ 1. What are the social institutional centered events and consequences? RQ 2. How do different economic organizations contribute to firm evolution? RQ 3. What risks are involved that could inhibit or enable firm development? To address Objective 2 of this study, we focus on the following research questions framed around emerging issues expected to shape the apparel industry: RQ 4. What are the local capabilities? RQ 5. What role does technology play in firm emergence and development? RQ 6. How does the speed to market capability evolve? RQ 7. What are the industry expectations for domestic apparel production? Implications Early analyses of the two cut and sew centers highlights commonalities that are central to Institutional theory. In partially addressing Research Questions 1 through 3, we have found that there are several emerging issues that stem from weak or delicate linkages of social and cultural meaning systems or norms to the business environment (Handelman & Arnold, 1999). Though the investors, managers, and workers desire to meet industry expectations, there is a gap between the localized perspective and industry perspectives with neither having a strong understanding as to how to return the production to a domestic process. Years of outsourcing have weakened linkages and knowledge has been lost. Training is needed in commercial sewing, creating connections to industry, sourcing trims, ownership of goods, and pricing the production. Thus, as proposed in an Institutional theoretical framework, there are norms or rules that participants are expected to comply with if the organizations involved are to receive support and achieve legitimacy; however in this business arena, the rules are no longer clearly established. Further, the embeddedness of the cut and sew firms in the communities, though appearing to be currently well supported, may be moved as the cut and sew firms gain linkages beyond the community. In addressing Research Questions 4 through 7, we have found that though the support from the local communities has been strong both socially and financially, the learning curve was steep for both of the cut and sew centers in working with clients and educating clients in the product development process of sample pattern to grading to marker making for production cutting as well as procuring thread, findings, labels, hangtags, and packaging for delivery to stores. The move from home sewing to commercial sewing has involved considerable training of the managers and workers. Training featured understanding of the different machines, threading, and tension issues to ensure quality standards for apparel construction. Collaboration was facilitated by a technical consultant’s interface with an industrial sewing supplier and equipment repair company. Training of one-piece flow manufacturing work improved timing efficiency and quality control. The technical consultant spent days on-site and sewing with the team to solve process flow problems and study quality control issues. Issues of timing and efficient production process revolved around changing thread and adjusting machine and stitch tension for various contracts. Issues also emerged in the supply chain of contract manufacturing. Many of the clients were not ready for production, either due to financial commitments or understanding of the process from designing sample lines to marketing apparel products to retail stores and consumers. This required a change in plans to market the cut and sew center directly to the industry. The industrial sewers were flexible with producing various knit or woven sewn products. Issues related to managing a domestic cut and sew facility involved ensuring that all components were received on time, planning time, and estimating the costs involved with fulfilling manufacturing contracts. Data collection continues as the two established centers advance and four additional centers launch in the next two years. From this initial data and to meet the third objective of this inductive research, we offer propositions that warrant further analyses as the cut and sew centers more through various phases of development. Data will be collected to address propositions. P1 The greater the agreement in norms or rules that guide the apparel supply chain process, the stronger the business relationships among contractors, manufacturers, and cut and sew centers. P2 Legitimization of rural community cut and sew centers among the more urban supply chain members will build collaboration and reduce perceived risk in competency to provide specified products or services. P3 Increased collaboration among rural cut and sew centers in terms of shared knowledge and resources will increase perceived economic benefits to the individual centers and to the rural communities.

The development of Indonesian textile design is mostly based on culture and tradition. The Indonesian government has cultural preservation program (Indonesian constitution, no 5, 1992), to promote Indonesian local culture in sustaining tradition by exploring the possibility of shifting the function of traditional textiles from ceremonial purposes to becoming commodity products. The shifted function into product commodity creates new market and situation among Indonesian craft-makers. This situation also happened for stitch resist dyeing technique, which is an Indonesian traditional textile technique used to manufacture traditional fabrics in three regions, namely tritik cloth in Yogyakarta, pelangi cloth in Palembang, and sasirangan cloth in Banjarmasin. Stitch resist dyeing, as a particular form of resist dyeing technique, is a textile technique that creates patterns in various shapes with small holes along the line of stitching, as a mark of any stitched resist pattern. Most of this technique are done manually, which are generally recognized as being time-consuming. This study will focus on preserving the stitch resist dyeing technique by producing elaborate description about the technique, focusing on the organisational structure and supply chain. The study will use a combination of ethnographic and soft system methodology. The methods use in this study are questionnaires, interviews, and observation. By producing rich pictures from each survey area, describing the character of the organisational workflow of stitch resist dyeing enterprises in Indonesia. Finally, this study discusses the critical points of the supply chain in the stitch resist dyeing enterprises that are related to the production capacity and quality. The unprecedented long chain of the process and the sense of ownership from the craft makers consider the main aspects in supporting the practices.

Despite its innovative and avant-garde reputation, the luxury industry initially began showing a very low commitment to new online marketing tools and it held a conservative approach to selling when compared to other sectors. Nowadays, the context has dramatically changed and luxury brands are approaching with an increasing interest social networks as well as the online selling. This research aims to clarify the current strategic approaches of the players in the different luxury markets towards the social commerce phenomenon, from both a theoretical and an empirical point of view. The purpose is to test a framework that can be used to classify luxury companies’ strategies regarding social media adoptions based on actual theories on social media. Four strategies related to the social media adoption by luxury brands have been identified: the Social brand ambassadors strategy class (low promotional content percentage and low social commerce score) includes those brands that use social media for entertainment and user engagement; the Social showcases strategy (high promotional content percentage and low social commerce score) includes those brands that use their social accounts as online catalogues; the Social infotainers strategy (low promotional content percentage and high social commerce score) includes those brands that scored high in social commerce, mainly because of the provision of informative content and brand–consumer interactions, but they were linked to more entertainment-oriented actions rather than product-related ones. Finally, the Social sellers strategy (high promotional content percentage and high social commerce score) includes those brands that have integrated social commerce into their online strategies and have subsequently exploited the potential of social media to drive online and offline sales. The database is built using original data from a content analysis of 100 luxury brands’ postings on five different social media platforms – namely Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, and Pinterest. The total final sample included 12,132 Facebook posts, 21,216 tweets on Twitter, 1,105 YouTube videos, 10,138 Instagram pictures/videos, and 117,359 Pinterest pictures. The main findings are the following: luxury brands adopt at this stage the Social brand ambassadors and Social showcases approaches; brands belonging to the perfumery, cosmetics, jewelry and watches markets show a more developed attitude towards the social commerce; in other luxury markets, such as wine and spirits, brands still adopt a Social Brand Ambassador strategy, while managers should increase the promotional content in order develop the social commerce. The Fashion & Accessories brands show a positive relationship between the percentage of promotional content and social commerce score. This means that social commerce adoptions depend on the single brand’s strategic choices, ranging from low adoption to best practices. In general, social commerce is still not widespread; many luxury fashion brands, while presenting new collections during fashion weeks, focused on fashion shows, backstage events, and celebrities, rather than really promoting the new product lines with materials, availability, and purchasing indications. This social media approach is mainly focused on increasing brand awareness rather than increasing social commerce. If managers aim at increasing social commerce they should add direct call to action and link the contents to e-commerce market place. Automotive brands are concentrated in the Social showcases area; This sector encounters natural limitations in the introduction of social commerce due to the difficulty of selling products through the digital channel; many brands have, however, devised strategies to approach their users during the purchasing process prior to the actual transaction to take advantage of the increasing ROPO phenomenon. Conversely, the Perfumes & Cosmetics sector shows a highly fragmented approach to social commerce. The content analysis based on single post contents has shown that actually the contents are based on pictures of the products, or the brand, information on events, and a large and increasing presence of video posts based storytelling about the history of the product and the brand heritage; the most social commerce oriented posts are picture or video focused on the product. The commercial contents that aim at developing the see now, buy now approach are mainly based on video shows.

Abstract1)Recent scandals of milk additives in several developing countries provoked controversy about quality issue of dairy products, grapping academic attention to the dairy supply chain. In this paper, we first focus on moral hazard problem of self-interested entities about the quality across the dairy supply chain, due to unobservable and unverifiable quality management efforts of all entities – including dairy producers, stations, and a final producer – and high inspection cost for the quality. Based on the identified moral hazard problem, we understand why the adoption of IoT-based tracking systems about quality produced from each entity is a must, different from RFID-based tracking systems.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic salts with low melting point by asymmetric ionic strength between cation and anion. They have been known as promising DNA extraction, separation and preservation agent due to their hydrophilic, hydrophobic interaction with DNA. However, few studies have been performed about how DNA-ILs complexes form and their mechanism. Herein, we present three types of ionic liquids (EMIM-Cl, BMIM-Cl, and OMIM-Cl) change the DNA structure depend on alkyl chain length of ionic liquids. Structural changes of DNA by ionic liquids are observed by Atomic force microscopy, gel electrophoresis, zeta potential and solid-state nanopore technology. The results of AFM show the different structures of DNA, including aggregate, stretching, and bundling shapes in terms of EMIM-Cl, BMIM-Cl, and OMIM-Cl respectively. In DNA translocation experiment, DNA/EMIM-Cl show rare translocation signal due to aggregated structure by neutralized surface charge. DNA/BMIM-Cl and DNA/OMIM-Cl show slowing down the translocation speed due to changes of DNA net charge and structure. Especially, OMIM-Cl make slowing down the DNA translocation speed about 102~104 times compared to translocation speed of bare DNA by unzipping the bundling shape of complex. In conclusion, the morphology of DNA could be modified by the incorporation with different alkyl chain length of ILs, providing their further application in nanopore technique for slowing DNA sequencing or understanding protein-DNA interaction.

To enrich a country’s food culture, it is essential that residents understand and care about that culture. Although various efforts to globalize Korean food have been made outside Korea, the importance of understanding Koreans’ perception of and increasing interest in Korean food has been neglected. Thus, this study was conducted to identify the cognitive structures regarding Korean food among 30 Koreans living in metropolitan cities using in-depth laddering interviews based on the means-end chain theory. The most dominant cognitive structures toward Korean food were familiarity (attributes), ease of digestion and health (functional consequences), sense of responsibility and will to live (psychosocial consequences), and family affection and sense of achievement (values). In short, Koreans were found to consume Korean food to achieve perceived high-dimensional values rather than simply for its attributes or benefits. These findings have important implications for future strategies and policies aimed at increasing Korean food consumption by Koreans, as they suggest that underlying and symbolic values rather than the attributes of Korean food are more effective in promoting its consumption. Further studies on understanding perceptions and values using a larger Korean population are needed to preserve and further develop Korean food.

Supply chain is usually represented by a network (which is called supply chain network) that contains some nodes. In a supply chain network these nodes are suppliers, plants, distribution centers and customers which are some facilities connected by some arcs to each other. The arcs connect the nodes in the direction of their production flow, meaning that each arc shows a route between the facilities for transporting the products. A multi-stage supply chain network (MSCN) is defined as a sequence of multiple supply chain network stages. This paper addresses a typical supply chain network problem which is based on a two-stage single-product system under uncertain conditions such that both cost and constraint parameters are interval numbers. The combination of these uncertain parameters are considered in this typical problem for the first time. In this case, two different order relations (the order relations UC ≤ and HW ≤ ) for interval numbers are considered. Then, two solution procedures are developed in order relations for the interval two-stage supply chain network design problem. The efficiency of the proposed method is illustrated by a numerical example where it is proved that the relation HW ≤ shows better performance than the relation UC ≤ .