Since the reform and opening up, the modernization of Chinese society has greatly liberated and released the productive forces, and broadened the ideological and cultural horizons. Under the guidance of the concepts of "Chinese characteristics", " view of global history" and " the awareness of a community of shared future for mankind ", Chinese society has gradually entered a prosperous and well-off era from the era of scarcity. with c At the same time, contemporary China also typically shows many "faces" of consumerist aesthetic cultureharacteristic of utopia , such as "Wu", "Xin", "Mei" and "Le". The pursuit and imagination of "Wu-topia", "Xin-topia", "Mei-topia" and "Le-topia" are constantly transformed into confusing ideology in the era of Consumerism under the mechanism of capital, technology, market, media and advertisement which makes Utopia lose its ideal feelings, revolutionary spirit and critical nature. As a result,utopia is becoming dystopia. Heading for the future,it would be significant for us to understand deeply the aesthetic cultural phenomena in the development-transition period of China ,transform creatively the excellent traditional Chinese cultural thoughts, absorb foreign civilization ideas, and reconstruct the new social aesthetic culture finally.

본고는 고등학교 한문Ⅰ 교육과정 중 ‘이해와 감상’의 성취기준 중의 하나인 ‘한문 산문의 다양한 서술 방식을 통해 글의 내용을 이해하고 감상한다.’가 교과서에 어떻게 수용되었는지 그 양상을 살펴보고 문제점에 대하여 검토한 것이다. ‘한문 산문’의 ‘이해와 감상’을 포괄하는 성취기준은 ‘한문 산문의 다양한 서술 방식을 통해 글의 내용을 이해하고 감상한다.’이다. 교과서를 살펴본 결과 글의 감상에 한문 산문의 다양한 서술 방식을 이용한 경우는 그리 많지 않다. 많은 교과서가 한문산문에 사용된 서술방식만 제시하였고, 한문산문의 다양한 서술방식을 이용하여 산문을 감상한 경우에도 제대로 이루어지지 않고 있다. 이러한 사실은 고등학교 한문Ⅰ 수준에서 한문 산문의 감상은 제대로 이루어질 수 없음을 증명하는 것이다. 현실적으로 학생들이 한문을 이해함에 있어 글을 읽고 내용과 주제를 파악하는 것만도 너무 어렵게 느낀다. 이러한 학생들에게 산문의 이해와 감상은 할 수 있으 면 좋겠지만 무리한 요구라고 할 수 있다. 이는 2009 개정 한문과 교육과정이 반영된 교과서를 학습할 때에도 그 어려움이 그대로 드러난 점에서 확인할 수 있다. 따라서 한문의 본질인 읽고 내용 파악하는 데 중점을 두고 산문의 이해와 감상과 관련한 ‘한문 산문의 다양한 서술방식’은 한문Ⅰ 교육과정에서 삭제하거나 한문Ⅱ로 이동시키는 것이 바람직하다고 생각한다.

This paper discusses ways to understand and cope with the issues of holism, generalizability, and representativity in qualitative research. More specifically, the article argues that critical sociolinguistic ethnography can serve as a useful methodological tool to uncover complicated processes and consequences of linguistic practice in social life in an increasingly globalized world. Drawing on Heller’s (2011) framework of critical sociolinguistic ethnography, the analysis underscores how critical sociolinguistics focuses on the analysis of the processes by which social actors access and mobilize valuable linguistic resources across time and space. The paper illustrates the situated research processes of doing critical sociolinguistic ethnography through two research projects on South Korean transnational English learners conducted by the authors. The article concludes with a discussion of how critical sociolinguistic ethnography may contribute to broadening research agenda in sociolinguistics in the era of globalization.

English has become an important language of science and scholarship due to the globalization and internationalization of higher education. As a result, there has been a rapid increase in English-mediated instruction (EMI) courses across English as a foreign language (EFL) countries. In an expansion of EMI courses, different reactions have arisen among professors between Korean and Nordic higher education contexts. Utilizing both literature search on EMI as well as insights from the researcher’s involvement in EMI projects, this article presents a comparative analysis of EMI between Korean and Nordic universities with the hope that it will contribute to more effective implementation of EMI within EFL universities such as the ones in Korea. The analysis demonstrates that although there are similar concerns about the expansion and implementation of EMI, the two contexts have fundamental differences, including the motivation for the introduction of EMI, linguistic environments, and philosophy of teaching and learning. These factors are intertwined and influence the implementation of EMI in each context. Therefore, in order to implement EMI more successfully in Korean universities, understanding the differences underlying the two contexts is required.

This study aims to answer the following question: Does leader brand personality dimensions mediate the relationship between self-identity expression and voting intention? The notion of political leaders as brands has been examined during the last decade by several studies and the increasing importance during the electoral process is now evident. Additionally, self-identity expressiveness, as a construct, has been connected to either psychological or sociological context regarding behavioral intention. The current research intends to build a framework for incorporating the concepts of leader brand image through brand personality dimensions, self-identity expression and voting intention for a political party. A quantitative survey through online structured questionnaire is employed in Greece and several significant theoretical and managerial contributions are provided.

형법이론이 기본적으로 전제하고 있는 범죄형태는 고의적 결과범 이라고 할 수 있다. 고의적 결과범은 행위자가 결과발생을 인식하고 의욕하면서 법익을 침해한다는 행위불법과 결과불법을 모두 가지고 있기 때문에 이를 처벌하는 것에 대해 정당성을 갖는다. 그런데 예비형태와 음모형태를 처벌하는 것은 결과발생보다 시간적으로 앞선 행위를 처벌하겠다는 입법자의 의지를 표현한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 예비·음모행위를 처벌하는 것에 대해서 결과발생에서 멀리 있는 행위가 왜 처벌되어야 하는 것인지, 그리고 무엇이 음모인지 또 어디에서부터 예비행위가 되어 예비죄로 처벌되는 것인지하는 의문이 생긴다. 우리나라 형사법 관련 문헌에서 예비·음모 의 개념표지, 구성요건요소, 가벌성의 표지 등에 대하여 본격적으로 검토하고 있는 경우를 발견하기는 쉽지 않고, 특히 음모죄에 대해서는 논의가 거의 이루어지지 않고 있는 것으로 보인다. 그러나 전세계적으로 반테러법의 제정논의와 함께 일본에서도 2017년 공모죄가 신설되었고, 우리나라도 테러방지법을 제정하여, 실제로 예비나 음모단계의 행위에 대한 처벌규정을 두고 있다. 예비·음모죄는 해당 범죄가 가져올 해악의 중대성 때문에 극히 예외적으로 실행의 착수 이전의 단계에 해당하는 행위를 처벌하는 것이다. 이를 달리 해석하면, 예비·음모는 기본적 범죄형태인 기수범에 비하여 법익침해로부터 그만큼 멀리 있기 때문이라고 볼 수 있다. 다시 말해 원래는 처벌해서는 안 되는 행위를 예외적으로 처벌하는 것이므로 그만큼 제한적으로만 입법되어야 하고, 가능한 제한적으로 해석되어야 한다. 이를 위해서는 예비·음모죄의 구성요건이 더 명확화되어야 하고, 구체화 되어야 한다. 만약 의견을 나눈 것만으로 음모죄가 되고, 준비행위에 대한 것은 모두 예비죄가 된다면, 이를 일반인이 판단하는 것은 불가능하고 결국은 법관, 국가에 의해 판단받아야 될 경우의 위험성은 매우 크다. 물론 테러와 같은 경우 결과발생 후 처벌하는 것에 대한 위험성 또한 굉장히 크다. 그러나 이에 대해 형법이 개입되더라도, 그것은 일정한 원칙하에 명백하고 급박하게 즉, 사회예방적 개입이 필요한 부분에서만 개입되어야 한다. 우리 형법상의 예비죄와 음모죄는 법집행자와 법적용자에게 지나치게 넓은 해석, 적용의 여지를 인정하고 있다. 그러므로 입법적으로는 독일과 같이 각론에서 가벌적 예비행위의 유형을 구체화하는 것이 가장 바람직한 태도라고 생각한다. 그러나 이러한 입법적 조치가 행하여지기 전이라도 예비·음모죄에 대한 우리 학설상의 지나치게 넓은 개념정의를 보다 구체화하여야 할 필요성은 있다. 그 방법으로는 무엇보다 먼저 예비행위를 구성요건 실현행위에 밀접한 혹은 직접적 연관을 가지는 준비행위로 제한하여야 한다. 그리고 음모행위에 있어서는 단순한 합의 그 자체만으로 처벌되는 것이 아니라, 그것이 외부에 비약적으로 드러날 수 있는 행위가 있는 경우에만 가벌적인 음모행위로 취급되어야 한다.

본 연구는 레저스포츠 종목 중 사고 위험도가 높은 번지점프시설에 대해 분야별, 국·내외 사고사례 및 우리나라의 번지점프시설 안전점검 관련 자료를 중심으로 분석하였다. 번지점프시설의 심화과정에서 시설분야, 장비분야, 운영분야, 위생분야 내용에 대한 문제점을 도출하고 개선방향을 제시하였다. 그리고 안전사고의 근본적인 원인을 찾고, 운영자 및 종사자의 설문을 통하여 현장에 적합하고 필요한 사항, 운영자 측면의 합리적 운영, 운영요원의 교육 및 안전매뉴얼 숙지, 이용자 측면의 안전성 확보 등을 찾아 관련 법안인 ｢레저스포츠 진흥 및 안전에 관한 법률｣의 기초자료에 적용 및 도움을 줌으로써 안전사고 감소에 의한 재해를 사전에 예방할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Purpose: This study was tried to identify the effects of simulation practice education on the clinical competence, critical thinking disposition and self-confidence of nursing process in new graduated nurses. Methods: This study was one group pre-post test design, participants are 50 new graduated nurses with less than 3 month of working experience. The simulation practice education applied the first semester of the third grade, over 15 weeks with 1 credit per 2 hours per week by two instructors with four scenarios. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, paired t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficients using the SPSS WIN 21.0 program. Result: There was a significant difference simulation practice education on the clinical competence and critical thinking disposition in the new graduated nurses. There was a correlation between clinical competence and critical thinking disposition. Conclusion: New nurses' capacity can be strengthened by applying simulation practice education that improve the clinical performance by enhance the critical thinking Disposition.

Kathmandu is the capital city of Himalayan country Nepal. It is a bowl shaped small valley with 3.5 Million populations. With approximately 5000 lane- km of roads and about 40% of entire vehicle populations of the country plying here without any grade separation, it has become quite challenging to manage the smooth flow of traffic in the city. The population of motor bikes is 75% making the job of traffic management difficult. Lack of foot path and bi cycle lanes for pedestrians and NMT and the narrow streets with manually controlled traffic intersections further complicate the deteriorating traffic flow. The improvement efforts including widening of critical roads could produce short term results only. A project named Kathmandu valley Sustainable Urban Transport Project, KSUTP funded by ADB could not progress as desired. This paper discusses the problems, studies and measures being undertaken to resolve these issues.

We synthesized the poly(4-vinylbenzyltributylammonium hexanesulfonate) P[VBTBA][HS] which was obtained via anion exchange with hexanesulfonate after acquiring monomer [VBTBA][Cl] by Menshutkin reaction to investigate its feasibility as draw solute for forward osmosis process. P[VBTBA][HS] shows lower critical solution temperature (LCST) property at about 21℃, while LCST property of [VBTBA][Cl] and P[VBTBA][Cl] was not confirmed. This result suggests that P[VBTBA][HS] can be recovered from solution by heating them to above LCST. In AL-FS mode with solution of 20 wt% P[VBTBA][HS] at 15℃, water flux and reverse solute flux were found to be about 6.43 LMH and 0.59 gMH. This study can provide an understanding of new way of proceeding draw solute and information for the potential design and synthesis of thermo-responsive organic material.

Steel roof construction is on the most important and critical factors in the large spatial construction and necessary to be prepared under a radical planning. Therefore, the major management factors of steel roofing structure assembly must be critically reviewed during planning. Through the review process, it is necessary to reduce the construction cost, to prevent delays in the construction schedule, and to minimize construction errors. However, domestically due to the lack experience in large spatial constructions, a planning of roof construction is limited to have a radical planning. Especially due to unclear organization of the management factors in hierarchy, using them in reality for construction planning is difficult and reliability is low. Therefore, in this study, the goal is to conduct the major management factors in the large spatial construction. To achieve this, we have reviewed and analyzed the numbers of construction plans and construction reports and conducted a total 68 of the management factors. Based on the conducted factors, we have interviewed 16 experts with experience in large spatial construction. From the interview result, we have deduced the factors scored above 4.20 of 10 for critical factors. The results of this study will be used as a guidance for planning steel roofing structure assembly in large spatial construction. The critical factors will be provided to the site mangers for the quality management of large spatial constructions in practice.

During the Joseon period, the East Sea would be called ‘Gyeonghae’ due to a large number of whales. In the Republic of Korea, whaling was locally permitted in 1946. However, the number drastically dropped because the hunting of the marine mammal had already been carried out in Russia, the U.S. and Japan since 1800s. Before a moratorium on commercial whaling was introduced by the International Whaling Commission(IWC) in 1986, whale populations in the East Sea had plunged. Furthermore, Korean gray whales and fin whales weren’t found anymore in that area. With the suspension, whale hunting was banned in Korea as well. Even so, accidentally caught whales have been allowed to be distributed on the market with respect for local food culture. With the establishment of Whale Museum and hosting of the 57th Annual Meeting of the International Whaling Commission(IWC) at Jangsaengpo in 2005, whale tourism was facilitated in earnest. This whale tourism has been operated by Nam-gu Office and Nam-gu City Management Corporation in Ulsan. However, the popularity of whale tourism has increased a demand for whale meat. At the same time, there has been concern over decrease in whale populations because of illegal whaling. In addition, a conflict between the use and protection of whales has caused confusion in tourism identity. Actually, there is a serious doubt on the sustainability of whale tourism due to the decade-long deficit and excessive investments. This study attempts to define a concept of whale tourism and propose a future direction for the sustainable growth and development of Korea’s whale tourism industry after developing such comprehensive assessment indicators as a basic research for the introduction of sustainable whale tourism. To achieve the aim of this study, AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) was chosen as a main research tool and the factors were ranked by a comprehensive analysis of principal factors and detail factors. The current study showed the following results. First, ecological environment(0.430) was indicated the most important factor of whale tourism assessment indicators. Moreover, Population(0.1302), Action for Cetacean protection(0.1031), Governance(0.0898) were critical factors. On the other hand, Accommodations(0.0085), Whale meat(0.0088) were unimportant factors than others.

본 연구는 과학기술행정체제와 혁신 거버넌스 연구의 큰 변화 흐름을 살펴보고, 성찰적 자리매김을 통해 향후 나아가야 할 방향을 제시하였다. 분석 대상은 ｢한국행정학회보｣, ｢한국정책학회보｣ 등의 행정학·조직학 분야와 ｢과학기술학연구｣, ｢기술혁신연구｣, ｢기술혁신학회지｣ 등의 과학기술혁신 분야에 실린 과학기술행정체제 및 혁신 거버넌스 관련 논문을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 이와 함께 각 학회 학술대회 발표 논문과 주요 저서, 그리고 과학기술 정책연구원⋅한국행정연구원 등 국책 연구기관에서 발표된 정책보고서와 정부 문건자료도 분석에 포함하였다. 분석 결과, 연구 자체가 정부조직개편의 일부에서 독자 영역으로 진화하고 그 주제도 세분화되었으며, 역사적⋅규범적⋅비교분석⋅제도론적 접근방법이 주를 이루었다. 또한 과학기술정책의 조정·통합 문제가 연구에서 중요한 과제로 다루어졌으며, 혁신체제론(NIS) 및 거버넌스 관점이 연구에 반영되기 시작했다. 그러나 작은 정부론과 큰 정부론, 거버넌스론과 컨트롤 타워론 등 몇 가지 차원에서 여전히 쟁점을 드러내고 있으며, 귀인 오류, 합리적 모형의 지배, 처방위주의 연구와 연구의 쏠림, 거대 및 세부 담론의 부재 등에서 한계를 드러내고 있다. 향후 과제로 합리성⋅효율성⋅종합성 설계의 관점에서 벗어나 진화적 합리성 강조, 다차원적 연구 방법론 활용, 한국적 이론 개발과 보편성 확보, 거버넌스 관점의 주류화, 조직문화 등 소프프웨어 측면에 관한 연구 촉진 등을 제시하였다.

The purpose of the study is to investigate whether critical thinking skills can be fostered through a college English course. Approximately eighty female Korean students taking a basic freshman mandatory reading course participated in the study. The researcher taught them critical reading skills along with other reading comprehension skills and provided them with Korean local context in the given topic. The students critically read two units of the required textbook and attended presentations of high school students with minority cultural backgrounds. The students submitted four online reports about multiculturalism, and they were analyzed using a thematic analysis. The results revealed that even students with relatively low English proficiency could enhance their critical thinking skills by practicing critical reading. Also, additional information about local contexts not only compensated for a culturally limited text but also facilitated the development of critical thinking. The findings indicate that teaching critical thinking is feasible in an English language course despite limited environments. Yet, more studies are required to generalize the findings.

The purpose of this study is to explore how Korean university students develop their readership in integrated reading classes that address both conventional and critical reading instructions. The two researchers taught university students in Busan and Seoul, alternatively, to read texts in English critically. Fifty-nine students (thirty-two from the researcher A’s class and twenty-seven from the researcher B’s class) participated in the study. The proficiency level of each class was different; one class is much higher than the other. The teachers followed the same teaching procedure of decoding and comprehension, personalizing the reading contents, and critiquing and reflecting on the reading texts and the students were guided to comprehend the texts that they read, analyze reading texts critically, and discuss alternative perspectives of the reading in class. Students’ discussion notes and observation notes of five three-hour class sessions were collected. Data analysis revealed that an integrated approach in reading class was helpful for the students not only to develop their language sensitivity and awareness in critical stance and challenge dominant social assumptions and ideology, but also to develop reading strategies and emotional engagement. Pedagogical implications were discussed.

The paper presents selected aspects of critical language pedagogy that are relevant to recent developments in Korean English Education. The paper articulates the personal viewpoint of a scholar outside Korea. Particular emphasis is placed on historical background, the nature of critique, and the role of the intellectual in society. The English Divide in Korea is presented as an issue that calls for a critical perspective on English education. This is briefly analyzed from an economics of education point of view, itself an example of critical pedagogy that does not only focus on classrooms and curriculum theory. Key aspects of critical language pedagogy are sketched, with reference to precursors from Korean history and cultural forms. These precursors are also brought to bear on the role that intellectuals could play in advancing a critical perspective on English education, in Korean society, which is suggested to be a moral imperative, distinct from instrumental understandings of education.