The effects of mechanical alloying conditions on the formation of Mn-sulfide powders were analyzed. Impeller rotating speed, lubricant coating and added amounts of process control agent(stearic acid) were selected as a process control factor. MnS compounds are synthesized in 3 hours by mechanical alloying at the alternative milling condition. Discontinuous rotating speed of 1200rpm for 4 minutes and 1000rpm for 1 minute shows more effects on the compound formation of MnS. After coating of lubricant on the wall, elementary Mn and sulfur were partially remained by mechanical alloying. The friction effects of the wall and grinding media on the powders are significantly important to form the compound of MnS.

Ti-37.5at%Si elemental powder mixtures were mechanically alloyed by a high-energy ball mill, followed by CIP (cold isostatic pressing) and HIP (hot isostatic pressing) for different processing conditions. Only elemental phases (Ti and Si) were observed for the 5 min mechanically alloyed (MA 5 min) powder, but only phase was observed for the 30 min mechanically alloyed (MA 30 min) powder. phase was observed for the HIPed compact of MA 5 min and 30 min powders at 150 and 190 MPa for 3 hr at . For the HIPed compacts, the highest sintered density was obtained to be 99.5% of theoretical density by a HIP step at at 190MPa for 3hr. The hardness values of the HIPed compacts at at 150/190 MPa for 3hr were higher than HRC 76. The densification and mechanical property of HIPed compacts was found to depend on more HIP temperature than HIP pressure.

σ-VFe 금속간화합물에 대한 기계적 합금화(MA) 효과를 중성자 및 X선 회절법으로 조사하였다. MA 분말의 구조분석은 X선 회절(Cu-Kα) 린 중성자회절(HRPD, λ=1.835Å)을 이용하여 행하였다. σ-VFe화합물의 MA시 큰 구조변화가 관찰되었으며, MA 60시간의 경우 Fe-Fe 훤자분포는 unit cell에 30개의 원자를 포함하고 있는 σ상의 tetragonal구조에서 120˚C이상에서 안정하게 존재하는 α-(V,Fe) 고용체의 bcc 구조로 상변화함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 α-VFe 화합물에 대한 중성자 및 X선 회절패턴의 비교분석을 행하였으며 그 결과 σ상이 가지는 화학적 규칙성에 기인하는 (101)과 (111) 회절 피크가 중성자 회절에서 뚜렷하게 관찰됨을 알 수 있었다.

고온구조용 재료로 사용이 기대되는 Al3Hf금속간 화합물의 단점인 낮은 연성을 개선하기 위하여 SPEX mill을 이용한 기계적 합금화 과정에서의 Ll2상 생성거동과 이에 미치는 제3원소의 영향, 그리고 이들 금속간 화합물의 진공열간 압축성형 거동을 조사하였다. Al과 Hf 혼합분말을 기계적 합금화한 결과에 따르면 6시간 milling후에 L2Hf 금속간 화합물이 생성되었으며, 이때 결정립 크기가 7~8nm 정도인 nanocrystalline이 형성되었다. Cu를 첨가한 경우에는 10시간 milling 후에 2원계와 동일한 Ll2구조의 금속간 화합물이 생성되었으며, 격자상수는 Cu의 함량이 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. 2원계 Al3Hf 금속간 화합물의 경우에 Ll2상에서 D023 상으로의 변태 시작온도는 380˚C 정도였으며, 변태 종료온도는 열처리시간에 따라 480˚C에서 550˚C 정도를 나타내었다. Cu 함량이 증가함에 따라 변태 시작온도는 상승하였으며 10at.%의 Cu 첨가는 변태 시작온도를 700˚C까지 상승시켰다. 2원계 Al-25at.%Hf 혼합분말의 VHP 성형시 750MPa, 400˚C, 3시간에서 약 89%의 비이론 밀도를 얻을 수 있었다. 같은 온도에서 Cu를 10at.% 첨가한 경우의 VHP 성형시 90%정도의 비이론 밀도를 보여 2원계 A13Hf보다 성형성이 약간 증가하는 것을 볼 수 있었으며, 성형온도를 500˚C로 증가시킨 경우에는 Ll2상에서 D023상으로의 상변화나 결정립의 증가없이 약 92.5%의 비이론 밀도를 얻을 수 있었다.

Abstract To investigate the effect of mechanical alloying process to thermoelectric properties of PbTe sintered body, Pb-Te mixed powder with Pb : Te : 1 : 1 composition was mechanically alloyed using tumbler-ball mill. Thermoelectric properties of the sintered body were evaluated by measuring of the Seebeck coefficient and specific electric resistivity from the room temperature to 50. Sintered body of only mechanically alloyed PbTe powder showed p-type behavior at the room temperature, and occurred type transition from p-type to n-type at about 30. PbTe sintered body which was fabricated using heat treated powder in atmosphere after mechanical alloying showed stable n-type behavior under 50. N-type PbTe sintered body fabricated by mechanical alloying process had 4 times higher power factor than that fabricated by the melt-crushing process. Application of a mechanical alloying process to fabricate of n-type PbTe thermoelectric material seemed to be useful to increase the power factor of PbTe sintered body.

The semiconducting compound has been recognized as a thermoelectric material with excel-lent oxidation resistance and stable characteristics at elevated temperature. In the present work, we applied mechanical alloying(MA) technique to produce compound using a mixture of elemental iron and silicon powders. The mechanical alloying was carried out using a Fritsch P-5 planetary mill under Ar gas atmosphere. The MA powders were characterized by the X-ray diffraction with Cu-K radiation, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The single phase has been obtained by mechanical alloying of mixture powders for 120 hrs or for 70 hrs coupled with the subsequent heat treatment up to . The grain size of powders analyzed by Hall plot method was 44nm.

고온구조용 재료로의 사용이 기대되는 Al3Ti금속간 화합물의 연성 향상을 위한 목적으로 기계적 합금화를 통한 cubic Ll2구조의 생성거동과 Mn의 첨가 영향을 조사하였다. Al-8Mn-25Ti조성에서 20시간의 기계적 합금화를 통해 약 1.0nm 사이즈의 grain을 갖는 nanocrystalline cubic Ll2Al3Ti 금속간 화합물이 제조되었다. Mn이 첨가된 3원계 cubic Ll2Al3Ti 금속간 화합물은 2원계 cubic Ll2Al3Ti 금속간 화합물에서 보이는 Ll2구조에서 D023구조나 D022구조로의 상변태가 발생하지 않았으며 Mn의 첨가로 인해 Ll2구조는 1200˚C가지 안정함을 보였다.

Mechanical alloying technique was applied to prepare hard magnetic compound powders. Staring from pure Fe and Sm powders, the formation process of hard magnetic phase by mechanical alloying and subsequent solid state reaction was studied. As milled powders were found to consist of Sm-Fe amorphous and -Fe phases in all compositions of (x = 11, 13, 15, 17). The effects of starting composition on the formation of intermetallic compound was investigated by heat treatment of mechanically-alloyed powders. When Sm content was 15 at.％, heat-treated powders consisted of nearly single phase. For preparation of hard magnetic powders, additional nitriding treatment was performed under gas flow at 45. The increase in the coercivity and remanence was proportional to the nitrogen content which increased drastically at first and then increased gradually as the nitriding time was extended to 3 hours.

NiAl alloy powders were prepared by mechanical alloying method and bulk specimens were produced using hot isostatic pressing techniques. This study focused on the transformation behavior and properties of Ni-Al mechanically alloyed powders and bulk alloys. Transformation behavior was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), XRD and TEM. Particle size distribution and microstructures of mechanically alloyed powders were studied by particle size analyzer and scanning electron microscope (SEM). After 10 hours milling, XRB peak broadening appeared at the alloyed powders with compositions of Ni-36at%Al to 40at%Al. The NiAl and intermetallic compounds were formed after water quenching of solution treated powders and bulk samples at , but the martensite phase was observed after liquid nitrogen quenching of solution treated powders. However, the formation of intermetallic compounds were not restricted by fast quenching into liquid nitrogen. It is considered to be caused by fast diffusion of atoms for the formation of stable (NiAl) phase and due to nano sized grains during quenching. Amounts of martensite phase increased as the composition of aluminium component decreased in the Ni-Al alloy, which resulted in the increasing damping properties.

최근에 고온용 항공기 구조 재료로 Ti, Zr, V, Nb 및 Ta 등의 천이금속을 첨가한 Al 합금계 제조와 특성에 관한 연구가 되어져 왔다. 본 연구에서는 Al-Nb합금에 Zr을 첨가하여 상형성거동을 연구하였다. Al-1.3at.%(Nb+Zr) 합금에서 Nb와 Zr의 원자비를 1:3, 1:1 및 3:1로 하여 기계적합금화하였다. 기계적합금화하는 동안 Al-Nb-Zr의 형태변화와 미세구조를 SEM, XRD 및 TEM으로 관찰하였다. X-선 회절 시험에 의하여 Nb2Al 과 Al3Zr4가 생성됨을 확인하였다. 500˚C에서 1시간동안의 진공열처리에 의하여 Al3Zr, Al3Zr4 등의 금속간화합물을 형성하였다. 30시간동안 기계적 합금화한 분말을 열처리하여 TEM으로 관찰한 결과 100nm 이하의 금속간화합물 입자들을 관찰하였다.

Mechanical alloying (MA) is a powder metallurgy processing technique involving cold welding fracturing and rewelding of powder particles in a high-energy ball mill. This has now become an established commercial technique in producing oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) nickel- and iron-based materials. The technique of MA is also capable of synthesizing non-equilibrium phases such as supersaturated solid solutions metastable crystalline and quasicrystalline intermetallic phases nanostructures and amorphous alloys. In this respect the capabilities of MA are similar to those of another important non-equilibrium processing technique viz rapid quenching of metallic melts. however the science of MA is being investigated only during the past ten years or so. The technique of mechanochemistry on the other hand has had a long history and the materials produced this way have found a number of technological applications e.g. in areas such as hydrogen storage materials heaters gas absorber fertilizers. catalysts cosmetics and waste management. The present talk will concentrate on the basic mechanisms of formation of non-equilibrium phases by the technique of MA and these aspects will be compared with those of rapid quenching of metallic melts. Additionally the variety of technological applications of mechanically alloyed products will be highlighted.

An important business-field of world-wide steel-industry is the coating of thin metal-sheets with zinc, zinc-aluminum and aluminum based materials. These products mostly go into automotive industry. in particular for the car-body. into building and construction industry as well as household appliances. Due to mass-production, the processing is done in large continuously operating plants where the mostly cold-rolled metal-strip as the substrate is handled in coils up to 40 tons unwind before and rolled up again after passing the processing plant which includes cleaning, annealing, hot-dip galvanizing / aluminizing and chemical treatment. In the liquid Zn, Zn-AI, AI-Zn and AI-Si bathes a combined action of corrosion and wear under high temperature and high stress onto the transfer components (rolls) accounts for major economic losses. Most critical here are the bearing systems of these rolls operating in the liquid system. Rolls in liquid system can not be avoided as they are needed to transfer the steel-strip into and out of the crucible. Since several years, ceramic roller bearings are tested here [1.2], however, in particular due to uncontrollable Slag-impurities within the hot bath [3], slide bearings are still expected to be of a higher potential [4]. The today's state of the art is the application of slide bearings based on Stellite\ulcorneragainst Stellite which is in general a 50-60 wt% Co-matrix with incorporated Cr- and W-carbides and other composites. Indeed Stellite is used as the bearing-material as of it's chemical properties (does not go into solution), the physical properties in particular with poor lubricating properties are not satisfying at all. To increase the Sliding behavior in the bearing system, about 0.15-0.2 wt% of lead has been added into the hot-bath in the past. Due to environmental regulations. this had to be reduced dramatically_ This together with the heavily increasing production rates expressed by increased velocity of the substrate-steel-band up to 200 m/min and increased tractate power up to 10 tons in modern plants. leads to life times of the bearings of a few up to several days only. To improve this situation. the Mechanical Alloying (MA) TeChnique [5.6.7.8] is used to prOduce advanced Stellite-based bearing materials. A lubricating phase is introduced into Stellite-powder-material by MA, the composite-powder-particles are coated by High Energy Milling (HEM) in order to produce bearing-bushes of approximately 12 kg by Sintering, Liquid Phase Sintering (LPS) and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP). The chemical and physical behavior of samples as well as the bearing systems in the hot galvanizing / aluminizing plant are discussed. DependenCies like lubricant material and composite, LPS-binder and composite, particle shape and PM-route with respect to achievable density. (temperature--) shock-reSistibility and corrosive-wear behavior will be described. The materials are characterized by particle size analysis (laser diffraction), scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. corrosive-wear behavior is determined using a special cylinder-in-bush apparatus (CIBA) as well as field-test in real production condition. Part I of this work describes the initial testing phase where different sample materials are produced, characterized, consolidated and tested in the CIBA under a common AI-Zn-system. The results are discussed and the material-system for the large components to be produced for the field test in real production condition is decided. Outlook: Part II of this work will describe the field test in a hot-dip-galvanizing/aluminizing plant of the mechanically alloyed bearing bushes under aluminum-rich liquid metal. Alter testing, the bushes will be characterized and obtained results with respect to wear. expected lifetime, surface roughness and infiltration will be discussed. Part III of this project will describe a second initial testing phase where the won results of part 1+11 will be transferred to the AI-Si system. Part IV of this project will describe the field test in a hot-dip-aluminizing plant of the mechanically alloyed bearing bushes under aluminum liquid metal. After testing. the bushes will be characterized and obtained results with respect to wear. expected lifetime, surface roughness and infiltration will be discussed.