These experiments were conducted at the upland of Livestock Farm, Seoul National University, Suweon to determine the growth characteristics, winter-hardiness and forage yield of selected southern and northern-types of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) in com

본 시험은 사초용(飼草用) 호밀의 파종기와 파종량이 사초(飼草)의 생육특성, 월동성 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 서울대(大) 농대(農大) 사초시험포장(飼草試驗圃場)에서 수행되었다. 본 시험에서 호밀의 파종기(播種期)를 9월 8일, 9월28일, 10월18일로 하고 ha당 파종량(播種量)을 80, 130 및 180kg로 하여 9처리(處理) 3반복(反復) 난괴법으로 실시하였다. 호밀의 초장(草長)은 파종기(播種期)에 의하여 영향을 받지 않

호맥(胡麥)의 생육시기별(生育時期別) 생초(生草) 및 건물소화율(乾物消化率)과 부위별(部位別) 생산량(生産量) 및 이들 시기별(時期別)로 일반성분(一般成分)과 생산량(生産量)을 비교(比較)하기 위하여 수잉기(穗孕期), 출수기(出穗期), 유숙기(乳熟期), 호숙기(糊熟期) 및 황숙기(黃熟期)의 5단계로 나누어 실시(實施)한 시험결과(試驗結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 생육시기별(生育時期別) 생초수량(生草收量)은 호숙기(糊熟期)가 가장 많았으며(

본시험(本試驗)은 호밀 사일리지 제조시(製造時)의 재료(材料)의 건물함량(乾物含量)(19.2, 28.6, 32.2%)별(別) 개미산의 첨가수준(添加水準)을 달리 했을 때 사일리지 품질(品質)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 알고자 실시(實施)하였다. 호밀은 초장(草長)이 약(約) 40cm의 영양생장기인 11월(月) 29일(日) 예취(刈取)하여 즉시 또는 예건후(豫乾後) 포리에틸렌필림 봉지에 1,000g씩 채우고 실온에 보관하였다. 분석(分析)의 결과(結果)는 다

Our research work aimed to evaluate cover crop effects of winter rye on soil characteristics, soil conservation, and yield productivities on potato fields with 15% slope during a fallowed period. There were two controls of bared field without any cultivation and conventional potato cultivation without winter rye. Potato cultivation increased soil pH, organic matter, available phosphate, and exchangeable cation regardless of cover crop cultivation. Sub-soil, particularly, all components of soil chemical properties showed higher value in winter rye cultivation than conventional cultivation. Higher soil density was observed on cover crop cultivation than conventional cultivation resulting from root residues of the cover crop both topsoil and subsoil. Cover crop residues positively affected plant growth and reduced the amount of soil erosion by holding the soil. Although severe soil erosion was seen in conventional cultivation, winter rye cultivation declined soil erosion by 47% during the fallow period on potato slope fields. Distinct soil bacterial communities were detected among treatments and some OTU(Operational Taxonomic Unit)s showed significantly higher abundance in winter rye treatment. Total yield and commercial rate demonstrated no significant differences while higher tuber phosphate, K+, and Mg2+ contents were observed in winter rye cultivation.

In this study, microorganism community characteristics of organic managed soil which applied rye (Secale cereal L.) as green manure for 25 years, were determined. The chemical properties of organic soil showed high level of organic matter and available P2O5, while the level of exchangeable cation was low. The analysis of dehydrogenase activity and carbon source utilization indicated that the values in on organic soil were significantly higher than those of the control. It suggested that the microorganism community of organic soil had high microorganism activity, compared to the control. In addition, when the 16S rRNA genetargeted NGS (Next generation sequencing) analysis was conducted to estimate the class of bacterial community, the class level of bacterial taxon composition on organic soil showed higher portion of Sphingobacteriia, Acidobacteriia, Gammaproteobacteria, Solibacteres and Planctomycetia. By base on the results of various reports in which organic managed soil had high portion of Acidobacteriia and Planctomycetia, the characteristic of taxon composition in organic soil, which showed the high percentages of Ktedonobacteria, Sphingobacteriia, Acidobacteriia and Gammaproteobacteria, was resulted from the application of rye as a green manure for the long term. However, further researches were needed because the crop effect was not considered in this study.

The wheat-rye translocations are world widely used in wheat breeding. Among the various forms of wheat-rye translocation, the 1RS (short arm of rye chromosome 1) translocations are the most widely used because of the valuable genes (e.g. biotic / abiotic resistance genes) introduced from rye. We have developed a new wheat-rye cultivar ‘TRANS’ which have freezing resistance and high yield in this study. ‘TRANS’ is a new wheat-rye translocation cultivar developed by crossing between common wheat ‘Keumkangmil’ and ‘951188-G3-G1’, a 1AL.1RS translocation derived from ‘Fleming’ with the aim of high yield and resistant genes to various unfavorable environments carried by 1RS. ‘TRNAS’ have clearly different genetic and agronomic traits to the control cultivar ‘Keumkangmil’. The heading date and maturity of ‘TRANS’ are later than that of ‘Keumkangmil’. ‘TRANS’ has 1023 spike number per square meters and grain yield of 541 kg/10a, which are higher than ‘Keumkangmil’ (904 spike number/m2 and 504 kg/10a yield). ‘TRANS’ showed winter hardiness and powdery mildew resistance in artificial infection test and field evaluation. ‘TRANS’ gives lower flour yield than ‘Keumkangmil’ but ash and protein content were similar to that of ‘Keumkangmil’. The color of flour and noodle dough of ‘TRANS’ were darker than ‘Keumkangmil’. Quality parameters related to milling, flour quality, noodle dough and end-use quality of ‘TRANS’ indicates that ‘TRANS’ is soft wheat suitable for noodle making. ‘TRANS’ can be cultivated in entire part of Korea. Registration Grant No.: 4695

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mixed-sowing of legume forage and applying of cattle manure on the productivity of organic rye to provide dairy farmers with safe organic feeds. Also the present study aimed to evaluate optimal applying level of cattle manure and carrying capacity of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) per unit area. The amount of crude protein was significantly higher in the mixed-sowing of legume forage (average 760~786 kg/ha) than in the single-sowing of rye (average 353 kg/ha) (p<0.05). The mixed-sowing of forage peas and the single-sowing of rye tended to improve by increasing the level of nitrous fertilization rather than the fertilization treatment. The amount of crude protein on the rye according to the mixed-sowing of legume was significantly higher in the mixture (average 8.29~9.90%) than in the single (average 4.93%) (p<0.05). The comparison by the level of nitrogen fertilization indicated signifi-cantly high for the rye in 50 kg N/ha than in fertilization treatments (p<0.05). Total digestible nutrients (TDN) amount in the single-sowing of rye was average 46.86% and has lower than average 49.96~50.12% of the mixed-sowing of legume, and especially the mixed-sowing of forage pea was the highest with 54.55% in 150 kg N/ha for the level of nitrogen fertilization (p<0.05). The breeding ability of annual organic livestocks per unit area according to the feed value of rye presented significantly higher ability in the mixed-sowing of legume (3.72~4.12 heads) than the single-sowing of rye (average 2.26 heads) (p<0.05). By summarizing above results, the mixed-sowing of legume is required to improve the productivity and the feed value of rye for increasing organic livestock breeding ability in southern area of Gyeongbuk regions, and the study for identifying the appropriate fertiliza-tion level using livestock excretions is further necessary.

Wheat-rye translocation lines are widely used in wheat breeding programmes by reason of biotic stress tolerances. Though there have been a number of researches regarding abiotic stress tolerance, the tolerance of the lines depends on wheat genetic background, not on rye chromosome. Here, we investigated wheat-rye translocation specific transcripts derived from cDNA-AFLP under drought stress, which may help to elucidate the reaction under the stress. ‘OK91G117’ (1BL.1RS translocation) and ‘OK91G144’ (non-translocation) were used as materials, which are near-isolines for 1RS. 25% PEG 6000 was added in culture solution to simulate drought condition and root tissues were sampled at each 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after PEG treatment for RNA extraction. As a result of cDNA-AFLP, TDFs (transcript derived fragments) that were specific to OK91G117 were sequenced. GO functions of each sequenced TDF were annotated by Blast2GO using standard parameter with cut-off level 3 and mapped to the GO term (i.e. biological process; BP, molecular function; MF, cellular component; CC). The term with “organic substance metabolic process”, “primary metabolic process”, and “cellular metabolic process” account for almost 50 % of BP. The most represented terms among probes classified to MF were “transferase activity” and most of TDF were annotated in “cell part” of CC. In addition, rye-chromatin specific markers were developed by BLAST comparing sequence of TDF with wheat and rye genome data. RT-PCR was conducted to validate expression patterns of selected TDF. Further studies will be needed to elucidate functions of the highly expressed genes under drought stress.

Common wheat has complex genome composition of homoeologous hexaploid (AABBDD, 2n = 6x = 42) and each homoeologous genome has high similarity. Due to these complexity, wheat genome study is a large challenge to researchers for genomic and genetic study. We analyzed expressions of individual wheat genome and rye genome specific transcripts using custom array with 2BS.2RL wheat-rye translcoation. Genomic probes were synthesized within each diploid progenitors (AA, BB, DD, 2n = 14, respectively) of wheat, common wheat, and rye (RR, 2n = 14). Total RNA isolated from seedlings of T. urartu, Ae. speltoides, Ae. squarrosa, ‘Chinese Spring’, ‘Chaupon’, and 2BS.2RL were hybridized on arrays. Each homoeologous gene differentially expressed in hexaploid wheat and rye were identified on the custom array and the transcripts were clustered based on hybridization values. qRT-PCR was performed to verify the custom array result with a set of five genes by highly replicated experiments (three biological and three technical replications). The qRT-PCR results demonstrated genome specific expression of five genes in sympathy with array results. Here we provide information of each individual genome specific transcripts and it will we a useful data to study complex wheat genome compositions.

Small heat shock proteins (Hsps) are one of most conserved molecular chaperones that protect stress-inducible denaturation of substrates in living organisms. Small Hsps consist of a large subfamily categorized by subcellular localization ranging in size from 12 to 40 kDa. Here, we identified and characterized a small Hsp 16.9 gene (EsHsp16.9) from Siberian wild rye (Elymus sibiricus L.). EsHsp16.9 is a 456-bp cDNA with an open reading frame predicted to encode a 151-amino acid protein. It possesses a conserved ɑ-crystallin domain, which is a unique domain for small Hsps; shares high sequence similarity with cytosolic class I small Hsps among the small Hsp subfamily in Arabidopsis; and is close (96% similarity) to small Hsp in wheat. Northern blot analysis showed that EsHsp16.9 transcripts were enhanced by heat, drought, arsenate, methyl viologen, and H2O2 treatments. Moreover, we expressed and purified recombinant EsHsp16.9 proteins in Escherichia coli to confirm its activity as a molecular chaperone. We found that recombinant EsHsp16.9 exhibits effective molecular chaperone activity, as determined by inhibition of thermal aggregation of malate dehydrogenase (MDH), which is broadly used as a model substrate.

본 연구는 환경오염을 감소시키고, 안전한 유기축산물의 생산에 기여할 수 있는 유기조 사료를 효율적으로 생산하기 위해 대표적인 동계작물인 호밀에 콩과 사료작물 혼파와 발효우분을 시용하여 생산성과 사료가치를 평가하고, 토양의 지력 향상과 가축분뇨의 자원화를 위한 가축분뇨의 적정 시용수준을 구명하여 단위면적당 유기 한우의 사육 능력을 추정하고자 하였다. 호밀의 연간 조단백질 수량은 지역 시험구 비교에서는 경주 시험구가 경산과 영주 시험구 보다 높게 나타났으며, 시험구별 단·혼파 비교에서는 사료용 완두 혼파구가 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 발효우분 시용수준에 따른 조단백질 수량은 모든 시험구에서 시용수준이 높을수록 증가하였고 ha당 100, 150kg 수준에서 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 사료작물의 사료가치 평가에서 조단백질 함량은 콩과작물의 월동이 가능한 시험구에서는 호밀 단파보다는 콩과 혼파구가 높은 경향으로 나타났고, 특히 콩과 작물 중 사료용 완두가 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 유기 한우 사육능력은 경주 시험구가 ha당 3.28두로 경산 시험구의 ha당 1.94두, 영주 시험구의 ha당 1.50두 보다 매우 높았으며(p<0.05), 호밀 단파 보다는 콩과 작물혼파구가, 혼파구에서는 사료용 완두가 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 사료가치 증진을 위한 콩과 사료작물 혼파는 겨울철 콩과작물의 월동성을 고려해야 하며, 콩과작물의 월동이 어려운 지역에는 발효우분을 시용하는 것이 유리하고, 또한 단위면적당 수량과 단백질 함량 등의 사료가치를 높이기 위해서는 발효우분 수준을 ha당 100~150kg 시용과 함께 콩과작물은 사료용 완두를 혼파재배하는 것이 유기 가축사육 능력 증대를 기대할 수 있으리라 사료되었다.

이 연구는 수량이 많은 4배체 호밀 품종을 육성하기 위한 일환으로 기존의 2배체 호밀에 0.05% 농도의 콜히친을 처리하여 염색체가 배가된 4배체 식물체를 만드는 과정에서 배수체 작성효율, 처리시기, 4배체의 작물학적 특성 등 몇 가지 기초자료를 얻었다. 1. Flow cytometry(FC) 방법으로 호밀에서 배수성 여부를 구분하였는데, 2배체는 DNA 양(DAP1)이 50 전후, 4배체는 80~110 범위이었다. 2. 처리시기에 따른 2배체 호밀의 콜히친 처리후 생존율은 최아종자 처리가 18.5%, 2엽기 처리가 78%로 나타났지만, 생존한 개체 중에서 4배체 배가비율은 각각 50.9%, 1.1%로써, 처리시기별 총 4배체 작성효율은 최아종자 처리(9.42%)가 2엽기 처리(0.86%)보다 월등히 높았다. 3. 최아종자에 콜히친 처리 시 처리종자의 생존율은 1차 년도에 평균 18.5%(곡우호밀 33%, 조그린 4%), 2년차에 평균 42%(곡우호밀 56%, 조그린 21%, 참그린 49%)를 보였다. 생존한 개체들 중에서 4배체 비율은 1년차에 평균 50.9%(곡우호밀 53.7%, 조그린 32.4%), 2년차에 평균 60.5%(곡우호밀 64.1%, 조그린 51.5%, 참그린 60%)를 보였다. 4. 최아종자 처리 시 4배체 작성 효율(생존율 × 4배체 유기율)은 1차년도에 곡우호밀 17.7%, 조그린 1.3%, 2차년도에 곡우호밀 35.9%, 조그린 10.8%, 참그린 29.4%로 품종간 차이를 보였다. 5. 2배체 호밀에 콜히친 0.05%를 12시간 처리하여 35개의 4배체 식물체에서 148개 이삭과 2,673립의 종자를 얻었다. 식물체당 이삭수는 곡우호밀 4.4개, 조그린 3.3개, 수당 립수는 곡우호밀 18.3개, 조그린 15.6개, 천립중은 곡우호밀 37.6g, 조그린 46.8g 이었으며, 14개 이삭을 갖는 식물체도 2개나 되었다.

생육 중인 호밀 리빙멀치 사이 부분경운 기계화 콩 파종기술체계를 가지고 2007년은 호밀의 파종시기를, 2009년은 시험장소를 달리하면서 잡초억제 및 콩의 생육 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였는데, 중요한 사항을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 4월초~5월초에 파종한 호밀 리빙멀치에 의한 콩 파종 후 40~50일까지의 잡초억제 효과는 70~90%로 현저히 높았는데, 호밀 파종기에 따른 잡초억제의 차이는 없었다. 또 호밀 리빙멀치의 잡초억제 효과는 콩 수확기 까지 지속되었다. 2. 잡초 초종별로는 잡초발생량의 60~80%를 차지하는 피에 대한 리빙멀치의 잡초억제 효과가 뛰어났으며 일찍 발아한 명아주보다 콩 파종 후 발아한 피, 바랭이 및 쇠비름에 대한 억제효과가 높았다. 3. 호밀을 4월 초에 파종한 것이 4월 말~5월 초에 파종한 것보다 콩 파종 시 리빙멀치량이 많았으며, 그에 따라 콩 초기생육이 많이 억제되었고, 수확기 종실수량의 감소에도 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 4. 호밀을 4월 말~5월 초에 파종했을 때 콩의 초기생육은 억제되었지만 호밀이 고사한 후에 콩의 생육이 많이 회복되었고, 종실수량은 관행재배와 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 2008년 지역별 시험에서는 콩 종실수량은 호밀 리빙멀치 유무보다 지역의 포장조건에 따른 영향이 컸다. 5. 봄 잡초발생 경향, 리빙멀치량에 따른 잡초억제, 콩 초기생육 및 종실수량에 미치는 영향을 고려할 때 호밀 리빙멀치 사이 부분경운 기계화 콩 파종체계에서 호밀의 파종시기를 4월말 이전으로 당기는 것은 바람직하지 않았다.