Effective treatment for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) requires administration of appropriate empirical therapy based on etiologic, clinical, and radiological fea- tures. However, in Korea, CAP is poorly characterized, and data on viral CAP are particularly sparse. Therefore, im- proper use of antibiotics is common, and is detrimental the potential for development of bacterial. Thus, we investigated clinical and radiological findings for discrimination of viral CAP from bacterial CAP. Etiologic, clinical, and radiologi- cal data from 467 patients with CAP at Chungbuk National University Hospital from October 2010 to September 2011 were analyzed retrospectively. Viruses were identified in 23 cases (11.4%); the influenza virus A was the most common virus detected (N=18, 25.4%), followed by the respiratory syncytial virus A (N=14, 17.9%). Bacteria were identified in 48 cases (23.8%); Streptococcus-pneumonia was the most common (N=24, 25.5%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (N=20, 21.3%). Depending on hospitalization time, the fol- lowing significant differences were observed between viral and bacterial CAP: on admission, (1) high fever (≥ 38.5°C), (2) purulent sputum, (3) white blood cell count, (4) C- reactive protein levels, (5) and bilateral lung involvement on chest X-ray were higher in bacterial CAP; and at discharge, (1) duration of high fever and (2) radiologic improvement within three days were higher in viral CAP. Regarding sea- sonal patterns, both viruses and bacteria have been identi- fied with relative frequency in the winter season. This study described the etiological, clinical, and radiological findings of viral and bacterial CAP. Conduct of additional large- scale, prospective investigations will be required in order to improve the appropriate treatment of CAP.

Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a major swine pathogen and an emerging zoonotic agent and is an increasing public health problem across Asia. The present study was undertaken to estimate the antibacterial effect of GR extract and therapeutic effect of GR extract against S. suis infection in mice. At the concentration of GR extract 2.5 mg/ml, the antibacterial effect was not shown on S. suis. However, the antibacterial effect against S. suis was observed at the concentration of GR extract 5.0 mg/ml. Oral administration of GR extract at the dose of 10 mg/kg showed a therapeutic effect for S. suis infected BALB/c mice. The mortality of GR extract-treated mice at the concentration of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg was 80%, 70%, and 50% at 12 days, respectively, while that of untreated mice was 100% at 8 days after a lethal dose of S. suis infection. The results of our study strongly indicate that GR extract has potential as an effective for S. suis infection in mice.

본 연구는 나리 인편자구 포장정식 시 재배시설에 따른 바이 러스 감염률 등을 조사하여 포장 구근생산체계를 확립하고자 하 였다. 맹아률은 비가림하우스 및 망실하우스에서 높았으며, 품종 별로는 ‘Yelloween’이 ‘Star Gazer’보다 높았고 ‘Yelloween’ 의 망실하우스에서 맹아률은 90.3%였다. 총생체중 및 구근특성 도 ‘Yelloween’이 ‘Star Gazer’보다 높았으며 ‘Yelloween’ 노 지 정식구에서 총생체중은 15.8g이었으며 구중은 10.7g으로 가장 양호하였다. 진딧물 비래의 최성기는 5월이었고 노지 38마리 에 비해 비가림 및 망실에서 8마리, 2마리로 월등히 낮았으며, 바이러스 이병률은 CMV가 LSV보다 높았으며 노지에서 CMV 이병률은 17.8%로 비가림 및 망실보다 4배 이상 높았다. Pyrethroid처리는 250mg • L-1이상에서 바이러스 방제효과가 있 었다.

흰가루병은 호박 시설재배 시 가장 큰 문제가 되는 병원균 중의 하나이다. 본 실험은 흰가루병 발병에 의한 산화적 스트레스가 항산화효소의 활성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였 다. 흰가루병 발병과 더불어 과산화수소와 환원산소종의 생성은 급격하게 증가하였다. SOD와 HPX 밴드 패턴은 서양계 호박과 페포계 호박간에 다르게 나타났지만, 겔 활성은 흰가루병이 발병된 잎에서 높았다. 특히 서양계 호박에 있어서 relative mobility(Rm)이 0.46과 0.55인 밴드는 발병된 잎에서만 존재하였다. APX 밴드 패턴은 서양계 호박과 페 포계 호박간에 차이가 없었으며 발병된 잎에서 활성이 높은 것으로 분석되었다.

아이코사노이드는 곤충의 다양한 세포성 면역 반응을 중개한다. 본 연구는 면역반응에 따라 혈구세포 밀도 변화에 대한 아이코사노이드의 새로운 중개 기능을 밝히기 위해 수행되었다. 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua) 5령충은 세균 감염에 따라 2 시간이 지나면 총혈구수의 현격한 증가를 보였다. 이 총혈구수 증가는 주로 부정형혈구와 소구형혈구 밀도의 증가로 해석되었다. 파밤나방 유충에 phospholipase A2 (PLA2) 억제자인 dexamethasone을 처리하면 세균 처리에 의한 총혈구수 변화가 일어나지 않았다. 하지만 dexamethasone을 처리한 유충에 PLA2의 촉매산물인 arachidonic acid를 첨가하면 총혈구수 증가가 회복되었다. 이러한 혈구 밀도 변화에 원인으로서 아이코사노이드 종류를 추적하기 위해 cyclooxygenase (COX)의 억제자인 naproxene을 처리한 결과 총혈구수 증가가 억제되고, lipoxygenase (LOX)의 억제자인 esculetin을 처리하면 총혈구수 증가가 유지되어 COX 산물이 세균 침입에 따른 총혈구수 증가에 관여하는 것으로 나타났다. COX의 생산물인 prostaglandin E2(PGE2)를 세균 없이 단독으로 처리할 때도 총혈구수의 뚜렷한 증가를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 파밤나방의 세포성 면역반응 과정에서 총혈구수 증가를 중개하는 아이코사노이드의 새로운 기능을 제시하고 있다.

우리나라에서 가장 우점하는 BaYMV (Barley yellow mosaic virus)에 의한 국내 육성 청보리 품종의 저항성 정도에 따른 생육 및 수량 피해를 조사하였다. 바이러스 감염 검정에서 선우는 BaYMV와 BaMMV (Barley mild mosaicvirus)에 감염되어 있었으나 영양보리와 유연보리는 BaYMV에만 감염된 것으로 나타났다. 병징 발생정도에 따라 선우와 유연보리가 각각7~9와 5의 이병 정도를 보였으며 저항성 품종인 영양은 3정도의 저항성이 조사 되었다. 월동 후 초장과 분얼 경수의 생육을 조사한 결과품종별 저항성 정도에 따라 14.6~32.9%의 신장억제율을 보였으며, 생육 후기의 분얼 경수 단축률은 8.7~19.7%로 낮아지는 결과를 보였다.수량구성 요소의 피해를 건전포장 결과와 비교했을 때 중도 저항성과 감수성 품종에서 저항성 품종에 비해 간장에서 특히 큰 차이가 났으며, 수량 구성요소인 간장, 수수 및 수장 등을발병포장과 건전포장에서 수확한 재료에 대해조사하였다. 간장 단축 피해율을 조사한 결과영양보리는 14.5%가, 유연 및 선우보리는 각각24.8%와 42.7%의 신장 피해를 보였다. 수장과수수에 대한 조사 결과에서도 간장의 피해정도와 비슷한 결과를 보였다. 수장과 수수는 품종의 저항성 정도에 따라 각각 8.9~21.3%와 24.3~31.0%의 감소율을 보였다. 총체 건물 수량성을 조사한 결과 저항성 정도에 따라 건전 포장에 비해 21.6~58.0% 감소를 보여 바이러스 감염에 의해 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 특히, 감수성이 큰 선우보리에서는 건전포장의 8.0톤/ha에비해 58.0%의 감소 피해를 나타내었다. 종실수량은 약 30.0~61.2%의 감소율로 총체 수량의피해와 비슷한 결과였다. 감수성인 선우보리에서 감염포장에서 60% 이상의 종실 수량이 감소하여 가장 큰 피해정도를 나타내었다.

Dispersion characteristics of respiratory droplets are important in controlling transmission of airborne diseases indoors. This study investigated the spatial concentration distribution and temporal evolution of exhaled and sneezed/coughed droplets in a ventilated hospital ward. The viability function of airborne bacteria was experimentally determined and encorporated into an air infection model with calculated results to estimate exposures and infection probability to the bacteria. The diffusion, gravitational settling and deposition mechanism of particulate matter were accounted by using an Eulerian modeling approach. The simulation results indicated that the ventilation flow was found to play a significant role in aerosol transport, leading to different spatial distribution patterns in infection droplet. The smaller size of infection droplet caused higher chance of ventilation from the outlet. The possibility of the proposed exposure estimation into the dose–response model for infection risk assessment was discussed. The infection probability is broadly different from 10^-6 to 7.2% by receptor's position and location and size of infection droplet conditions.

Methyl mercaptan (MT) is one of the 22 legal designated odorous compounds in Korea. It has been reported as the main malodorous compounds of odor problems found from foot-and-mouth disease in 2012. This study on the removal of MT using the pallet-type activated carbon fiber (ACF) was carried out to get an optimum inflow loading rate and an optimum residence time required for the effective ACF odor removal device. As a result of the study, if the loading rate of MT runs at or below 0.5 g-S/kg dry ACF/d, MT removal rate by ACF could reach about 95%. However, based on the effect of Dimethyl Disulfide (DMDS) which is the reaction product of MT partial oxidation, it was estimated that the deodorizer of ACF should keep the optimum loading rate of MT less than or equal to 0.2 g-S/kg dry ACF/d. When ACF deodorizers were processed with Space Velocity (SV) at 600 h-1, the effect of DMDS was found, even though MT was not detected at the outlet. Therefore, in order to meet the outlet gas of the odor concentration which is less than or equal to 100 D/T, it is recommended that the optimum values of SV and EBRT were less than 300 h-1 and more than 12 seconds, respectively.

ORF11 (ac11) of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is a highly conserved baculovirus gene whose homologs are found in all lepidoteran Group I NPV, but its function is unknown so far. To determine the role of ac11 in baculovirus life cycle, ac11 knock-out mutant, Ac11KO, was constructed using the plasmid capture system (PCS). Real-Time PCR analysis showed that ac11 transcript was first detected at 6 h post-infection (p.i.) and accumulated to maximum at 48 h p.i., indicating that ac11 is belong to late gene. When the genomic DNA of Ac11KO was transfected into Sf9 cells, viral replication was restricted to a cell transfected originally. While viral transmission of the Ac11KO was not observed in Sf9 cells, production of budded virus (BV) in Sf9 cells transfected with Ac11KO was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These results suggest that the ac11 is essential for AcMNPV to produce infective BV.

The present study evaluated the potential use of immunoglobulin prepared from egg yolk of chickens immunized with Escherichia coli K88 (IgY-Ec) in the control of E. coli K88 infection in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage. The binding activity of IgY-Ec against E. coli K88 surface protein was more specific and increased than control IgY. In infection assay of E. coli in macrophage, the specific IgY-Ec to E. coli K88 remarkably inhibited the phagocytic activity comparing to nonspecific IgY (p<0.001). In adherence assay, bacterial adhesion on macrophage cells was definitely reduced by preincubation of IgY-Ec compared with nonspecific IgY (p<0.05). These findings suggested that IgY-Ec have the protective effects against pathogens and IgY-based diets may have potential benefits for preventing or treating various infections in domestic animals.

머루(Vitis coignetiae)는 국내에 자생하는 야생종 포도의 한 종류로서, 포도 새눈무늬병에 저항성이다. 내병성 포도 육종에 활용할 유용한 육종소재를 개발하고자 머루의 잎과 과실로부터 cDNA libraray를 제작하였다. 머루의 cDNA library의 총 5,760개의 EST 클론을 분석하여 676개의 contig와 2,306개의 singleton을 분리하여 총 2,982개의 unigene을 분리하였다. NCBI 데이터베이스의 BLAST를 통한 상동성을 검색한 결과, 2,241개의 클론이 기능이 알려진 유전자이었고, 그 중에서 1,442개는 생물학적인 대사에 관여하고 836개는 세포구성물과 관련이 있었다. EST와 contig의 평균 크기는 각각 702bp와 757bp이었다. 포도새눈무늬병균에 감염된 머루 cDNA library로부터 Proline-rich cell wall protein, thaumatin-like protein, class IV chitinase, and pathogenesis-related (PR) protein 10 등의 다양한 방어관련 유전자와 광합성관련유전자 및 수분스트레스 저항성 관련유전자가 많이 검출되었다. 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 머루의 EST 자료는 포도의 새로운 유전자원에 관한 연구 및 내병성 포도 신품종 육종 프로그램에 기본자료로 유용하게 활용될 것이다.

Vollenhovia emeryi chosenica (Wheeler) (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae) is an ant species frequently found in forests. In nature, two phenotypically distinct forms are found e.g. long winged and short winged. Unlike other hymenopteran insects, the ant is unique in its mode of reproduction. In this species, queens are clonally reproduced from unfertilized eggs. On the other hand, workers develop from fertilized eggs. Strikingly, haploid males are reproduced from fertilized eggs after destroying the maternal half of the genome e.g. maternal genome loss (MGL) consequently only with the paternal half of the genome. We collected the ant colonies nationwide in 2011. In this study, we demonstrate that the ant is infected with Wolbachia, the bacterial reproductive manipulator in various insects. Interestingly, only the long winged morphs seem to be infected. Furthermore, most colonies are mulitple-infected except two colonies collected from Chuncheon and Mt. Deogyu. We will discuss potential interactions among the Wolbachia infection polymorphism and wing morphology, and evolution of clonal reproduction and MGL.

The present study was investigated the antibacterial effect of several sodium salts and the sodium salt mixture composed with sodium chlorate, sodium azide and sodium cyanide on Salmonella gallinarum (S. gallinarum) infection in murine derived macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. In the infection assay of S. gallinarum in macrophage cells pretreated with 15 mM sodium chlorate, 0.3 mM sodium cyanide, 0.3 mM sodium azide and the sodium salt mixture (15 mM sodium chlorate, 0.3 mM sodium cyanide, 0.3 mM sodium azide), respectively, the numbers of S. gallinarum in all treated-groups tended to decrease in the process of time after treatment, but the group treated with sodium cyanide was no significant difference compared with control. After 24 hours of treatment, the number of S. gallinarum in sodium azide (p<0.05), sodium chlorate (p<0.001) and the sodium salt mixture (p<0.001) treated-group was significantly decreased compared with control, and that in the sodium salt mixture treated-group was decreased the higher than all groups. The results of this study demonstrated that the sodium salt mixture composed with sodium chlorate, sodium azide and sodium cyanide, has the antimicrobial activity for S. gallinarum and may be beneficial on the control of intracellular pathogens.

Haplodiploid sex determination occurs in a wide range of animals, especially in Hymenoptera, where a fertilized egg develops into a diploid female and unfertilized into a haploid male. However, recent studies on diploid functional males in some wasps suggest that the simple addition of paternal gene by fertilization may not be enough to explain female offspring production in the sex determination system. Recently, activation of sex determination gene (tra) was found to have a pivotal role in determining the sex of Nasonia vitripennis. In N. vitripennis, tra is activated only on the paternal genome (i.e. sperm) not on the maternal counterpart (i.e. egg). Such parent specific activation of a gene is controlled by a epigenetic factor, DNA methylation. However, in Trichogramma kaykai, Wolbachia induces female offspring production without sperm. Therefore all female offspring are clonal to the maternal gene. This violates the role of activated sex determination gene (tra) from sperm in the wasp. We hypothesize that Wolbachia has an ability to activate the gene by demethylation. This hypothesis indicates that the target of sex ratio distorting endosymbionts may be an upstream gene. It will enhance our understanding of evolution of haplodiploid sex determination.

Density of malaria vector mosquitoes, Anopheles mosquitoes, and infection of Plamodium vivax from the vector mosquitoes were monitored at 9 surveillance points in Incheonsi, 12 in Gyeonggi province and 7 in Gangwon province in the Republic of Korea (ROK) from April to October of 2010. The seasonal numbers of Anopheles mosquitoes collected weekly showed a high degree of variability. A total of 4,435 mosquitoes were captured using black light traps. Members of the Anopheles mosquito group were the most abundant species and accounted for 71.8% of the mosquitoes collected. The majority of this species were collected from Incheonsi (86.2%), particularly from Ganghwagun (84.8%). During June, populations of this species steadily increased and peak at second week of July. Thereafter, populations of this species decreased by the second week of August and increased by the third week of August, again. Anopheles mosquitoes steadily decreased from the fourth week of August. First Anopheles mosquitoes were reported in Wolgotri (15th weeks/year), Ganghwagun, Incheonsi, followed by Tanhyundong (16th weeks/year), Pajusi, Gyeonggi Province and Daemari (17th weeks/year), Cheolwongun, Gangwon Province. In Ganghwagun in which the most abundant malaria patients (102 patients) were reported, Anopheles mosquitoes demonstrated the highest species portion (over 70%) among collected mosquito species from July to September. Infection rate of P. vivax from the Anopheles mosquitoes also was the highest in Ganghwagun. In Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces, collection rate of Anopheles mosquitoes and infection rate of P. vivax were relatively lower than those of Ganghwagun. Reported malaria patient cases in Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces also were relatively lower than those of Ganghwagun. However, detailed results showed that there were some sites in which any correlation between malaria patients and vector mosquitoes were not. This may be resulted from size of surveillance area. Smaller size of surveillance area was, higher accuracy of analysis on correlation between vector mosquitoes and patients was. Further studies on relationship between malaria vector and patients may need for more accurate analysis, such as increase of collection site and so on.

Field research was undertaken for recovering mosquito larval mermithid parasite, Romanomermis species in rice fields in 54 different areas in period of May through October, 2009. Of 54 area rice fields surveyed, Romanomermis sp. recoveries were made from 4 areas. 32 Anopheles mosquito larvae, malaria disease vector were infected and died from samples collected in Pochon area, and a total of 10 Culex mosquito larvae, house frequenting mosquito were infected to death in 3 different areas, Gimpo, Sangju and Gurae, respectively. On the basis of positive natural infection record, an intensive host-parasite occurrences and/or population study was surveyed in foci area of Pochon in small pond (P) and Rice paddies (A and B) during 5 months till end of October. The natural mermithid infection was continuously occurred from June through October in weekly samples, however the rate of infection was appeared higher in June-July, thereafter the rate gradually decreased in progress of the season. The highest natural infection rate was observed from the Pond 9.1% followed by Rice paddy "A" 5.2%, Rice paddy "B" 2.4%, respectively. Including 2 other Rice paddies "C" and "D", a total mosquito larvae collected was 3,270, an overall average natural infection rate was recorded as 3.7% (121 Anopheles mosquito larvae infected).

An entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bb), is a potent pathogen against the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activities were measured in both immune-associated tissues of hemocytes and fat body S. exigua. Upon the fungal PLA2s were significantly activated in both hemocytes and fat body. Considering inhibitory activity of BZA, we posed a hypothesis that BZA against PLA2 activity of hemocyte, resulting in shutdown of eicosanoid biosynthesis, subsequently inducing immunosupression, which leads to enhance Bb pathogenicity. This study directly analyzed the inhibitory activity of BZA on PLA2 extracted from different immune-related tissues. At low micromolar range, BZA significantly inhibited PLA2s of hemocytes, fat body, and plasma, in which most PLA2 activity was found in hemocytes. Interestingly, an immune signal receptor, Se-Toll, was related with PLA2 activation. RNA interference (RNAi) of Se-Toll significantly inhibited PLA2activity while nonspecific RNAi did not inhibit the PLA2 activity. The RNAi of Se-Toll also significantly suppressed hemocyte nodule response against Bb challenge. In addition, the fungal infection significantly induced activation of PLA2 activity, which would lead to production of immune mediating eicosanoids. This study addressed the synergistic effect of BZA on Bb pathegenicity by its inhibition of PLA2 activity, which was linked with Toll signal pathway.

Parasitization by Cotesia plutellae inhibits pupal metamorphosis of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Two questions are raised : (1) which parasitic factor(s) is responsible for the antimetamorphosis and (2) how the parasitized larvae are altered in endocrine signals. This study addressed both questions. When C. plutellae bracovirus (CpBV), a parasitic factor of the wasp, alone was injected to nonparasitized P. xylostella larvae, it significantly inhibited pupal metamorphosis in a dosedependent manner. Corpora allata (CA) and prothoracic gland (PTG) were compared in both nonparasitized and parasitized P. xylostella. In both groups, size and shape of CA were not different. However, PTG was detected on prothoracic tracheal trunk in nonparasitized larvae, but not detected in parasitized. CpBV injection to nonparasitized larvae inhibited the growth of PTG. Transcriptional factor, broad complex, was partially cloned and expressed in nonparasitized P. xylotella. In parasitized or CpBV-injected larvae, broad complex gene was not expressed during late larval stage.