The purpose of this study was to identify the immediate effects of Maitland joint mobilization with kinematic taping in subacromial impingement syndrome patients. The Maitland joint mobilization was applied glenohumeral joint. The mobilization was performed at the end of rage to Grade IV. After that, kinematic tape was attached to shoulder joint (supraspinatis, infraspinatis, and trapezius muscles). The intervention period was four days. The measurement was done five times. The shoulder pain, range of motion (flexion, abduction, and rotation of the shoulder joint), muscle tone and stiffness (upper trapezius and deltoid muscle) were measured. The shoulder pain decreased. The range of motion (ROM) was increased all flexion, abduction, and rotation of the shoulder joint. Muscle tone and stiffness were decreased, especially upper trapezius of those was greatly decreased. The findings of present study suggest that Maitland joint mobilization with kinematic taping is effective in decreasing pain, muscle tone and stiffness, and in increasing shoulder ROM in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome.

Background: The measurement of the strength of the shoulder muscles is an important element of the overall assessment of patients with various shoulder disorders. However, the clinical utilization of this measurement is dependent on its reproducibility. Objects: To explore the reproducibility of the measurements derived from testing of the isokinetic strength of shoulder muscles in patients with tendinitis of the rotator cuff. Methods: A total of 20 patients with tendinitis of the rotator cuff participated in this study and were assessed twice in 1 week. Isokinetic testing was performed concentrically for shoulder flexors, abductors, and external rotators and eccentrically for the shoulder extensors, adductors, and internal rotators. The relative and absolute reproducibility of the peak torque (PT) and ratios were assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal clinically important difference (MCID), respectively. Results: Overall, high to excellent ICC, clinically acceptable SEM and MCID values were obtained for the PT (ICC: .83-.95, SEM: 1.2%-9%, MCID: 3.4%-25%) and ratios (ICC: .85-.93, SEM: 5.1%-10%, MCID: 14.2%-27.6%). Conclusion: These findings suggest that isokinetic tests may be effectively utilized for the determination of shoulder strength profiles and appropriate position are recommended to perform test without pain in patients with tendinitis of the rotator cuff.

Companies are reluctant to disclose information because of trade secret and corporate identity For the same reasons, logistics companies do not want to operate in the form of a community In urban areas, the loading of vehicles is 100% as the quantity of goods transported is too much. In mountain areas, however, the load condition of the vehicle is not 100% because of the low quantity of goods transported Therefore, the transportation costs will increase as the cost of transport increase, the competitiveness of firms will also decline In this paper, we studied a simulation to measure driving time and volume of cargo according to the change of the quantity of goods transported in the mountain area According to the research results, we got a conclusion that the proposed method makes the operation time be less and the volume of cargo increase compared with the existing operation method

목 적 : 후방십자인대는 무릎 관절의 안정화를 위한 중요한 인대로 인체의 균형을 유지하는데 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구에서는 후방십자인대의 해부학적 구조에 따라 사방향 관상면 영상과 이중 사방향 시상면 영상을 획득하여 그 유용성을 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 2016년 12월부터 2017년 1월까지 환자 20명을 대상으로 검사하였고 SIEMENS사의 Skyra 3.0T에서 knee coil을 사용하였다. 검사 방법은 T2 COR, PD SAG을 획득하고 원위부 후방십자인대의 해부학적 구조를 고려한 PD OBL COR과 전체적인 구조를 고려한 PD Dual OBL SAG을 획득하였다. PCL의 관상면 비교를 위하여 밑단점의 길이와 폭을 측정하여 비교하였고, 시상면 평가를 위하여 기시점, 중간지점, 밑단점을 측정하여 비교하였다. 측정결과를 Mann-Whitney 방법을 사용하여 통계적 유의성을 검정하였다. 정성적 방법은 기존의 관상면, 시상면 영상과 사방향 관상면, 이중 사방향 시상면 영상에서 후방십자인대를 비교하여 미흡, 대등, 우월 세 단계로 평가하였다. 결 과 : 검사를 진행한 결과 기존 관상면 영상보다 사방향 관상면 영상에서 원위부 후방십자인대의 길이는4 7.9%, 폭 14.9% 증가하였고, 기존 시상면 영상보다 이중 사방향 시상면 영상에서 기시점 19.8%, 중간지점 18.3%, 끝단점 33%의 증가된 것 으로 측정되었다. 결 론 : 사방향 관상면 영상과 이중 사방향 시상면 영상 모두 기존 영상보다 우월한 영상 검사방법으로 평가되었다. 이에 슬 관절 후방십자인대의 해부학적 관찰에는 기존 검사 방법에 사방향 관상면 영상 검사와 이중 사방향 시상면 영상 검사를 병 행하는 것이 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the strength of sokinetic muscle by the position of a volleyball players. Analysis and comparison of shoulder dynamic stability will be conducted according to rotational movement of the shoulder during spiking and serving amongst the various positions. Fifty professional Korean female volleyball players (age: 20~30), all different positions – attacker (left and right), center, setter, and libero were The concentric peak torque, strength ration of the internal and external rotation of the shoulder girdle for both dominant and non-dominant arms. Firstly, there were significant differences found for the strength ratio between the setter and the other positions in the dominant arm. On a second note, there was a significant decrease in shoulder dynamic stabilization for both the attacker and center in the dominant arm. However, there were no significant differences for the setter or the libero. This study suggests that the isokinetic muscle strengths of the volleyball players are different from each other.

The aim of this study was to observe the effects of kinesiotaping and joint mobilization on the metatarsophalangeal joint angle and pain in hallux valgus patients Twenty-one female hallux valgus patients in their 20s were divided into two groups, a Kinesiotaping group (KT, n=10) and another group with the addition of joint mobilization (KTJM, n=11). After undergoing 6 weeks of intervention, the change in the metatarsophalangeal joint and pain were measured. Metatarsophalangeal joint angle was significantly increased both the KT and the KTMJ group after intervention. In the change of pain, both the KT and KTJM groups on an individual basis also experienced a significant decrease in pain, though comparison between the two groups failed to represent a significant difference. These findings suggest that Kinesiotatping and joint mobilization increased the joint angle and reduced pain.

Background:Rounded shoulder posture (RSP), a postural abnormality, might cause shoulder pain and pathologic conditions. Although most previous research has investigated RSP focusing on the proximal structures of the shoulder, such as the scapula and pectoralis muscles, the relationship between RSP and anterior distal structures of the upper extremity, such as the biceps brachii muscle and elbow joint, is not clearly understood.Objects:This study aimed to investigate the correlations between RSP and the biceps brachii length, elbow joint angle (EJA), pectoralis minor length, general pectoralis major length, humeral head anterior translation (HHAT), glenohumeral internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), and horizontal adduction (HAD).Methods:Twelve subjects with RSP (6 male, 6 female) were recruited. All subjects fulfilled the RSP criteria indicated by a distance ≥2.5 cm from the posterior aspect of the acromion to the table in the supine position. The examiner measured each of the following parameters twice: RSP, biceps brachii length, EJA, pectoralis minor length, pectoralis major length, HHAT, glenohumeral IR, ER, and HAD. Pearson’s correlation coefficient(r) was used to assess the correlation between RSP and all the variables.Results:There was a significant moderate positive correlation between RSP and biceps brachii length (r=.55, p=.032), moderate negative correlation between RSP and pectoralis minor length (r=-.62, p=.015), and moderate positive correlation between RSP and HHAT (r=.53, p=.038).Conclusion:The biceps brachii length, pectoralis minor length, and HHAT could be used to evaluate patients with RSP. Better understanding of the correlation between these factors and RSP could help in the development of effective methods to treat patients with this condition in clinical management.

To investigate the cyclic characteristics of the retrofitted exterior joints of RC frame with haunch, 70% scaled 6 beam-column exterior joint subassemblies were designed according to design guideline according to 1988 and tested with cyclic loading up to 3.5% story drift ratio. During the experiments axial forces are applied to columns to simulate gravity load. Experimental results shows that the strength of retrofitted specimens was increased steadily until 2.5% story drift ratio and their strengths increased more than 1.7 times of the non-retrofitted in case that main bar was bent away from exterior joint. The joint strength and effective stiffness of the retrofitted specimen was increased and results in more deformation capacity compared to the non-retrofitted.

Two steel-frame joint specimens with welding joint parts were constructed and evaluated. Two types of displacement load, monotonic and cyclic, were used to evaluate the steel-frame joint specimens. According to the experimental results, the maximum moment of the cyclic test results was 80% smaller than that of the monotonic test results. Local buckling was observed in the compression area of the H-beam flange. A finite element analysis model based on the experimental results was proposed to analyze the steel-frame joint specimens. The numerical results predicted the experimental behavior of the steel-frame joint specimens well. Therefore, it is possible to use the proposed finite element analysis model to evaluate middle- and low-rise steel-frame buildings constructed in South Korea.

This study used both kinesiotaping and extracorporeal shock wave therapy on patients diagnosed with frozen shoulder - a common musculoskeletal disorder in adults - in order to observe the effects on the joint range of motion. 21 adult(male 12, female 9) were selected and distributed into randomized groups. One group received kinesiotaping (n=10) and the other group received kinesiotaping together with extracorporeal shockwave therapy (n=11). After a 6 week duration of receiving kinesiotaping and extracorporeal shockwave therapy, changes in the joint range of motion in the patients were observed. Post-treatment of frozen shoulder, the changes in abduction within the shoulder joint were as follows: in both groups there was a noticeable increase in the joint range of motion (p<.05). Post-treatment of frozen shoulder, the changes in external rotation within the shoulder joint were as follows: both groups showed a significant increase in the joint range of motion (p<.05). The result of suggest that, it can be inferred that both the extracorporeal shockwave therapy and kinesiotaping are effective in increasing the joint range of motion in patients with frozen shoulder.

2016년 중국은 2,800만 대가 넘는 자동차를 생산하고 판매하였다. 중국은 8년째 세계 제1의 자동차 생산 및 판매대국이 되었다. 지난 30년간 중국 자동차산업의 급성장은 중국정부가 추진한 합자기업 정책의 성과이다. 중국정부는 1994년에 제정된 <자동차공업 산업정책>에서 합자기업의 외자측 지분은 50%를 넘을 수 없다고 규정하였다. 이 합자지분 제한 규정은 현 재까지 중국 자동차산업의 구조와 기업간 경쟁 구도를 형성한 가장 중요한 정책 조건으로 작용해 왔다. 그런데 2013년 이후 정부의 고위관리가 여러 차례 자동차 합자지분 제한을 해제 하겠다는 발언을 하였다. 이를 둘러싸고 국유, 민영, 외국 자동차기업 등 이해당사자와 많은 전문가들이 치열한 찬반 논쟁을 벌였다. 본 논문은 이러한 중국 자동차 합자기업의 지분제한 해제 논의를 고찰하고 전망을 제시한 것이다. 이를 위해 자동차 합자기업의 지분제한 제도가 만들어진 유래, 지분제한 해제 논의의 경과와 배경, 찬반 양측의 주장과 평가, 지분제한 해제 가 미칠 영향 등을 분석하고, 전망과 시사점을 제시하였다.

Background: Many studies have reported positive results of the various mirror training and virtual reality games in improving dynamic standing balance and posture adjustment in chronic stroke patients. However, no systematic study has been conducted to compare the effects of virtual reality games and the mirror balance training. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Wii balance games and Mirror Self- Balancing Exercises in improving proprioception of knee joint and standing balance of people with chronic stroke. Methods: Twenty patients with chronic stroke volunteered for this study. The subjects were randomly divided into a Wii balance games group and a Mirror Self-Balancing Exercises group with 10 patients in each group. Each training was performed for 30 mins a day for 4 days. In addition to the balance training, 30 mins neuro-developmental-treatment based routine physical therapy was given to both groups. Proprioception was measured using two continuous passive motion devices, and static balance was measured using a Wii balance board. Dynamic balance assessment tools included the Berg Balance Scale, Dynamic Gait Index, and Timed Up-and-Go test. Results: All measured variables before and after the experimental results showed a significant improvement in both groups (p<.05). Only the improvement of the affected knee proprioception appeared to be significantly greater in the Wii balance game group (p<.05). However, other variables did not differ between the groups (p>.05). Conclusion: The findings suggest that both Wii balance games and Mirror Self-Balancing Exercises may be helpful for improving the proprioception of knee joint and the balance of patients with chronic stroke.

최근 콘크리트 궤도 슬래브 하면과 교량 바닥판 사이에 저마찰 슬라이드층을 형성하는 궤도 시스템인 슬라이딩 궤도와 관 련된 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 슬라이딩 궤도에서 열차 주행에 따른 횡방향 하중을 저항하기 위해 설치 되는 횡방향 지지 콘크리트 블록의 전단 내하력에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 횡방향 지지 콘크리트 블록의 전단 내하력 산정 을 위해 타설경계면에서의 콘크리트 마찰 및 철근의 다월 거동을 고려한 산정 기법을 개발하다. 제안된 산정 기법은 기존의 실험에서 측정된 전단 내하력을 13∼23% 정도 보수적으로 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 균열면 골재 맞물림 효과를 무 시한 것에 따른 것으로, 현장에서의 타설경계면 상태가 불확실한 것을 고려할 때 횡방향 지지 콘크리트 블록에 대한 안전측 설계를 위해 제안된 산정 기법이 합리적인 것으로 판단된다. 제안된 전단 내하력 산정 기법을 토대로 횡방향 지지 콘크리트 블록에 대한 설계 방안을 마련하였다

Synovial cysts are found mainly in periarticular areas of the wrist, ankle, and knee, but also rarely in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Only 1 case of bilateral synovial cysts in the region of the TMJ has been reported. This case report described bilateral cysts in the TMJ in a 54-year-old Korean woman. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed bilateral oval cystic lesions lateral to the condylar capsule, whereas computed tomography (CT) apparently did not show the right hand side lesion. The cyst on the left side was surgically excised, and fine needle aspiration was performed on the right hand cyst. After 24 months, the long term follow-up showed no sign of recurrence.

Graphite was diffusion-bonded by hot-pressing to W-25Re alloy using a Ti interlayer. For the joining, a uniaxial pressure of 25 MPa was applied at 1600 oC for 2 hrs in an argon atmosphere with a heating rate of 10 oC min−1. The interfacial microstructure and elemental distribution of the W-25Re/Ti/Graphite joints were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hot-pressed joints appeared to form a stable interlayer without any micro-cracking, pores, or defects. To investigate the high-temperature stability of the W-25Re/Ti/Graphite joint, an oxy-acetylene torch test was conducted for 30 seconds with oxygen and acetylene at a 1.3:1 ratio. Cross-sectional analysis of the joint was performed to compare the thickness of the oxide layer and its chemical composition. The thickness of W-25Re changed from 250 to 20 μm. In the elemental analysis, a high fraction of rhenium was detected at the surface oxidation layer of W-25Re, while the W-25Re matrix was found to maintain the initial weight ratio. Tungsten was first reacted with oxygen at a torch temperature over 2500 oC to form a tungsten oxide layer on the surface of W-25Re. Then, the remaining rhenium was subsequently reacted with oxygen to form rhenium oxide. The interfacial microstructure of the Ti-containing interlayer was stable after the torch test at a temperature over 2500 oC.

Abstract: In this study, finite element analysis modeling is proposed to evaluate middle- and low-rise steel-frame buildings constructed in South Korea. Two steel-frame joint specimens with welding joint parts were constructed and evaluated. Two types of displacement load, monotonic and cyclic, were used to evaluate the steel-frame joint specimens. According to the experimental results, the maximum moment of the cyclic test results was 80% smaller than that of the monotonic test results. Local buckling was observed in the compression area of the H-beam flange. A finite element analysis model based on the experimental results was proposed to analyze the steel-frame joint specimens. The numerical results predicted the experimental behavior of the steel-frame joint specimens well. Therefore, it is possible to use the proposed finite element analysis model to evaluate middle- and low-rise steel-frame buildings constructed in South Korea.

The Chinese toxic milk scandal raised tremendous global concerns about food safety in China. To repair the tarnished reputation of domestic food production, Chinese authorities focused on compulsory food safety liability insurance. Unfortunately, the introduction of compulsory food safety liability insurance in the Food Safety Law of the PRC has been delayed by the disagreements of Chinese legal scholars. Chinese legal scholars have examined the legitimacy of compulsory food safety liability insurance in China mainly from the standpoint of domestic laws. The valuable insight of international laws has been ignored by them. This article attempts to fill this research gap by scrutinizing the Chinese endeavor of launching compulsory food safety liability insurance through the joint perspective of public and private international law. It further demonstrates that the ideology of human rights of public international law has already penetrated into the body of broadly-interpreted private international law.

Background: Squatting is one of the best functional exercises to strengthen the quadriceps muscle in independent gait and activities of daily living. Although the use of a gym ball during squat exercise is the most common way of strengthening the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) muscle, published data on this subject are limited. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the sequential muscle activation of the VMO and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles during squat exercise using a gym ball at different knee flexion angles. Methods: Forty healthy adults were randomly divided into experimental (squat exercise using a gym ball) and control (squat exercise alone) groups, in which squats were performed at 45° and 90° knee flexion. Electromyographic (EMG) activity data were collected over 10 seconds under the 2 angles of knee flexion (45° and 90°). Results: There was significant group and time interaction effect for VMO and VL muscle activation at 45° knee flexion. This was similarly demonstrated at 90° knee flexion. No significant group main effect and time main effect for VMO and VL muscle activation were noted at 45° knee flexion, respectively. In contrast, there was significant group main effect and time main effect for VMO and VL muscle activation at 90° knee flexion. These significant differences were demonstrated through two-way analysis of variance over repeated measurements, suggesting that the EMG activity of the VMO muscle during squatting with a gym ball showed remarkable improvement compared to that of the VL muscle. Conclusion: This research suggests that squat exercise using a gym ball may be more beneficial in improving the activity of VMO than of the VL muscle at both 45° and 90° of knee flexion, respectively. We highly recommend squat exercises with a gym ball for selective strengthening of the VMO muscle in knee rehabilitation.

In this study, the curvature FSW experiments were performed with the 2 mm thickness of Al 5083-O using by the 5 axis(X/Y/Z/A/C) position control system. For the mechanical test of the butt joints, the tungsten heavy alloy as the tool material without necessary after finishing the heat treatment such as quenching was used. In particular, the insertion depth and the welding speed was changed at the constant rotation speed in order to select the optimum FSW condition. The test results were visually satisfactory for the approximate joint length of 300 mm. Sound joint was formed at the condition of 1.9 mm-1000 rpm-100 mm/min and its tensile strength of joint was the most high almost the same as that of the base material.