This study was conducted in order to examine the safety of bee venom as an alternative for antibiotics using male ICR mice. Five-week-old male mice received a single intravenous injection of a dried honey bee venom at the concentration of 0.25 mg/kg (a clinical dose) or 0.5 mg/kg through the tail vein and various pathophysiological analyses were performed after three days. No significant differences in changes of body weight were observed between the saline-treated control group and the experimental groups. In the hematological analysis, none of the parameters were affected by bee venom. In blood biochemistry analysis, none of the markers were affected by administration of bee venom. Similarly, there were no significant effects on markers for liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle functions in all treated- groups. On macroscopic examination, no remarkable lesions were detected in these organs. Because there were no adverse effects of the bee venom in a single intravenous toxicity test for three days, it was concluded that bee venom could be a candidate for a safe natural antibiotic for use in the animal production industry.

IAEA 및 국내의 방사성물질 운반 관련 규정에 따라 중·저준위 방사성폐기물 드럼 8개를 운반할 수 있는 IP-2형 운반용기를 개발하였다. IP-2형 운반용기는 낙하시험 및 적층시험을 거친 후 내용물의 유실 또 는 분산과 운반용기 외부표면에서의 방사선량률이 20 % 이상 증가할 수 있는 차폐능력의 상실이 없어야 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 적층시험조건에 대한 시험방법 및 절차를 수립하고 IP-2형 운반용기의 적층조건 에 대한 구조적 건전성을 평가하는데 있다. 운반용기의 원형시험모델을 이용하여 운반용기 중량의 5배 하중으로 24시간 동안 압축하는 적층조건에 대한 시험 및 전산해석을 수행하였다. 적층시험 시 운반용기 의 모서리기둥에서의 변형률 및 변위를 측정하였으며, 측정된 변형률 및 변위는 해석결과와 서로 일치하 였다. 컨테이너 바닥부의 처짐량은 측정이 어렵기 때문에 전산해석 방법으로 구하였다. 모서리기둥의 최 대 변위와 컨테이너 바닥의 최대 처짐은 법규에서 규정하는 허용치에 비하여 낮게 나타났다. 적층시험 전?후에는 운반용기의 외형치수, 차폐체 두께, 볼트토크 등을 측정하였으며, 그 값들을 비교분석한 결과 운반용기는 내용물의 유실 및 분산, 차폐체 두께의 감소가 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 적층시험조건에서 IP-2형 운반용기의 구조적 건전성이 입증되었다.

Produce, including leafy vegetables, has been implicated in several outbreaks of food illness. To evaluate microbiological safety of lettuce and it’s cultivation area, a total of 147 samples were collected from lettuce farms and post harvest facility at Icheon, Gyeonggi province. The collected samples were assessed for presence of sanitary indicator microorganisms (Aerobic plate count, coliform count, Escherichia coli) and foodborne pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus). The population of APC was over 4.0 log CFU from most of the samples. While the numbers of APC, and coliform of lettuce at 62 days after transplanting were 4.18 log CFU/g, and 1.00 log CFU/g, respectively, those of 10 days after transplanting were 5.37 log CFU/g, and 2.87 log CFU/g, respectively. B. cereus was highly detected from soil and balance which were contaminated with 3.5 log CFU/g, and 2.6 log CFU/100 cm2, respectively. The number of E. coli recovered from gloves was 3.5 log CFU/hand. However, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and L. monocytogenes were not detected. These data suggested that risk management system should be introduced to lettuce farms to enhance safety of lettuce.

현행 국내 내진 성능 평가 기준에서 사용하고 있는 필댐의 동적 상세 해석에 대한 안전성 평가 기준은 지진 하중 조건에 의해 발생되는 댐마루 연직방향, 횡방향 최대 변위가 정적하중에 의한 변위를 포함하여 제체 높이의 1% 이하로 규정하고 있다. 그러나 이는 이론적 근거가 부족하여, 평가 기준에 대한 합리성 검토가 필요하다. 중약진 지역에 속하는 국내 지진학적 특성상 지진시 댐 계측 데이터로 근거를 마련하기가 어려운 실정으로, 본 연구에서는 국외 계측 데이터 D/B 등 다양한 자료를 바탕으로 안전성 평가 기준을 검토하였다. 추가적으로 원심모형시험과 수치해석을 함께 수행하여, 변형 기준을 검토하였다. 또한, 수치시뮬레이션을 통하여 매개 변수 분석을 수행하고, 댐체의 횡방향 변위와 침하에 대한 영향을 분석하고 변형 기준과 비교, 검토하였다.

Safety and health related information for the proper use and handling of pesticides is usually printed on the surface of the pesticide products (bottle type or bag type) in the form of texts. But, the guidelines or standards for the appropriate presentation of the texts for the pesticide products are most vague or not practical. Thus, this study aimed to provide the preliminary guidelines for the text sizes based on the legibility experiments. Total twenty subjects from two age groups (young: n=10, old: n=10, five males and five females in each group) participated in the experiment. First, subjects read the text cards presented in the distance of 50cm from the eyes of the subjects. Eight different text card sets were prepared for different font type(thick gothic-type and fine gothic-type), thickness of font(plain and bold), and number of syllables (2 and 3 syllables). When subjects read the cards, the correctness of reading (correct or wrong) was recorded and the degree of discomfort (from 1: no discomfort at all to 4: can't read at all) was also evaluated for all the text sizes. Results showed that the character size should be 4 pt or larger for the young subjects to read at least one word correctly in all the text conditions. For the old subjects to read at least one word correctly, the character size should be five pt or larder. The average of the minimum character sizes for 100% correct answer is 6.1 pt for young subjects and 10.5 pt for old subjects, respectively.

The efforts to reduce industrial accident has been brisk recently in workplace. These efforts were mainly concentrated on construction and manufacturing. Despite these efforts, current accident rate so far has been maintained on the fixed level. According to the change of industrial structure, the government's attention on industrial accident prevention activities are focused in service industries. When trying to appraise the result of such activities, it is impossible to evaluate safety without certain criteria. Therefore, we analyze data by TOPSIS method that all the subway institution jointly manage every year. we decide the order of safety priority between domestic subway workplaces and measure the variation in safety by sensitivity. As a result, we draw conclusions to improve safety for the primary consideration and suggest alternatives.

최근 지중매설 유리섬유복합관(GRP관)은 유해한 환경에서 뛰어난 성능을 보유하고 있어 하수관거용으로서 사용이 증가 되고 있다. 또한 지중에 매설되어 있는 조건에서 기존의 콘크리트관 등 강성관에 비해 구조적 성능이 뛰어나 다. 지중매설 GRP관은 주로 상부에 작용하는 상부토압과 활하중에 의한 압축응력에 의해 원주방향으로 변형이 일 어나게 된다. GRP관의 구조적 거동은 매설토와 주변의 지반의 성질에 따라 다르게 설계되어야 한다. GRP관의 설 계는 Spangler 의 변형량 계산식을 Watkins에 의해 수정되어 사용되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 Watkins의 관변형 추정 식에 GRP관의 재료적 특성을 고려하여 관변형량을 예측하였다.

The performance of composite safety barriers is evaluated through computer simulation. A composite safety barrier of SB4 grade is modeled. The MAT58 material model provided by LS-DYNA software is used to model composite material. The composite safety barrier satisfies strength and deformation limit values. The barrier also satisfies THIV and PHD limit values of passenger protection performance.

A water purifiers for home-use has been popularly used as increasing distrust of the drinking tap water in views of safety. Besides, chlorination of drinking water can produce trihalomethanes known as a carcinogens. In general, a water purifier is known to remove risk factors such as infectious microorganisms, harmful chemicals and heavy metals. We compared the change of water components before and after purification by a water purifier and evaluated the results whether this purification system is reliable or not for safety of drinking water. The samples of water from 11 sites at the campus of Jeju National University were examined by physicochemical analyses, including concentration of sodium, potassium, chloride, residual chlorine, boron, nitrate nitrogen, sulfur, hexavalent chromium, copper, iron, aluminium, silicon, selenium, vanadium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, arsenic, antimony, zinc, cadmium, lead, strontium. Microbiological analysis was performed by counting mesophilic bacterial colonies. Almost of all the physicochemical components after purification were shown to decrease tendency of their concentrations but not significantly differenty except that of residual chlorine. Mesophilic bacterial counts after purification were shown to increase when compared to those of tap water. All the tap water was met the acceptance of requirement of drinking water, but samples of the water after purification were failed (4 from 11). After draining generous amount of water from a purifier, bacterial counts were observed to show a decreased tendency. Bacterial colonies were not detected when the concentration of residual chlorine was higher than 0.2 ppm. Although seasonal factors and maintenance condition were not concerned in this study, higher bacterial counts in purified water could cause some problems in using water purifier for home-use. Considering the results obtained, regular maintenance and care including filter change and sterilizing the reservoir are absolutely required. A further study is required to examine where the bacteria are coming from.

The efficient safety estimation for a business should analyze an accident data by considering every possible and potential factor. Thus, we consider several factors to build the safety estimation model to meet fairness and rationality. This paper present the yearly statistic data of accident from KOSHA analyze the data by industry, scale, year of service of a employee, age and other factors; build the safety estimation model for the business based on the accident report derived the analysis. The estimation model is established by the weights for accident type, degree, scale, industry, year of service, and age of the employee derived from AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process).

국제해사기구(IMO)와 세계 해운계에서는 해양환경 보호 및 해상안전 확보를 위해 각종 국제협약을 시행하고 있으나 개발도상국에서는 이를 이행하지 못해 해양사고의 주요 요인이 되고 있다. IMO A그룹 이사국으로 부상한 우리나라는 해사안전기술 이전실적이 마마하여 해사안전기술 분야의 국제협력 사업 발굴 및 추진이 요구되고 있다. 국제협력 사업을 추진하기 위해서는 해사안전 분야의 중요도가 높고 개발도상국에서 필요도가 높은 기술을 선정하여 추진하여야 하는 등 선택과 집중이 요구된다. 따라서 해사안전기술의 우선순위 도출이 필요하며 이를 위해서는 해사안전기술의 평가요인을 도출하고 그 요인에 따라 대상 해사안전기술을 평가하여 우선순위를 결정하여야 한다. 이때 평가요인 간의 중요도를 나타내는 중요 가중치가 평가요인마다 상이하며, 요인간에 종속성이 발생하므로 이를 고려하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 해사안전기술 평가요인으로 해사안전기술성숙도, 국제협력사업추진가능성, 해사안전기술중요도의 세 그룹으로 구분하고 각 그룹별로 세부 요인을 도출하였다. 또한 평가요인 간의 중요 가중치와 상관 가중치를 고려하기 위해 Fuzzy AHP 기법과 극한확률 이론을 사용한 평가모델을 개발하였다. 본 평가모델의 적용을 위해 해양안전정보 분야에 9개의 해사안전 기술을 선정하고 각 기술의 평가 점수를 계산하였다. 적용 결과 전자해도관련기술이 0.0139로 가장 우선순위가 높았으며 선박모니터링기술과 유류유출확산예측및대응기술이 각각 0.0133, 0.0132로 계산되었다.

This study was carried out to evaluate the consumer recognition with regard to the safety management for imported foods. In order to evaluate the effect of the prgram on consumer education, the program was practiced for 89 female college students in Seoul, Korea. The participants were given an instruction with materials on imported food safety, including the safety management of imported foods and their distribution. The results showed that the participants achieved a greater understanding of imported foods. In particular, they had firmly grasped the importance of expiration date in selecting imported foods. Before the instruction, 50.6% of total participants blamed the Korean government for the problems arising from imported foods; only 18.0% placed the blame on individuals or businesses importing from foreign countries. After the instruction, 39.3% had blamed the individuals or businesses importing from foreign countries. Furthermore, 36.0% had disapproved of the foods that are imported from China before the instruction, while 32.6% found objectionable the views on the illegally distributed foods; 29.2% criticized the junk foods that target children (after the instruction). In addition, the level of participant satisfaction via-a-vis imported foods safety supervision had improved from 2.76 ± 1.59(before the instruction) to 3.37 ± 1.58(after the instruction). The results indicate that consumers are concerned with the imported foods that contain adulterated or forbidden substances and the illegally distributed foods from foreign countries. Thus, consistent and informative educational programs on imported food safety could help consumers in choosing safer products, resulting in an improvement in the consumer confidence with respect to imported foods.

본 연구에서는 HAZUS와 같은 지진위험도 추정을 위한 입력으로서 교량구조물에 대한 대표 지진취약도 함수를 도출하기 위하여 기존에 수행되었던 안전율 평가 결과를 이용하여 일련의 교량군에 대한 대표 지진취약도 함수를 도출하는 방법을 제안하였다. 지진응답해석 결과를 근거로 하여 제시된 교량 집단의 각 부재별 안전율을 정리하였으며 이 안전율 결과를 이용하여 각 파괴모드별 지진취약도 곡선을 도출하였다. 각 부재별로 평가된 지진취약도 함수를 이용하여 HAZUS의 입력으로 사용할 수 있는 손상단계별 지진취약도 함수를 도출하였다. 부재별 파괴모드를 이용하여 교량전체의 시스템 취약도를 도출하기 위하여 고장수목을 사용하였다. 결과적으로 본 연구에서는 기존의 안전율결과를 이용하여 취약도결과를 도출할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다.

Risk is the probability of an adverse event given exposure to hazard. There are many reason for unsafety situation without safety operation. The reason is no safety evaluation system in small enterprise. And then this study purposes safety management activities that is evaluation system for total safety efficiency's maximization. Therefore, in this study, this model that can evaluate quantitative activities in small enterprise that maximize safety efficiency wishes to do design using balanced scorecard. In other words, this study aims to suggest a performance measurement model reflecting the characteristics of safety evaluation system, especially the model for return manufacturing related to safety, and to develop the S-BSC(Safety-Balanced ScoreCard) measurement model using a weight lifetime value to which a relative weight is applied by using AHP based on the BSC.

This study's purpose centers plant management activities that is management system for total plant efficiency's maximization, plant evaluation system that production and safety management activities factor that is enforcing in manufacturing industry can develop evaluation model that can evaluate quantitative activities in process that maximize productivity and safety efficiency wishes to do design.

This study's purpose centers plant management activities that is management system for total plant efficiency's maximization, plant evaluation system that production and safety management activities factor that is enforcing in manufacturing industry can develop evaluation model that can evaluate quantitative activities in process that maximize productivity and safety efficiency wishes to do design.

Recently, there is a rise of accident by some defective products, especially it reported that a serious fact is a defect of design causing some problem since execute a product liability(PL), people who use products have been able to bo remunerated for a damage to those defects, so responsibilities of companies are rising more and more. Therefore, companies that are obligated to manufacture a safety product, and should make preparation for PL. For solving the problem, even though manufacturers tried to make a safety product ay mixed ways, it is seldom that its safety is considered from planning a design. This thesis has suggested a way aimed at improving a safety of products through considering a stage of a plan, by searching and analyzing the design-process in to each steps.