A total of 481,414 Korean participants aged 40-79 years at enrollment were examined. The hazard ratios for all-cause, all-cancer, and head and neck cancer mortality were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models, which were adjusted for potential confounding factors. In the overall study population, the highest AST/ALT ratio level was significantly associated with risk of all-cause, all-cancer, and head and neck cancer mortality (p < 0.01). After excluding participants who died of all-cause, all-cancer, and head and neck cancer within five years of enrollment, the main results remained similar to those of the analysis of all deaths in the study population. These findings indicate that serum AST/ALT ratio is positively associated with an increased mortality risk in all-cause, all-cancer, and head and neck cancer.

The construction industry stands out for its higher incidence of accidents in comparison to other sectors. A causal analysis of the accidents is necessary for effective prevention. In this study, we propose a data-driven causal analysis to find significant factors of fatal construction accidents. We collected 14,318 cases of structured and text data of construction accidents from the Construction Safety Management Integrated Information (CSI). For the variables in the collected dataset, we first analyze their patterns and correlations with fatal construction accidents by statistical analysis. In addition, machine learning algorithms are employed to develop a classification model for fatal accidents. The integration of SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) allows for the identification of root causes driving fatal incidents. As a result, the outcome reveals the significant factors and keywords wielding notable influence over fatal accidents within construction contexts.

Recently, the crisis of demographic extinction is rising in Korea more than any other country, and it is difficult for industrial sites to maintain without 'foreign workers'. Industrial accidents and accident deaths of foreign workers account for 7.6% and 12.3% of the total, through an in-depth analysis of fatal accidents in the manufacturing industry, differences and similarities between fatal accidents of foreign workers and all fatal accidents were confirmed in terms of occurrence type, workplace size, length of service, employment type, etc. In this study, customized countermeasures were found.

PURPOSES : This study empirically analyzes the determinants of fatal accidents based on raw data on traffic accidents occurring in Chungnam in 2020. METHODS : Regression models based on theoretical arguments for fatal traffic accidents are estimated using a binomial logit model. RESULTS : The prediction model for fatal accidents is affected by the degree of urbanization of the region, month and day of the accident, type of accident, and type of law violation. In addition, speeding or illegal U-turns among law violations appear more likely to result in fatal accidents. The road surface conditions at the time of the accident do not show a significant difference in the probability of fatality among traffic accidents. However, the probability of a fatal accident is rather lower in case of a snowy road; this is plausible, as drivers tend to drive more carefully in bad weather conditions. CONCLUSIONS : Among traffic accidents, fatal accidents appear to be affected by the time and place of the accident, type of accident, and weather conditions at the time of the accident. These analysis results suggest policy implications for reducing fatal accidents and can be used as a basis for establishing related policies.

A reliable prediction model of national occupational accident fatality rate can be used to evaluate level of safety and health protection for workers in a country. Moreover, the socio-economic aspects of occupational accidents can be identified through interpretation of a well-organized prediction model. In this paper, we propose a machine learning based relative comparison methods to predict and interpret a national occupational accident fatality rate based on socio-economic indicators. First, we collected 29 years of the relevant data from 11 developed countries. Second, we applied 4 types of machine learning regression models and evaluate their performance. Third, we interpret the contribution of each input variable using Shapley Additive Explanations(SHAP). As a result, Gradient Boosting Regressor showed the best predictive performance. We found that different patterns exist across countries in accordance with different socio-economic variables and occupational accident fatality rate.

본 연구의 목적은 질산, 황산, 암모니아수, 과산화수소에 대한 생태독성평가를 통해서 사고대비물질들에 대한 기초 독성 데이터베이스를 구축하여, 향후 화학사고 발생시 환경 피해에 관한 의사결정에 과학적 근거를 제공하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 사고대비물질 중 토양의 물리·화학적 성질을 변화시킬 수 있는 질산, 황산, 암모니아수, 과산화수소를 대상으로 국내 토착 절지동물인 김어리 톡토기 (Paronychiurus kimi)를 이용한 생태독성평가를 수행하였다. 7일간의 급성독성평가와 28일간의 만성독성평가를 수행하였으며, 시험물질 농도에 따른 토양의 pH 변화를 관찰하였다. 토양의 pH는 질산, 황산, 과산화수소, 암모니아수의 농도가 10,000 mg kg-1 soil dry wt.일 때, 각각 2.86, 2.72, 7.18, 9.69이었다. 질산, 황산, 과산화수소, 암모니아수에 대한 만성독성평가 결과, LC50 값은 각각 2,703, 5,414, 3,158, 859 mg kg-1 soil dry wt.이었으며, P. kimi의 산란 수에 대한 EC50 값은 각각 587, 2,148, 1,300, 216 mg kg-1 soil dry wt.이었다. 비록 본 연구에서는 사고대비물질들의 유입에 따른 토양 pH의 변화만이 조사되었지만, 본 연구의 결과는 P. kimi가 사고대비물질에 의해 변화된 토양의 pH뿐만 아니라 사고대비물질의 유입에 의해 감소된 유기물 함량과 생성된 반응 산물에 의해서도 사망률과 산란수에 영향을 받을 수 있음을 의미한다. 대부분의 사고대비물질들이 토양의 특성을 변화시킬 수 있다는 점을 감안할 때, 토양의 특성 변화와 이에 따른 생물 영향을 고려한 화학사고 후 평가 및 복원 방법이 필요하다.

In the pre-Qin period in China, the monosyllable expression of death had been a stable word system. Until the mid-ancient period, the related words presented bisyllablization, and the range of the pragmatics was also enlarged. The epitaph corpora in the Sui and Tang dynasty is abundant and believable. The words reflect six ways of burial: generally buried words, words buried to the ancestral grave, temporarily buried words, reinter words, and multi-burial words. Among them, there are three words which were needed to be distinguished in the reinter words. ‘Gai Zang’ meaning the burial site has to be changed for objective reasons. ‘Gai Bin’ must be done so as well because of the canonization. Meanings of ‘Gai Bian’ range simply from the morgue to the cemetery. In addition, three of multi-burial ones, ‘He Bian’ and ‘Tong Xue’ mean buried with one’s husband or wife, but ‘He Zang’ can be used to point to bury to the ancestral grave. To sum up, investigating words related to the burial and its ways, compared with the word examples in the handed-down documents, help us observe the disyllabic development of medieval words, explain the relevant funeral vicissitudes issues, supplement Chinese dictionary, and add missing senses from early examples.

오늘날 우리는 빅데이터의 시대에 도래하였다. 특히 빅데이터를 범죄예방에 활용함 으로써 빅데이터의 가치는 나날이 증가하고 있으며, 공공기관에서 공유하고 있는 데 이터를 통해 범죄, 질병, 재난재해예방등의 효과가 나타나고 빅데이터를 활용한 범죄 예방효과가 입증되고 있다. 미래를 예측하기 위한 국가, 기업, 단체들은 가능한 멀리 그리고 정확하게 앞날을 내다보려고 한다. 미래를 예측하기 위해 각각의 주체들은 다양한 의사결정 프로세스를 가지고 있다. 그러나 정확한 예측을 토대로 미래를 준비하기 위해 정교한 의사결정 시스템을 갖추기는 현실적으로 불가능하거나 어렵다. 이렇게 의사결정 자체를 특정모형으로 설명할 수 없는 모델을 쓰레기통 모델이라고 부른다. 명칭이 다소 아름답지는 못하지만, 문제 발생원인의 파악, 문제해결 방안의 도출, 최종 의사결정의 주체, 의사 결정의 시기 등이 뒤섞여 결국은 불규칙한 프로세스에 의해 최종결정이 내려진다는 이론이다. 또한 쓰레기통 모델을 통해서 선택된 결과물이 반드시 최선의 선택이라고 는 볼 수 없다. 이미 어린이･노인･버스전용차로･음주운전 관련 교통사고, 서울대의 자영업자 생존율 분석, 언론사의 빅데이터 분석, 이동 통신사의 고객이탈 분석, 다양한 분향의 홍보 마케팅, 보험회사, 병원, 의료기관, 국가기관, 연구기관등 다양한 기관들에서 빅데이터 의 분석이 진행중이거나 그 결과를 활용하여 다양한 정책을 마련하고 있다. 하지만 이러한 노력에도 범죄신고는 꾸준히 증가하고 있고, 특히 아동학대범죄는 국가의 대처가 미흡하다는 문제점과 강력한 처벌을 요청하는 데도 불구하고 학대로 사망하는 아동들은 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 보건복지부의 자료에 따르면 2011 년~2017년에 학대로 인한 사망아동을 파악한 결과를 살펴보면, 2011년 13명, 2012년 10명, 2013년 22명, 2014년에는 17명, 2015년에는 19명, 2016년에는 36명, 2017년에는 46명으로 조사되었다. 따라서 본고에서는 아동학대를 예방할 수 있는 시스템을 구축하기 위하여 2011 년~2017년 학대로 인한 사망한 아동들의 성별, 연령, 발생장소, 발생빈도, 학대유형 데이터를 바탕으로 아동학대 범죄예방시스템 구축에 빅데이터를 활용하는 목적을 두고 있다. 아동학대를 예방할 수 있는 시스템을 구축하기 위한 첫 개선방안으로 빅데이 터를 활용하여 아동학대예방시스템을 구축하기 위하여 빅데이터를 활용한 하둡 생태 계 범죄예방시스템의 개발을 제안해 보고자 한다.

Among the industrial disasters caused by drop, ladder related drop disasters are occurred the mostly. The victims are occurred continuously. This study analyzed current situation of industrial disasters for recent 10 years(2005~2014) and compared・analyzed statistics of death disasters of ladder by workplace scale, age, occupation, employment type, working content, scarred area, etc. in detail. This study suggested direction of safety standard modification for ladder that is an original cause material of many drops, direction of safety training strengthening of small-scaled workplace, and safety model based on disaster statistics and should contribute to reduction of disaster rate for ladder working.

Acute and chronic toxicities of methyl ethyl ketone and methanol were investigated on Paronychiurus kimi (Collembola), for evaluating the potential effects of accidental exposures of these chemical substances on the terrestrial environments. This study was undertaken to establish a toxicity database for these chemical substances, which was required for the preparation of the response compensation and liability act for agricultural production and environmental damage. The 7-d acute toxicity and 28-d chronic toxicity were conducted using the OECD artificial soil spiked with varying, serially diluted concentrations of methyl ethyl ketone and methanol. Mortality was recorded after 7-d and 28-d of exposures, and the number of juveniles were determined after 28-d of exposure in the chronic toxicity test. In both assessments, methanol was more toxic than methyl ethyl ketone in terms of mortality (LC50) and reproduction (EC50). The 7-d LC50 of methyl ethyl ketone and methanol were 762 and 2378 mg kg-1 soil dry wt., respectively, and the 28-d LC50s were 6063 and 1857 mg kg-1 soil dry wt., respectively. The 28-d EC50 of methyl ethyl ketone and methanol were 265 and 602 mg kg-1 soil dry wt., respectively. Comparison of results obtained in this study with literature data revealed that P. kimi was more sensitive to methanol than other soil invertebrates. However, given the high volatility of the chemicals tested in this study, further studies are necessary to improve the current test guideline, or to develop new test guidelines for an accurate assessment of chemicals that require toxicity databases for chemical accidents.

오리엔탈과실파리는 대만 우펑에서 채집된 후 누대 사육된 개체들로, 저온에서의 유충과 용의 100% 사망에 필요한 소요일수를 조사하였다. 시험기간 중 실측된 온도는 –4.7, -3.4, -1.0, 0.9, 3.9, 5.8, 7.9도였다. 실험은 시간(일 단위)별로 저온에 처리하였고, 이후 상온으로 이동시켜 개체의 사망여부를 조사하였다. 노출 시간별로 3반복으로 실험하였고, 반복당 20~30 개체를 사용하였다. 각 온도별 유충의 100% 사망소요일수는 1, 3, 7, 6, 10, 10, 34일이었고, 용의 경우 0.25, 4, 9, 7, 10, 18, 30일 이었다.

Many industrial accidents have occurred continuously in the manufacturing industries, construction industries, and service industries of Korea. Fatal accidents have occurred most frequently in the construction industries of Korea. Especially, the trend analysis of the accident rate and fatal accident rate is very important in order to prevent industrial accidents in the construction industries systematically. This paper considers forecasting of the accident rate and fatal accident rate with static and dynamic time series analysis methods in the construction industries. Therefore, this paper describes the optimal accident rate and fatal accident rate by minimization of the sum of square errors (SSE) among regression analysis method (RAM), exponential smoothing method (ESM), double exponential smoothing method (DESM), auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, proposed analytic function model (PAFM), and kalman filtering model (KFM) with existing accident data in construction industries. In this paper, microsoft foundation class (MFC) soft of Visual Studio 2008 was used to predict the accident rate and fatal accident rate. Zero Accident Program developed in this paper is defined as the predicted accident rate and fatal accident rate, the zero accident target time, and the zero accident time based on the achievement probability calculated rationally and practically. The minimum value for minimizing SSE in the construction industries was found in 0.1666 and 1.4579 in the accident rate and fatal accident rate, respectively. Accordingly, RAM and ARIMA model are ideally applied in the accident rate and fatal accident rate, respectively. Finally, the trend analysis of this paper provides decisive information in order to prevent industrial accidents in construction industries very systematically.

음모론은 모든 국가와 사회에서 발생하고 있으며, 한국사회에서도 정치적 사건에 대한 음모론이 지속적으로 발생하고 있다. 음모론은 사회현상의 근본적인 발생 원인에 대해 공식적 원임규명에 대해 특정한 개인이나 집단에 의해 의도적으로 원인규명에 이의를 제기하면서 반발하는 현상을 말한다. 음모론은 국가와 정부의 사건에 대한 원인규명에 저항하여 신뢰성에 반발하면서 저항하여 타격을 주는 것이다. 한국사회에서 음모론은 주로 정치적 사건에서 발생하였는데, 정치적 사건에 대한 음모론은 정치권력을 안정화시키려는 세력과 정치권력을 교체하려는 보수와 진보의 작용과 반작용의 형태로 나타나고 있다. 장준하 사망사건에 대한 음모론은 집권세력에 저항한 인물의 갑작스런 죽음에 의문을 제기하는 과정에서 발생한 것으로 집권세력의 대한 정당성을 불신하는 측면이 강하였다. 또한 광주민주화운동과 천안함 침몰에 대한 음모론은 전자가 신군부의 정권탈취를 위한 폭력의 정당화, 후자가 남북관계의 단절에 대한 정당화에 근거로 활용되는 것에 대한 국민들의 저항적 성향을 지니고 있다. 한국정치에서 음모론은 각종 선거과 관련하여 활용되는 특성이 강하지만 선거 결과에 직접적이고, 결정적인 영향력을 행사하지는 못하였다. 그렇지만 한국 정치에서 음모론은 정치적 사건의 원인규명에 대한 진위논란에서 음모론의 정 당성 여부에 관계없이 한국사회를 혼란시키는 요인으로 작용하고 있다.

According to the statistics, occupational fatal injuries by the fork lifts were about 30 per year in whole industrial. Fork lifts are widely used in various parts of industries to improve the efficiency of the work. In this study, the current regulations to be adequate in industrial site have to be renew in order to prevent the fatal injuries by the fork lifts. Fatal injury analysis were conducted with several accident cases by the fork lifts. For each accident, the causes of the injuries were examined and proper safety measures were proposed. In this study, the fork lift showed a high fatality rate in industrial accidents and no detailed cause analysis of fatal accidents was conducted in terms of unsafe acts or conditions. First, fork lifts were the highest of the machines caused the accidents. In order to prevent fatal injuries by the fork lifts, the tarket was manufacturing industry. Second, the order of the cause of cognitive engineering agenda in the manufacture industrial was visibility, responsibility and affordance, and revision of acts was proposed. Third, there was not a lots of different points of human error between occurrence types and business sizes. Forth, number of fatalities by the attacker was more than by the inducer.

In this study, the current regulations to be adequate in industrial site have to be renew in order to prevent the fatal injuries by mobile cranes. Fatal injury analyses were conducted with several accident cases by the mobile cranes. For each accident, the causes of the injuries were examined and proper safety measures were proposed. This study proposed a revision of the standard guideline as an accident prevention measures through in-depth analysis of fatal accidents. First, fatality rate per 10,000 persons by the mobiles cranes was 0.57 in 2011. Second, the in-depth analysis of the mobile crane accidents showed that the main factors of the accidents were the overturn of mobile crane, the fracture of connection part between mobile crane boom and rope, the breaking of rope and the misunderstanding over the signal between a mobile crane driver and workers around a mobile crane. Third, the order of high defection of connecting parts was bucket bolt, bracket and extension parts. Fourth, since there were several cases of overturn of mobile crane by itself in the in-depth analysis of the mobile crane, the over slop-proof device was proposed as the main alternative in this study. Fifth, the revision of standards of safety factor that shall be more than 10, of connecting parts of mobile crane was proposed.

According to the statistics, occupational fatal injuries by mobile cranes were about 12 per year in whole industrial. Mobile cranes are widely used in various parts of industries to improve the efficiency of the work. However considerable number of fatal injuries happen each year during the operation of the machines. In this study, the current regulations to be adequate in industrial site have to be renew in order to prevent the fatal injuries by mobile cranes. Fatal injury analyses were conducted with several accident cases by the mobile cranes. For each accident, the causes of the injuries were examined and proper safety measures were proposed. In this study, the mobile crane showed a high fatality rate in industrial accidents and no detailed cause analysis of fatal accidents was conducted in terms of unsafe acts or conditions. This study proposed a revision of the standard guideline as an accident prevention measures through in-depth analysis of fatal accidents. First, among the mainly five machines caused the accidents, mobile crane was higher for the second showed 0.6% for number of fatalities compared to number of mobil cranes and for the third showed 11% for number of fatalities compared to number of injuries. Second, main cause of cognitive engineering agenda was visibility, responsibility, affordance. As the measures to prevent accidents before starting operation, alternative revision for the fool proof including visibility, responsibility, affordance etc. for the fool proof measures was proposed. Third, alternative revision as cognitive accident prevention for the fail safe measures was proposed.