PURPOSES : In this study, the existence of an optimal pattern among transition methods applied during changes in traffic signal timing was investigated. We aimed to develop this pattern into an artificial intelligence reinforcement-learning model to assess its effectiveness METHODS : By developing various traffic signal transition scenarios and considering 19 different traffic signal transition situations that can be applied to these scenarios, a simulation analysis was performed to identify patterns through statistical analysis. Subsequently, a reinforcement-learning model was developed to select an optimal transition time model suitable for various traffic conditions. This model was then tested by simulating a virtual experimental center environment and conducting performance comparison evaluations on a daily basis. RESULTS : The results indicated that when the change in the traffic signal cycle length was less than 50% in the negative direction, the subtraction method was efficient. In cases where the transition was less than 15% in the positive direction, the proposed center method for traffic signal transition was found to be advantageous. By applying the proposed optimal transition model selection, we observed that the transition time decreased by approximately 70%. CONCLUSIONS : The findings of this study provide guidance for the next level of traffic signal transitions. The importance of traffic signal transition will increase in future AI-based traffic signal control methods, requiring ongoing research in this field.

This study applied a camera trapping method to investigate species diversity of birds and mammals in Jingwan-dong Wetland located in Bukhansan National Park, Seoul, Korea. The objectives of this study were to (1) verify the efficiency of the camera trapping method through a combination of literature and observation surveys, and to (2) propose it as an effective monitoring method to assessing changes in biodiversity. From February 2022 to June 2022, a total of six cameras were installed for 121 days to conduct camera trapping in three aquatic environments. As a result, a total of 14,742 videos were obtained with a data acquisition rate of 59.2%. Analysis of the data identified a total of 20 families and 47 species of birds with 7 families and 8 species of mammals. When previous field observation data compiled from the past 10 years starting from 2011 were analyzed, a total of 33 families and 90 species of birds with 5 families and 6 species of mammals were identified. Camera trapping in Jingwan-dong Wetland recorded species list, including 3 families and 3 species of bird and 2 families and 2 species of mammal not observed in the past decade. Thus, camera trapping, which complements temporal limitations of field survey, can be an effective monitoring method for rapidly changing biodiversity if spatial limitations are improved. Resulting species lists can serve as a basis for future restoration and management plans.

서식지에 따른 토양 절지동물 풍부도 및 딱정벌레 다양성 연구를 위해 세 종류의 시료(낙엽층과 토양 혼합, 낙엽층, 토양 시료)를 확보 후 체 털어잡기 하였다. 2023년 6월부터 8월까지 강원도와 충청북도에서 혼합 시료, 낙엽층 시료, 토양 시료 각각 25개씩 총 75개의 시료를 확보하였 다. 딱정벌레목 다양성을 확인한 결과, 세 가지 시료 중에서 혼합 시료에서 가장 높은 풍부도, 종 부유도, Shannon 지수가 나타났다. 이 논문에서 는 체털어잡기의 생태학적 활용 가능성에 대해 논의해 보았다. 토양성 절지동물의 채집과 시료 종류 사이의 연구가 지속적으로 이루어진다면, 최 종적으로 토양생태계 연구의 발전과 이해를 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

To analyse the relationship between above-ground carbon stocks, species diversity and broadleaved forests structural diversity of South Korean forests, we collected vegetation inventories from environmental impact assessment projects over the past 10 years. The available data were selected and organised including tree species, DBH and area each projects. The data was classified by forest type, aboveground carbon stocks were calculated and compared, and the correlation between aboveground carbon stocks and biodiversity and structural diversity was analysed. The results showed that above-ground carbon stocks were higher in mixed forests and broadleaved forests and lower in needleleaved forests, similar to previous studies. However aboveground carbon stocks of mixed forests were higher in natural forests than in plantations. Aboveground carbon stocks in broadleaved forests were higher in plantations than natural forests, and there was no statistical different of between natural and plantations in needleleaved forest. This could be the result of a variety influences including biological and environmental factors in the study area, and further research is needed to analyse the effects on carbon sequestration. Correlation analysis showed no correlation between biodiversity and above-ground carbon stocks, but a positive correlation between structural diversity and above-ground carbon stocks. This indicates that above-ground carbon stocks in forests are associated with unevenness diameters and the proportion and evenness of tree species by diameter. In addition, it has been analysed that the high succession stages in forest have higher species diversity and structural diversity, and greater efficiency in the utilization of resources required for plant growth, leading to increased plant productivity and storage. Considering that the study sites were young forests with an average DBH of 14.8~23.7 cm, it is expected that carbon stocks will increase as biodiversity and structural diversity increase. Further research is needed to develop techniques to quantitatively assess the relationship of diversity to carbon stocks for policy use in assessing and increasing carbon stocks in forests.

현대는 개인의 정신적 가치를 존중한다는 이름하에 개인이 가지는 종교적 믿음 역시 다양성의 측면에서 수용하는 양상을 보인다. 이에 반해 종교적 근본주의는 종교적 믿음의 순수성과 해석의 단일성을 강조하면서 인간의 존엄성을 위협하고 있는 실정이다. 이 두 관점들은 서로의 극단적인 지향점에만 치중한 채 근본적인 물음을 스스로에게 던지고 있지 않고 있다. 그 물음이란 바로 (1) 종교의 근원은 무엇이며, (2) 결국 인간이 중심인 종교에서 다양성과 배타성 가운데 어느 쪽이 더 근원적인가이다. 윌리엄 제임스는 이러한 물음들 가운데 (1)을 그의 저작인 󰡔종교적 경험의 다양성󰡕에서 현상학적으로 탐구하고, ｢믿으려는 의지｣라는 논문에서 (2)를 믿음의 선택이라는 관점에서 탐구한다. 필자는 이 글에서 제임스가 두 저술에서 비판적으로 고찰한 문제의식을 살펴보고, 그가 던지는 종교적 혹은 윤리적 시사점들이 가지는 현대성에 주목하여 그것이 현대 정신문명의 위기를 해결하는 데에 일정한 기여를 할 수 있다는 점을 보여주고자 한다.

장미 속은 오랜 시간에 걸쳐 잡종화, 배수화 및 육종 등을 통해 약 250개의 종과 30,000여 품종이 존재하는 진화 역사를 가지고 있으며, 다양한 분류체계로 구분되고 있다. 이에, 본 연구 는 장미 속 자원의 다양성을 평가하고 자생식물 해당화의 육종적 활용을 위해 수행되었다. 장미 속 자원의 형태학적 다양성을 확인하기 위해 장미 속 자원 303점에 대해 형태적 특성조사를 실시하고 해당화 및 장미 속 자원 29점을 선발하여 SSR 분석을 실시하였다. 추가적으로, 해당화의 육종적 활용을 위한 자원 6점 을 선발하고 화분 검정을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 장미 속 자원 303점의 다양성 평가 결과에서 유사한 형태적 특징을 지닌 자원끼리 7개 그룹으로 나뉘었다. 선발된 29개 자원의 형태학적 데이터와 분자학적 데이터를 이용한 군집 분석 결과, 데이터의 유사성을 보인 자원끼리 각각 5개, 4개 그룹으로 구분되었다. 또한, 혼합분석 시에는 3개 그룹으로 확인되었다. 분류 결과를 바탕으로 자생 식물을 이용한 정원장미 육종을 위해 각각 특성이 다른 해당화를 3점 선발하였고 장미 속 자원에 속하는 정원 장미 3점을 선발하여 총 6자원을 선발하였다. 선발된 자원의 화분 검정 결과, 종간 교잡체를 제외한 5가지 자원에서 90% 이상의 정상화분율을 확인하였다. 본 결과는 자생식물 해당화를 재평가 하고 정원 장미 육종 전략 수립에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

Wall-embedded ventilators, which are commonly used for ventilation of buildings, greatly damage the aesthetics of the building due to pollutants such as dust and grease sticking to the fan and gaps of the ventilator as the period of use increases. For this aesthetic reason, it is often installed in a place that is not easily visible to people, and if the ventilation fan is not properly arranged and installed, it is difficult to maintain indoor air in an optimal state. In this study, the effect of the arrangement of ventilators on indoor ventilation performance was investigated. Comparisons were made between the case where three ventilators were concentrated and the case where they were spaced apart at regular intervals. It was found that the ventilation performance was different depending on the location where the ventilators were installed.

This study focused on improving the solubility of silodosin, a drug poorly soluble in water, by utilizing solid dispersions. Three types of dispersions were examined and compared against the drug powder: surface-attached (SA), solvent-wetted (SW), and solvent-evaporated (SE). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was identified as the most effective polymer in enhancing solubility. These dispersions were prepared using spray-drying techniques with silodosin and PVA as the polymer, employing solvents such as water, ethanol, and a water-acetone mix. The physicochemical properties and solubility of the dispersions were evaluated. The surface-attached dispersions featured the polymer on a crystalline drug surface, the solvent-wetted dispersions had the amorphous drug on the polymer, and the solvent-evaporated dispersions produced nearly round particles with both components amorphous. Testing revealed that the order of improved solubility was: solvent-evaporated, solvent-wetted, and surface-attached. The results demonstrated that the preparation method of the solid dispersions significantly impacted their physicochemical properties and solubility enhancement.

기체 분리막의 상업적 발전은 CO2 분리 효율을 향상시키는 데 중요한 역할을 한다. 고분자량 PEO (high-Mw PEO)는 높은 CO2 용해도, 가격 경쟁성 및 견고한 기계적 특성을 가져 분리막 제조용 고분자로 유력하지만 그 특유의 결정성 으로 인해 기체 분리막에 응용이 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 결정성 감소를 위해 다양한 고분자 첨가제를 고분자량 PEO에 혼합 하는 방법을 제시하였다. 폴리에틸렌글리콜(PEG), 폴리프로필렌글리콜(PPG), 폴리아크릴산(PAA) 및 폴리비닐피롤리돈(PVP) 과 같은 상업적으로 이용 가능하고 섞임성이 좋은 수용성 고분자를 첨가제로 사용하여 PEO 결정성을 감소시킴으로써 가스 분리 성능을 향상시키고자 하였다. PEG 및 PPG의 경우 PEO의 결정 구조를 억제하지 못하고 분리막의 결함을 초래하였으나, PAA 및 PVP는 PEO의 결정 구조를 바꿔 결함이 없는 분리막을 제조하는 데 성공하였다. 고분자량 PEO 혼합막의 결정 구조 변화와 기체 분리 성능의 상관관계를 조사하여 본 연구의 결과와 이전에 기록된 결과를 바탕으로 고분자량 PEO에 대한 첨가 제 고분자의 설계 및 선택에 대한 통찰력을 제공하며, 이를 통해 비용 효율적이고 상업적으로 실용적인 CO2 분리막을 제조하 고자 하였다.

This study was conducted to examine the microbiological quality indicators (total bacterial count and coliform count) and physicochemical quality indicators (pH, redness, volatile basic nitrogen [VBN] content) of meat according to various storage temperatures (20~15oC) and packaging methods (wrap, vacuum). Based on these results, we proposed a safe consumption period. Redness, pH, and VBN content were not considered appropriate for setting the expiration date, as the redness and pH of the meat after spoilage were better than the standard values for both vacuum and wrap packaging (p<0.05). Additionally, the VBN content at 2 and 4oC increased slightly (fresh level) until the initial time of spoilage (1.0×106 colony-forming unit [CFU]/cm2) and then increased rapidly thereafter. Therefore, the results were not consistent with microbial spoilage. When the decay point was evaluated based on the presence of microorganisms, vacuum packaging extended the storage period approximately 2.5-fold when compared with wrap packaging, and the meat could be stored at 2 or 4oC for 40 or 23 days, respectively. Therefore, to evaluate meat quality, microbial indicators should be considered first. The microbiological standards proposed in this study can be used for safety management during the distribution of meat. However, to ensure meat safety, additional investigations of appropriate indicators of freshness must be conducted.