본 연구는 백두대간보호지역의 천왕봉에서 악휘봉 구간을 대상으로 조류의 다양성에 영향을 주는 서식지 요인을 구명하기 위해 2021년 4월부터 2022년 12월까지 수행되었다. 백두대간보호지역의 천왕봉에서 악휘봉 구간은 공간적 규모가 736.4㎢로 광범위하고 다양한 서식 환경이 혼재하는 지역이다. 그에 따라 조사지역은 서식지 동질성 분석을 통해 3㎞×3㎞의 조사구를 선정하여 20개의 조사구를 대상으로 수행하였다. 조사지역의 서식지 환경과 조류의 다양성 사이의 관계를 분석한 결과 조류 군집의 다양성은 육상곤충의 다양성을 비롯하여 경사도, 서식지의 평균 면적, 임상과 해발고도, 농경지와의 거리와 직·간접적으로 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 서식지의 경사도를 비롯한 임상, 농경지로부 터의 거리는 먹이원의 발생에 직·간접적으로 영향을 주며 서식지의 평균 면적과 임상은 서식지의 구조적 다양성과 밀접하게 관련된다. 따라서 조류 군집의 다양성은 서식지 내 먹이의 발생량과 서식지의 다양성에 영향을 받는 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구의 조류 군집과 서식지 환경의 관계는 조류 군집의 다양성 증진을 위한 산림의 관리방안을 수립하는데 기초 생태 자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 자본주의 다양성 이론의 변화양상을 문헌고찰을 통해 진단 하고자 한다. 국내·외 2001년부터 2020년까지 총 189개의 문헌을 선정 하고 세부주제는 ‘국가유형 분류’, ‘제도적 상호보완성과 제도변화’, ‘노 동시장과 숙련’, ‘경제성장과 혁신’으로 구분하였다. 분석 결과, 국가 유 형화 연구들은 동유럽과 아시아 국가까지 확장되었으며 재정위기에 대한 국가별 대응, 정치적 역동성에 중점을 두었다. 제도적 상호보완성 관련 논의들은 제도적 균열과 변화에 집중하며 특정한 조건이나 지역에 따라 서로 다르게 변화하는 양상을 진단하였다. 노동시장과 숙련의 측면에서 는 CME 국가들을 중심으로 조정(coordination)에 관한 다양한 해석과 숙련형성 매커니즘에 관한 비판이 제기되었다. 마지막으로 경제와 혁신 관련 논의에서는 다국적 기업의 출현과 사회적 책임 등 다양한 이슈를 포함하려는 움직임이 존재하였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 자본주의 다양성 이론에 대한 비판적 성찰을 통한 이론적·정책적 논의가 보다 성숙되어야 함을 시사하였다.

This study investigated the diversity of butterfly communities inhabiting agroecosystems and examined the effect of latitude and longitude. The ecological characteristics of butterflies inhabiting rural ecosystems, such as habitat preference and food plant range, were also examined. This study was conducted from 2019 to 2022, selecting 10 locations nationwide and conducting line transect surveys every two weeks for four years, confirming a total of 112 species and 21,901 individuals. There was no difference in the number of species and individuals by region, but there was a clear difference in community composition. The most abundant species in rural ecosystems were Pieris rapae, Polygonia c-aureum, Zizeeria maha, and Colias erate, in that order. There was no significant difference in the number of species and individuals by latitude and longitude, indicating no peninsula effect. Habitat preference showed that butterflies preferring grasslands and forest edges were much more common than those preferring the forest interior, and the food breadth was mostly oligophagous, followed by monophagous and polyphagous. Butterflies inhabiting agroecosystems had ecological characteristics that preferred open spaces such as grasslands and forest edges or relatively diverse foods, due to the similarity of the environmental characteristics of the survey points. Through this study, we believe that continuous monitoring is necessary to determine whether climate change, which is currently underway and habitat change are affecting butterflies in agroecosystems.

River estuaries are dynamic and productive ecosystems with high regional biodiversity. Environmental DNA (eDNA) has become a useful approach to assessing biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems. This study was conducted to investigate fish community characteristics and species diversity in two river estuary ecosystems, the Taehwa River and Changwon Stream. We further compared conventional and eDNA metabarcoding analyses of the fish communities. The conventional survey was performed in May, July, and October 2022, while the eDNA analysis was conducted only in May. We observed various fish species with different life histories, including carp, goby, and marine fish. We also found that migratory fish, such as dace Tribolodon hakonensis, sweetfish Plecoglossus altivelis, and eel Auguilla japonica, occurred in the Taehwa River, suggesting high river connectivity. Marine fish species were predominant in the Changwon Stream, as this river is located close to the sea. The diversity indices showed that the Taehwa River generally had higher species richness, evenness, and diversity values than the Changwon Stream. A total of 9-19 species were detected in the conventional survey for the three sites, whereas 11-18 species were found from eDNA analysis. The findings indicate that the sensitivity of eDNA was similar to or higher than that of the conventional method. Our study findings suggest the efficiency and efficacy of eDNA-based fish community monitoring, although with some shortcomings in applying the genetic marker to Korean fish, including no clear-cut distinction for Korean endemic species and/or genetically closely related species groups.

Amphibians are the world's most threatened group of animals, with approximately 41% facing extinction. Contrary to this global trend, the number of amphibian species in Korea has increased by approximately 53.3% over the past 20 years. In particular, salamanders within the genus Hynobius showed even greater diversity, with the number increasing three-fold from two species to seven. However, morphological and ecological traits required for the clear differentiation of these animals are yet to be determined, leading to much confusion. In this study, we investigated the validity of using size traits for species identification, as this method is currently considered a rule of thumb when differentiating Geoje salamanders (Hynobius geojeensis), cryptic Uiryeong salamanders (H. perplicatus), and Korean small salamanders (H. unisacculus). Our study revealed that sex, study period, and habitat were all factors associated with significant differences in snout-vent length, head width, and body weight. Differences in these size traits were evident both between and within species. Our results show that body size traits applied in the recent classification of the three new salamander species could not be seen as a suitable criterion. Such identification methods based solely on body size not only cause great confusion in the field but will also limit future research on Korean Hynobius salamanders.

This study aimed to develop a solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (solid-SNEDDS) to enhance the formulation of ketoconazole (KTZ), a BCS Class II drug with poor solubility. Ketoconazole, which is insoluble above pH 3, requires solubilization for effective delivery. This SNEDDS comprises oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant, which spontaneously emulsify in the gastrointestinal tract environment to form nanoemulsions with droplet sizes less than 100 nm. The optimal SNE-vehicle composition of oleic acid, TPGS, and PEG 400 at a 10:80:10 weight ratio was determined based on the smallest droplet size achieved. This composition was used to prepare liquid SNEDDS containing ketoconazole. The droplet size and polydispersity index (PDI) of the resulting liquid SNEDDS were analyzed. Subsequently, solid-SNEDDS was fabricated using a spray-drying method with solidifying carriers such as silicon dioxide, crospovidone, and magnesium alumetasilicate. The physicochemical properties of the solid-SNEDDS were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction, and its solubility, droplet size, and PDI were evaluated. In particular, the solid-SNEDDS containing ketoconazole and crospovidone in a 2:1 weight ratio exhibited significantly enhanced solubility, highlighting its potential for improved medication adherence and dissolution rates.

본 연구에서는 고투과성 및 높은 염 제거율을 가지는 역삼투막의 성능향상을 위하여 다양한 첨가제 및 계면중합 시 경화 온도 및 시간에 따른 특성평가에 대한 연구가 수행되었다. 첨가제가 없는 막과 첨가제를 첨가한 막의 모폴로지는 모 두 “ridge-and-valley” 구조를 나타내어, 폴리아미드 층이 다공성 지지층 표면에 성공적으로 중합되었음을 확인하였다. 또한 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol (EHD) 첨가함으로써 향상된 친수성과 수투과율 가졌으며, 이는 접촉각 측정을 통해서 확인되었다. 최 종적으로 97.78%와 98.7%의 NaCl 및 MgSO4 제거율과 3.31 L/(m2⋅h⋅bar)의 높은 수투과율을 가진 고투과성 계면중합막을 제조하였다.

This study was conducted to select indicators for assessing national biodiversity. For this purpose, 140 biodiversity-related indicators were identified as a result of inventorying biodiversity-related indicators used in Korea and abroad, and when these indicators were applied to the pressure, status, and response indicator system, it was found that status indicators accounted for the largest number of indicators, with 29 pressure, 59 status, and 44 response. We also categorized the status indicators into genes, species, habitat, function, and quality, and found that species and habitat indicators accounted for the majority. Pressure indicators were categorized into direct exploitation, pollution, alien species, climate change, and habitat change. As a result, it was found that direct exploitation and pollution accounted for most of the pressure indicators. In addition, this study used internationally used indicator selection criteria to establish criteria for selecting domestic biodiversity assessment indicators. Using this list of indicators and indicator selection criteria, we evaluated the prioritization of domestically applicable biodiversity indicators through relevant expert consultations. 1) Vegetation class, 2) Land cover indicators, and 3) Change of protected area ranked highly. In fact, these indicators have been used in many studies due to the availability of assessable data. However, most of the highly scored indicators are based on ecosystem area, and further consideration of ecosystem functions and components (species) is needed.

현재 주요 수목병해 방제는 육안조사 등을 기반으로 한 현장조사를 통해 실시 되고 있으나, 목적 달성에 있어 그 효율성 높지 않다. 수목병의 예찰 방법을 고도화하고 적기방제를 통해 그 피해를 저감시키기 위해, 본 연구는 메타지놈 분석을 이용하여 두릅나무에서의 곰팡이 다양성을 조사하였다. 속(Genus) 수준에서 메타지놈 분석결과 총 20개의 곰팡이 상이 해당 재배지 내 두릅나무에 분포하는 것으로 확인되었다. 그 중, Alternaria속과 Puccinia속이 우점하는 것으로 조사되었으며, 이는 두릅나무 재배지 내 전체에서 개체별로 일관되게 나타났으며, 특히 해당 재배지 내 두릅나무 녹병이 우점적으로 발생함이 확인되었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 두릅나무에서의 주요 곰팡이 다양성에 대한 스크리닝과 함께 주요 또는 잠재적 수목병원균류를 대상으로 메타지놈 기법으로 확인할 수 있음을 본 연구결과를 통해 확인되었다.

eDNA (environmental DNA)란 특정 환경에 서식하는 생물로부터 유래한 DNA를 의미한다. 환경 시료로부터 추출한 eDNA를 활용하면 해당 환경에 서식하는 생물들의 효율적이고 정확한 모 니터링을 수행할 수 있다. 해수 시료로부터 얻은 eDNA를 기반으로 해양생물 다양성 연구를 수행할 수 있다. 해수 시료를 채집하고 이로부터 eDNA를 추출한 뒤, metagenome 분석을 통 해 서식하는 해양생물의 종 동정과 다양성 분석이 가능하다. 본 리뷰에서는 이처럼 해수의 eDNA를 활용하여 해양 지역의 생물 다양성 연구를 수행하는 전체적인 과정을 제시하고 있다. 아직 국내에는 해양생물 다양성 연구를 위해 eDNA를 적용하는 방법이 보편화 되어있지 않으 며, 본 리뷰를 기반으로 이와 같은 eDNA 연구 방법을 정립하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

PURPOSES : The current research aims to evaluate the impact of coating materials and temperature on the percentage of bead loss in pavement markings. METHODS : Five mixtures with varying numbers of coating layers (C0, C1, C2, C3, and C4) were prepared to assess the effect of coating layers on bead loss. The effect of stripping was simulated using a modified Hamburg Wheel Tracking test. Furthermore, the influence of temperature and coating material on bead loss was examined using control mixture (without coating), YR, and SY coating mixtures. The percentage bead loss was evaluated by a developed image analysis program. RESULTS : The results demonstrated a substantial reduction in bead loss as the number of coating layers increased, with the C4 mixture showing an impressive 4.3% bead loss after 500 HWT braking cycles compared to 27.4% for the C0 mixture. Higher testing temperatures resulted in increased bead loss, with the control mixture exhibiting the highest percentage loss at 7,500 HWT rolling cycles. Conversely, the YR and SY coating mixtures displayed superior resistance to bead loss. Statistical analysis confirmed the significance of coating layers in reducing bead loss, further supporting the effectiveness of coatings in preserving bead adhesion during HWT cycles. CONCLUSIONS : The findings highlight the potential of coating materials as a key protective measure for enhancing the longevity and performance of pavement markings.

이 논문은 다양한 의견과 지식이 공존하는 현대사회의 문제를 조화롭게 풀 어나가는 방법의 한 가지 모델로서 무량수경종요(無量壽經宗要)의 정토 사 문(淨土四門) 논의 중 정(淨)⋅부정(不淨)문과 색⋅무색문에 나타난 원효의 회 통 방식과 그 정토관의 특징을 고찰한다. 원효는 이 문제에서 열린 형태의 '생 성적 회통론'을 사용한다. 즉 서로 다른 경증을 활용하여 문제를 종합적으로 이해하고, 각 부문에 해당하는 정토왕생 대상을 점차 확장적으로 이해한다. 이 과정에서 원효는 범부와 이승 왕생(往生)의 외연을 확장해 모순을 회통하 고, 모든 중생이 왕생의 잠재성을 가지고 있음을 강조한다. 또한 원효는 자수용토(自受用土)의 유색⋅무색론에 대한 화쟁에서도 경론 에 근거, 열린 형식의 상대적 회통방식을 보인다. 이를 통해 각 부문 및 문제 와 부문 간에 상호 연계된 열린 구조의 관계적 의미생성론을 제시한다. 즉 정 토왕생이라는 문제로부터 분화된 궁극적 진리와 세속적 진리, 타력과 자력 사 이에 교차하는 상호연계 구조 안에서 문제 풀이를 통해 회통이라는 해를 산 출한다. 붓다의 경험론적 리얼리즘의 사상과 상통하는 이러한 해법은 특정 진리나 상대의 입장을 이해하지 못하고 다툼을 일으키는 현대사회의 문제를 해 결할 수 있는 열린 관계론 구도를 보여준다. 주제어: 원효(元曉), 정토(淨土), 회통(會通), 무량수경종요(無量壽經宗要), 다양성, 조화.

In the last five decades, there has been a consistent decline in the total catch of fisheries in the Korean jurisdiction since the peak in 1986. The decline in catch slowed and slightly rebounded in the 2000s, but changed back to a decline in the 2010s. As indicators that can identify changes in the marine ecosystem, trophic level (TL), biodiversity index (H'), and the ratio between pelagic fish and demersal fish (P/D) were analyzed by each local marine ecosystem. There were some different changes in each local marine ecosystem, but the mean TL and H' decreased and P/D increased in general in Korean waters. Demersal fish, which were dominant in the 1970s and 1980s, declined, and small pelagic fish and cephalopods have dominantly changed since the 1990s. However, these changes are not simple, and they are fluctuating in complex ways relating to each marine ecosystem and the timing. It is believed that changes in marine ecosystems in Korean waters are likely caused by a combination of fisheries and climate change. The ecosystem indicators reflected a change in the total catch, a sharp drop in catch of demersal fish, and increasing catch of pelagic fish since the mid-1980s.

This study was a qualitative investigation into the food security and food variety among the rural elderly. For the qualitative data collection, nineteen elderly people who lived in Yangpyeong-gun were interviewed individually. Food security and variety was evaluated based on accessibility and affordability. The participants seemed to have difficulty preparing their own meals and eating with their families or others. The frequency of vegetable intake was found to be high, as vegetables were available through cultivation. However, in terms of diversity, the intake of meat and milk, which are sources of protein and calcium, was found to be significantly low. This has to do with very poor physical accessibility. A lack of nutrition education was identified as the biggest reason for not following dietary therapy despite having a pre-existing disease condition. Therefore, for the elderly in Yangpyeong-gun, it is suggested that a basic nutrition policy for food supply that can increase their actual intake is more essential than education on cooking and nutrients. Moreover, periodic nutrition education or a regular counseling system for dietary therapy through local public health centers may help improve the health of the elderly.