The primary purpose of this study is to develop system modules of school buildings and the seismic loss function of the system modules for regional loss assessment of school buildings. System modules of school buildings were developed through statistical analysis of school facilities in Korea. The structural system of school buildings with non-seismic details is defined as reinforced concrete with partially masonry walls (RCPM), and 27 system modules of RCPM were developed considering the number of stories, spans, and the age of the building. System modules were designed to assess the structural behavior by applying the shear spring model and the shear failure of the columns of the school building. Probabilistic seismic demand models for each component of system modules were derived through nonlinear dynamic analysis to determine the relationship between seismic intensity, drift ratio, and peak floor acceleration of system modules. The seismic loss function was defined as the total damage ratio, which is the ratio of replacement cost to repair cost to evaluate the seismic loss quantitatively. The system module-based seismic loss well predicted the observed data. It will be possible to help many stakeholders make risk-informed decisions for a region through the regional loss assessment of school buildings in Korea.

건물관리업은 산업현장의 생산설비와 시설로 부터 빌딩, 공동주택까지 영역을 확장하고 있다. 최근 5년간 건물관리업에 종사하는 근로자 수는 지속적으로 증가해 왔으며 해당 산업에 종사하는 재해자 수도 함께 증가하고 있다. 특히 건물관리업에서 발생하는 재해의 약 88.6%가 50인 미만 소규모 사업장에서 발생하며, 사고성 재해가 반복된다는 점에서 소규모 사업장에서 중점적으로 관리해야 하는 위험작업에 대한 정보를 제공하여 집중 관리하도록 할 필요성이 높다. 본 연구는 일의 형태가 다양한 건물관리업의 공정과 단위작 업을 표준화하고, 표준화된 작업의 우선 순위와 중요도를 AHP 기법을 통해 분석한 후 일의 중요도와 업무상 가중치를 제시하여 사업장에서 중점적으로 관리해야 하는 작업을 선별하는데 도움을 주고자 한다. 본 연구에서 제시하는 건물관리업의 표준화된 공정과 단위작업을 기반으로 향후 유해위험요인의 표준평가 모델과 표준가중치 모델을 개발하여 사업장에 적용한다면 건물관리사업의 산업재해 리스크를 체계적으로 관리하는데 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

This paper studied a new shape unit model based on Gibson and Ashby's theory. As a result of theoretical research, the relative density equation is correlated with relative elasticity, and through this study, the theoretical relationship between the relative elasticity equation was defined. The relative elasticity equation was defined based on the model for which the analysis was performed. According to the analysis results, the diameter of the model was set to 3 mm, and the maximum stress values were confirmed by reflecting the same boundary conditions. The maximum stress for each model is 5668.9MPa for Type 1, 5136.7MPa for Type 2, 5642MPa for Type 3, and 6032.9MPa for Type 4 when the truss diameter is 3mm. The relative elasticity equation was defined based on this condition. In the future, compression analysis will have to be performed in the same way, reflecting the diameter of the truss at 5 mm and 7 mm, to find and define the coefficients of the relative elasticity equation, and verification through experiments will have to be carried out based on the theoretical equation. In addition, in order to be applied in each field, proof through prototype production and installation must be carried out.

모빌리티 예측은 단순한 통행 경로 예측을 넘어, 사회 전반의 효율성 및 안전성 향상을 위한 핵심 데이터를 제공한다는 점에서 중 요하다. 기존의 예측 기법은 시공간적 규칙성과 개인 이동 패턴의 통계적 특성 분석에 주로 의존하였으며, 최근 딥러닝 기반의 시공간 모델링을 통해 예측 성능이 향상되었다. 그러나 여전히 개인 통행의 단기·장기적 시공간 의존성 및 복잡한 패턴을 처리하는 데 한계가 존재한다. 이를 극복하기 위해, 본 연구는 대규모 사전 학습된 거대 언어 모델(Large Language Model; LLM)을 도입하여, 개인 속성뿐 만 아니라 실제 통행 데이터를 반영한 객체 단위 통행 생성 프레임워크를 제안한다. LLM 기반(ChatGPT-4o) 객체 단위 통행 생성 프레 임워크는 (1) 개인 모빌리티 패턴 학습, (2) 통행 생성의 두 단계로 이루어진다. 이후 한국교통연구원의 개인통행 실태조사(2021) 데이 터를 이용하여 프레임워크의 통행 생성 성능을 확인하였다. 통행 시작·출발 시간 분포, 출발·도착지 장소 유형, 통행목적, 이용 교통수 단의 정확도를 확인한 결과, 대부분 항목에서 70% 이상의 정확도를 보였다. 하지만 통행목적은 13개의 목적 중 하나를 예측해야 하기 에 정확도가 다른 항목에 비해 약 40%로 낮게 나타났다. 본 연구는 통행 생성 프레임워크를 설계하고, 이에 맞춰 입력 데이터를 가공 및 프롬프트 엔지니어링을 수행함으로써 LLM 기반 통행 생성 기술의 가능성을 확인하였다. 향후 프레임워크의 예측 성능 검증 및 개 선을 위한 추가 연구가 필요하며, 날씨, 대규모 행사 등과 같은 외부 요인들을 고려하면 더욱 정교하고 현실적인 통행일지를 생성할 수 있을 것이다.

본고는 현대 중국어의 생성 및 도출 과정에서 실현되는 언어 단위를 구분 짓고 체 계화하여 그 언어 표현 및 운용의 정체성을 구명하였다. 언어는 인간 뇌리의 우주 세계를 말소리라는 형식을 빌려 근사(近似)하게 표현하여 소통하는 정보 처리 기제 이다. 그 과정은 내용과 형식의 층차별 연계를 통하여 구조와 역할의 병행 처리 방 식으로 실현된다. 즉, 은현적(covert) 내부 구조 체계와 외현적(overt) 실제 조작 모 듈(Module)로 구분되어 운용된다. 이를 현대 중국어로 연결하여 살펴보면 다음과 같 다. 첫째, 내용과 형식에 따른 언어 단위의 층차별 연계 관계는 의미자질-음운자질, 의미소-형태소, 개념-어휘, 구성-어절(단어, 구, 절), 판단-문장, 추리-단락 등으로 연결된다. 둘째, 구조와 역할의 관계로 본다면 구조소와 역할체로 나눌 수 있다. 구조 소로는 음운자질, 형태소, 단어, 구, 절과 그것이 갖는 속성인 명사성, 동사성, 형용사 성, 부사성 등이 있으며, 역할체로는 어절(語節)과 그것이 갖는 역할인 성분이 있다. 셋째, 형식과 구조의 측면에서는 음운자질이, 내용과 역할의 측면에서는 어절(語節) 이 현대 중국어를 생성 및 도출하는 데 핵심적인 역할을 수행하고 있다고 할 수 있 다.

This paper presents a path planning optimization model for the engineering units to install obstacles in the shortest time during wartime. In a rapidly changing battlefield environment, engineering units operate various engineering obstacles to fix, bypass, and delay enemy maneuvers, and the success of the operation lies in efficiently planning the obstacle installation path in the shortest time. Existing studies have not reflected the existence of obstacle material storage that should be visited precedence before installing obstacles, and there is a problem that does not fit the reality of the operation in which the installation is continuously carried out on a regional basis. By presenting a Mixed Integrer Programming optimization model reflecting various constraints suitable for the battlefield environment, this study attempted to promote the efficient mission performance of the engineering unit during wartime.

Numerous studies have established a correlation between sociodemographic characteristics and water usage, identifying population as a primary independent variable in mid- to long-term demand forecasting. Recent dramatic sociodemographic changes, including urban concentration-rural depopulation, low birth rates-aging population, and the rise in single-person households, are expected to impact water demand and supply patterns. This underscores the necessity for operational and managerial changes in existing water supply systems. While sociodemographic characteristics are regularly surveyed, the conducted surveys use aggregate units that do not align with the actual system. Consequently, many water demand forecasts have been conducted at the administrative district level without adequately considering the water supply system. This study presents an upward water demand forecasting model that accurately reflects real water facilities and consumers. The model comprises three key steps. Firstly, Statistics Korea’s SGIS (Statistical Geological Information System) data was reorganized at the DMA level. Secondly, DMAs were classified using the SOM (Self-Organizing Map) algorithm to consider differences in water facilities and consumer characteristics. Lastly, water demand forecasting employed the PCR (Principal Component Regression) method to address multicollinearity and overfitting issues. The performance evaluation of this model was conducted for DMAs classified as rural areas due to the insufficient number of DMAs. The estimation results indicate that the correlation coefficients exceeded 0.9, and the MAPE remained within approximately 10% for the test dataset. This method is expected to be useful for reorganization plans, such as the expansion and contraction of existing facilities.

This study proposes a methodology for the regional seismic risk assessment of structural damage to buildings in Korea based on evaluating individual buildings, considering inconsistency between the administrative district border and grid lines to define seismic hazard. The accuracy of seismic hazards was enhanced by subdividing the current 2km-sized grids into ones with a smaller size. Considering the enhancement of the Korean seismic design code in 2005, existing seismic fragility functions for seismically designed buildings are revised by modifying the capacity spectrum according to the changes in seismic design load. A seismic risk index in building damage is defined using the total damaged floor area considering building size differences. The proposed seismic risk index was calculated for buildings in 29 administrative districts in 'A' city in Korea to validate the proposed assessment algorithm and risk index. In the validation procedure, sensitivity analysis was performed on the grid size, quantitative building damage measure, and seismic fragility function update.

효율적인 산림관리와 경영이 이루어지기 위해서는 일정한 공간단위를 가지는 산림의 구획(Zoning)이 정의되어야 한다. 현재 국유림은 임･소반 기준으로, 공･사유림은 필지 단위를 기준으로 공간을 구획하여 활용하고 있다. 이러한 이원적인 공간구획체 계는 통일된 산림계획, 경영, 관리가 어려우며 장기적인 공간단위의 정보 구축과 생성, 관리에도 어려움을 끼칠 수 있다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 DEM(Digital Elevation Model) 기반으로 추출한 산줄기 유역을 소개하고 활용성 검토를 위해 현재 산림관리 단위인 임･소반도, 경영계획구, 산지/산림 관련 주제도와 중첩 분석을 수행하였다. 이를 통해 표준산림관리단위의 대안으로 제안한 각 규모별 산림유역 단위의 공간적 적합성을 검토하고 산림관리, 산림 디지털 공간자료 구축 및 관리 등의 분야에서 산줄기 내포 유역 기반 표준산림관리단위의 활용 방안을 제안하였다.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study was to improve the performance of concrete pavements by measuring the unit-water content with an Internet-of-Things (IoT)-based unit-water content measurement device at an increased precision compared with that of existing measuring equipment. METHODS : We calculated the properties of concrete that varied according to variations in the unit-water content. To confirm the change in the performance of concrete pavements, we compared and analyzed the fatigue cracking rate and international roughness index of concrete pavements at the 20-year point of public use according to the changes in properties using the Korea Pavement Research Program(KPRP). RESULTS : We confirmed that IoT-based measurement equipment can improve the performance of pavements without changing their mixing designs or specifications. We confirmed that the performance of the concrete pavements changed significantly, even with unit-water content variations within the range of quality standards. According to IoT-based unit-water content management, we confirmed that the performance of the concrete pavement (fatigue cracking rate and international roughness index) improved without changing the mixing design. CONCLUSIONS : We confirmed that by using IoT-based unit-water content management, pavement performance can be improved. It is necessary to consider whether the application of this concept to other concrete property management items, such as the chloride content, is possible. Considering the changes in concrete properties according to the unit-water content based on laboratory tests and considerations of various load conditions will be necessary for future research.

코로나19는 비말을 통해 전염되는 호흡기 질환으로 건물의 실내 공간은 코로나19의 대규모 감염에 매우 취약한 곳이다. 집약된 토지 이용으로 인해 수많은 사람들이 고층의 건물에 밀집해 있는 도시 환경은 이러한 질병에 더 취약할 수 있다. 뿐만 아니라 도시의 인구 분포는 시간에 따라 역동적인 변화를 보이기 때문에 코로나19와 같은 전염병에 대한 역학 조사의 성공은 도시 인구의 시공간적 변화를 얼마나 잘 이해하는지에 달려있다. 하지만 특정 시간대에 특정 건물에 분포하고 있는 현재 인구 밀도를 파악하는 것은 무척 어려운 일이다. 따라서 본 연구는 특정 시간대의 도시 인구의 수평적, 수직적 분포를 보다 정확하게 추정하기 위한 대안을 제시하고자 한다. 보다 구체적으로 지리가중회귀(GWR) 모델에 기반한 대시메트릭 매핑 기법을 이용하여 건물 단위의 현재 인구를 추정하였다. 일반적으로 대시메트릭 매핑 기법은 보조 자료를 사용하여 기존의 공간 스케일을 넘어 보다 상세한 수준의 인구 분포를 추정할 수 있도록 해준다. 본 연구에서는 건물의 용도와 연면적을 보조 정보로 활용하였으며, GWR 모델을 이용하여 지역적으로 이질적인 인구 분포 특성을 반영하였다. 연구 결과, 서울시 전체에 걸쳐 집계구보다 상세한 건물 단위 수준의 인구 분포를 추정할 수 있었다. 건물 단위의 현재 인구 추정은 코로나19와 같은 팬데믹 전염병의 역학 조사나 효과적인 방역 대책 수립을 위한 중요한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Purpose: This study aimed to understand nurses' experiences of team effectiveness in nursing units. Methods: Data were collected from May 2 to June 8, 2018 through in-depth interviews with ten nurses who worked at a university hospital and subsequently analyzed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis method. Results: Four themes - ‘the leadership of the head nurse that determines the success or failure of the nursing unit’, ‘a special work environment in which shift work is predominant,’ ‘the competency of individual nurses is essential for team effectiveness’, and 'creating a desirable nursing organizational culture’. - emerged, along with 15 sub-themes. Conclusion: The findings provide valuable information on hospital nurses' experiences with team effectiveness in nursing units in both universal and unique Korean hospital environments. Nursing and hospital managers should be aware of team effectiveness in nursing units to achieve organizational goals.

PURPOSES : There are significant differences in traffic accident rates depending on various road conditions and environments. However, the current traffic accident rates on national highways are classified relatively simply, and it is also difficult to accurately calculate the crash modification factor. Therefore, this study aimed to improve the traffic accident rates on national highways by presenting an algorithm for categorizing the traffic accident rates of national highway into four types (older and modern roads, and urban and rural roads). METHODS : The problems in the current rate of traffic accidents were derived, Traffic accident analysis system(TAAS) was used for the traffic accident data, and the road traffic volume statistical yearbook was used for the traffic volume data. After dividing the national highways into older and modern roads and urban and rural roads, the rates of traffic accidents were calculated and compared with the current accident rates. RESULTS : The accident rate of modern roads was found to be lower than that of older roads, and was lower in rural areas than in urban areas. From comparing the results of this study with Korea development institute(KDI) guidelines, older roads and urban roads exceeded the value in the KDI guideline, whereas the rates of modern roads and rural roads were lower than the KDI value. CONCLUSIONS : The accident rate accuracy was improved by subdividing the accident rates into four types. Therefore, it is expected that the accuracy and reliability of economic analysis on road projects will be improved.

Fen(分°) is the proportional dimension unit of the standard timber section on Yingzaofashi(營造法式), and there is a phrase that not only structural members but the whole structural design of a building also use Fen as the dimension unit on the book. But in fact only the section dimensions of structural members are recorded by Fen, but the design dimensions are recorded by Chi(尺) on the book. Other historical records also described the building size by Chi. So there has been long-standing debate on the phase in Chinese architectural history society, including the recent confrontation on the analysis of survey figures of the east great hall of Foguangsi temple(佛光寺東大殿). This paper analyzes all the records about the size of structural members and section planning on the book to make various calculation and evaluation. And it makes a survey of Cai(材) as the dimension and design unit between Chi and Fen through geometric analysis. Cai might be a rough unit of measurement in terms of structural and proportional scheming on Yingzaofashi, and the full size Cai(足材) had been a building scheming module before the Song dynasty.