Giant pacific octopus, Enteroctopus dofleini, is a large mollusk distributed in the East Sea of Korea. In this study, the catch status of giant pacific octopus by drift line fishery and the effect of sea temperature on fishing ground were investigated in Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do, which is the central coast of the East Sea. The average catch of giant pacific octopus in Gangwon-do was 1,570 tons over the past ten years, and it accounted for 21% in 2008 and 44% in 2021 compared to the total catch in the East Sea during the same period. Such data indicates that the catch in Gangwon-do has recently increased. In this study area, giant pacific octopus weighing 1.1-5.0 kg dominated accounting for 56% of the total individuals, and followed by those weighing 1 kg or less. However, the ratio of catch of giant pacific octopus over 5.1 kg tended to increase in 2021, which is thought to be related to the sea temperature that affected the fishing ground. The main depth of fishing ground was from 21 m to 50 m in this area and fishing grounds were widely distributed throughout the season except summer. Fishing ground was formed with the conditions of bottom sea temperature under 10℃ and was diminished by moving of giant pacific octopus to deeper depth with conditions of bottom sea temperature over 18℃.

The Pacific giant octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) is one of the most important species in the East Sea fishery of Korea. The annual production of Pacific giant octopus in 2021 was 3,880 metric ton between Gangwon province and Gyeongsangbuk province. Most of the fishing gears for the octopus fishery were based on behavioral properties such as thigmotaxis and chemotaxis. Wooden octopus box is also one of the fishing gears, which is application of thigmotaxis for the octopus capture in fishing industry. In this study, the tank experiments were designed to examine the behaviour and the effect of surface roughness to the infiltration of the octopus quantitatively. Three different types of octopus boxes were used for the experiments with different surface roughness on the average of 701.6 ㎛, 141.7 ㎛ and 2.09 ㎛ for each gear. 22 trials were conducted from June to September 2021. The normality of the experiments was tested using Shapiro-Wilk normality test (p-value < 0.05). The significance of results was conducted by Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test (Chi-squarded = 21, Degree of freedom = 3, p-value < 0.05). The use of wooden octopus box with rough surface was found to enhance the catch efficiency and observe infiltration behaviour of the octopus frequently.

In this study, for the purpose of reducing the catch of small giant octopus in a net pot, an escape experiment of octopus was performed on five types of escape rings of different sizes. As a result of the experiment, the smallest giant octopus with a weight of 406 g was found to escape from an escape ring with a diameter of 30 mm or larger, and 592 g octopus, a weight similar to the octopus of the current minimum landing weight (600 g), escaped from an escape ring with a diameter of larger than 40 mm. An individual weight with 406 g becomes 39 mm when converted from a diameter of 25 mm circular escape vent; that is, the circumference to the inner diameter of the mesh. It can be inferred that the converted mesh size of 39 mm cannot escape. Logistic regression analysis was performed using a generalized linear model (GLM) to investigate the correlation between the ratio of escape ring size/Mantle diameter (R/MD) and the escape rate. As a result, it was found that there was a significant correlation between the R/MD ratio and the escape rate and that the higher the R/MD ratio, the greater the escape rate. As a result of logistic regression analysis, the R/MD value was denoted 0.520 with the 50% escape rate. In addition, it can be estimated to be about 50 mm when converted to the mesh size. Therefore, in this study, the diameter of the escape ring and the size of the escape possible of the octopus were experimentally considered. It was found that there was a significant correlation.

The purpose of this study is to provide information about annual variations in catch size and changes in reproductive biology in the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, a commercially important species in Jeju Island. Samples were collected from coastal waters of Jeju Island, Korea by coastal trap fishery from January to November 2021. Octopus vulgaris have been decreasing in this region since 1984. The mantle length (ML) ranged from 4.5 to 17.8 cm and body weight (BW) ranged form 88.5 to 2,657.5 g. A χ 2 -test revealed that the number of males was significantly greater than females (χ 2 = 32.712, df = 10, P<0.05). Mature females were found from January to July and male occurred January to August. The gonadosomatic index value was higher from July to August than other months. The relationship between mantle length and body weight was BW = 2.4527ML 2.3139 (female) and BW = 2.6785ML 2.3159 (male). At 50% group maturity, female and male average weight was estimated to be 554.7 g and 330.6 g, respectively.

In this study, the fishery status of the octopus pot fishery in the east coastal sea were investigated, and the fishing performance of each pot shape was compared and analyzed. The fishery status survey was conducted through listening surveys at Jukbyeon Port, Uljin Port and Pohang Daebo Port in Gyeongbuk Province, and the amount of fishing gear used, fishing method, size and loss of octopus pot fishery was investigated. On the east coastal sea, octopus is one of the commercially important fish stocks and is caught in inshore pots, inshore combos, inshore gillnets and offshore pots. Among these fishing methods, pot fishing yields the highest catch. The shape of the pot differs depending on the region. In Uljin (Jukbyeon Port and Hupo Port), Gyeongbuk, rectangular type net pots are mainly used, and in Pohang (Daebo Port) in Gyeongbuk, drum-type pots are mostly used. Enteroctopus dofleini accounts for more than 90% of the catch of octopus. For the octopus fishing performance test by trap type, three types of traps (rectangular pot, drum pot and cylinder pot) were used on the coastal sea of Pohang Daebo. As a result, the total catch by pot shape was shown in the order of rectangular-type pot > drum-type pot > cylinder-type pot. The catch of octopus, the target species, was in the following order: rectangular-type pot > drum-type pot > cylinder-type pot. Such result shows a significant difference (Mann-Whitney test, p<0.05).

최근까지 우리나라 연근해어업에 있어서 불법어업은 대부분의 업종에서 매 우 다양하게 지속적으로 발생되고 있다. 이러한 불법어업의 유형 중에서도 조업중 수산관계법령상 어업규제 조치를 위반하는 통발어업, 문어단지어업, 자망 어업 등 정치성·부설형어업의 경우 문제가 되는 것이 폐어구를 많이 발생시키 고 있다는 것이다. 특히 통발어업이나 문어단지어업은 거의 대부분 어업규제 조치를 위반한 불법어업으로 유실어구를 많이 발생시키고 있다. 이렇게 발생되 는 폐어구는 연약한 해양생태계 환경을 파괴하고 유령어업을 유발시켜 수산자 원 감소로 이어지고 있기 때문에 수산자원의 보호ㆍ관리 측면에서도 많은 문제 가 있고, 연간 어획량의 10%인 약 3,800억원의 수산업 피해가 발생되고 있다는 점이다. 또한, 어구용 스티로폼, 플라스틱, 나일론 그물망 등으로 제조된 폐어구가 바 다에 장시간 방치될 경우 미세플라스틱이 발생된다. 이를 해양생물들이 섭취하 고 결국 우리의 식탁에 오르게 되면, 인체에 매우 유해한 물질을 최종적으로 인간이 섭취하게 된다. 이런 사유로 세계식량농업기구, 유엔환경계획 등 국제 기구를 비롯한 어업 선진국에서는 해양생태계 환경 오염, 유령어업으로 유발되 어 수산자원 감소로 이어지고 있는 폐어구 발생 저감을 위한 적극적인 관리대 책을 강구하고 있다. 본 연구는 불법어업으로 폐어구를 발생시켜 해양생태계 오염 및 유령어업을 유발함으로써 수산자원을 감소시키고 있는 통발어업과 문어단지어업에 대한 어업규제 위반행위를 근절시킴으로써 폐어구 발생 저감을 위한 방안을 모색하 였다. 따라서 현행 어업규제 관련 법령을 검토, 그 문제점을 고찰하여 폐어구 발생 저감을 위한 법적 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다.

Interviews and boarding surveys were conducted in order to understand the actual usage of octopus pot in the coastal composite fishery in Jeollanam-do. According to the results of the interviews conduced by visiting the areas (Goheung, Yeosu and Wando), the number of octopus pots per nine-ton vessel were 30,000-80,000, and the number of daily usage pots were 7,000-10,000. The number of octopus pots per four-ton vessel was 40,000, and the number of daily usage pots were 4,000. As a result of the survey on two octopus pot fishing boats (9.77-ton and 4.99-ton) in Yeosu area, the daily catch weight of 9-ton class vessel was the minimum of 66.9 kg and the maximum of 159.6 kg. The daily catch weight of the four-ton class fishing vessel was from 31.3 kg to maximum 85.6 kg. The average number of octopus pot used per day in the nine-ton class vessel was 6,821 (the minimum of 6,031 and the maximum of 7,697) and 3,181 (the minimum of 2,282 and the maximum of 3,878) in the four-ton class vessel.

In order to replace sardine baits for octopus pot, an efficacy experiment to lure with alternative bait (fermented skate or chicken skin in artificial crab or northern clam) pots and sardine pot were conducted in a circular water tank. The soaking time of the sardine bait was divided into two categories: six days or less and seven days or more. The behavioral response of octopus to the artificial bait pots and sardine pot were investigated. In the comparison of the luring effects between pots with fermented skate inside artificial crab or northern clam and sardine pot, the pot with artificial crab + fermented skate had better results than the other pots in the section distribution (31.6%) and the number of times the pot was entered into (20.0%) (p > 0.05). In the comparison of the luring effects between pots with chicken skin inside artificial crab or northern clam and sardine pot, the pot with northern clam + chicken skin had better results than the other pots in the section distribution (22.6%) and number of times the pot was entered into (55.6%) (p < 0.05). The results were also better compared to those of pot with artificial crab + fermented skate. From these results, it seems that in the luring effect aspect, sardine bait can be replaced with artificial bait consisting of chicken skin inside northern clam.

In this study, the linguistic features of spoken and written expressions of South and North Korean were examined through the analysis of quasi-spoken language corpora. The Korean language can be understood better through a broader study of spoken language than written language. In this paper, the frequencies of the use of parts of speech, transformative endings, the forms of ending sentences/utterances, types of sentences/utterances, degree adverbs used as the meaning ‘very’ were researched. The language expressions of South and North Korean have a lot in common, but there are not a few differences in part. The differences appear more in colloquialism than in written language. The exact understanding of them will be possible by building a very large scale of spoken and written corpus of South and North Korean.

This study investigated the luring effect of the sardine bait, which is used to catch octopus with pot, as the preliminary study for the development of alternative bait for octopus pot. The soaking time for bait was divided into “5 days or less” and “11 days or longer” The number of times octopus entered the pot with bait and the empty pot was investigated under dark adaptation and light adaptation processes and the distribution of tank section was investigated under light adaptation process. The case of “11 days or longer” sardine soaking time showed higher rate of distribution in the section of pot with bait compared to the case of “5 days or less” In the case of “5 days or less” soaking time, the number of times the octopus entered the pot with bait was similar to that it entered the pot without it even during dark adaptation and light adaptation. However, in the case of “11 days or longer”, the octopus entered the pot with bait more quickly than the pot without bait and more frequently during dark adaptation hours. There were cases where the octopus did not enter any pot. In the case of “5 days or less”, with less decomposition of baits, the octopus entered the empty pot more during light adaptation process, and it appeared that the pot was used as a hideout.

As an interest in the Chinese language, culture, society, and economy increases in Korea, a large amount of spoken and written narrative texts in Chinese are encountered in daily life and occupational areas. During the interaction process between the Chinese and Korean cultures, many difficulties can arise in understanding the definitions of Chinese vocabulary. The Chinese-Korean dictionary is an essential search tool for Koreans who wish to look up the definitions of Chinese texts. There are many things to consider when compiling a Chinese-Korean dictionary for native Korean speakers or those who study Chines through Korean: which vocabulary must be included, how to arrange them, how to select and explain their definitions and examples, etc. Among the vocabulary listed in the Chinese-Korean dictionary, this study analyzed the definitions of those that appeared less than 10 times in the Chinese corpus, and focused on determining the propriety of the vocabulary selections, as well as the accuracy of their definitions. Moreover, this study is the third study of section D and focused on the vocabularies included in D3 for our analysis.

In order to manage and rebuild fishery resources, the fishing effort should be controlled effectively. Especially in the setting up of the proper level of fishing efforts, economic standards as well as biological standards must be carefully considered to promote the sustainable and economically viable development of fisheries. This study is aimed to estimate optimal fishing effort of giant octopus by combo fishing which uses longline in Gangwon with statistical data. The result showed that current fishing effort is 28% higher than EMEY. Unit fishing cost for each voyage will be 27% lower and unit fishing profit will be 17% higher than the current situation when the fishing effort meets EMEY. Although current fishing effort is similar to the EMSY, current catching is 16% higher than MSY and 22% higher than MEY.

Maturity and spawning of the giant Pacific octopus, Octopus dofleini was investigated based on the samples collected in the coast of Gangwondo, East Sea, from January to December in 2009. Individuals of mature stage had a higher occurrence rate from February toMay, and gonadosomatic index (GSI) also showed a higher value from February toMay than the other months. For that reason, the spawning period was estimated from February to May with the main spawning period from March to May. The total number of eggs in the fecundity (F) ranged from 9,045 in 11.0 kg (TW) to 148,682 in 16.5 kg (TW), which was proportional to total weight (TW), and the relationship between total weight and fecundity was F=0.185×TW2.238 (R2=0.389). The total weight at 50% group maturity (TW0.5) of female was estimated to be 12.2 kg.

중고등학교 문언문 교육은 마땅히 “어법”과 “어법학”을 구분하여야 하며, 각 문의(文意)는 각종 어법 현상을 결합하여 판정해야 한다.

Biodegradable octopus pot was developed to reduce plastic pollution problem in the sea and fishing trouble between fishermen. It can be expect to recycle other wasted biodegrade fishing gear. Experimental fishing was carried out to understand the difference in fishing efficiency between Polyethylene (PE) octopus pots and biodegradable (Polybutylene Succinate and Polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate) octopus pots which was tried to make in this study in the sea. There were caught by 237 numbers of fishing during the experimental period. Among the 237 numbers of fishing, 160 or 67.5% were PE pots which were more than the biodegradable pots. A comparison of the monthly catches between the PE pots and biodegradable pots shows that the catches were overall higher in the PE pots than in the other pots. The result is very similar with the comparison of total catches by each type of the pots. In terms of bycatch, the number of species, amount of catches and the number of fishing with bycatch were more significant in the biodegradable pots than in the PE pots.

The choice behavior of the octopus in response to the environment-friendly colored sinker for octopus driftline and the sinker's fishing effect were studied under experimental conditions in the water tank and the field. The colors of the sinkers used for the experiment are white, black, yellow and green. Artificial baits are attached to the sinkers in order to attract the octopuses in the experiment. In the water tank experiment, two sinkers of two different colors are placed in a compartmentalized corner of the rectangular tank, and a CCD camera records the choice behaviors of the octopuses to the colored sinkers. In the field experiment, the catch investigation of octopus for each colored sinker was conducted 14 times in total by using 2(A, B) commercial fishing boats at the coast of Gangneung within 30m of depth in 2006. The number of colored sinkers per operation was a total of 24-40 pieces with the same number of sinkers individually for four colors. As a result, it was found that the octopus selected white the most followed by black and yellow in their choice of colored sinkers in the water tank experiment, and green was the lowest in their choice. Even in the field experiment, the sinkers of white and black showed a higher catch of octopus than the sinkers of yellow and green.