With medical use of hemp, many medicinal cultivars were bred worldwide. Propagating cultivar using seed has a high cost. On the other hand, vegetatively propagating cultivar has various merits including short breeding period and uniformity. This study aimed to determine optimal conditions for propagating hemp after cutting, including sterilizing of rooting media, rooting hormone, and mixing ratio of growing media and sand of rooting media. Korean landrace strain of hemp plant was grown in Wagner pot (size: 1/2,000 a) for 60 days. Its branches were cut to 70∼80 mm in length and used for cutting slips. The rooting medium, a horticultural nursery medium, was autoclaved for 3 hours at 120 ℃. The mixing ratio of sand and nursery media was 9:1, 7:3, 5:5, or 3:7 in weight. Cutting slips were coated with rooting hormone (1-naphthylacetamide 0.4%) just before planting. Cutting materials were planted in a tray pot of 72 cells and grown in a walk-in-chamber for 28 days with a temperature of 25 ℃ and an intensity of radiation of 800 μmol/㎡/sec. Seedling rates were 61.1%, 77.8%, and 63.0% for mixing ratios of 1:9, 3:7, and 5:5 of sand mixed with horticultural nursery medium. These seedling rates were significantly higher than a seedling rate of 31.5 % for a mixing ratio of 7:3. Root lengths were 97 mm, 91 mm, and 81 mm for mixing ratios of 1:9, 3:7, and 5:5 of sand mixed with horticultural nursery medium. These root lengths were significantly longer than a root length of 37 mm for a mixing ratio of 7:3. Rooting rates were 81.1 % and 91.2 % for slips coated with rooting hormone and sterilized rooting media, respectively. They were 40.0 % and 18.3 % for slips not coated with rooting hormone or sterilized rooting media, respectively. Thus, for vegetative propagating (cutting) of medicinal hemp, sterilizing of rooting media and coating slips with rooting hormone will be essential to conducting the propagation process.

인삼 뿌리썩음병균(Cylindrocarpon destructans)과 뿌리혹선충(Meloidogyne spp.)은 국내 인삼(panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) 연작장해의 주요인으로, 인삼 생산성 향상을 위해 방제가 필요하다. 본 연구는 새로 개발한 액제 훈증성 토양 소독제를 살포하며 동시에 비닐피복이 가능한 트랙터부착형 토양 소독기를 이용하여 dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)를 처리하였을 때, C. destructans와 뿌리혹선충의 방제효과를 분석하고, 시작기의 성능을 확인하기 위해 수행하였다. 토양 소독기를 이용하여 인삼 재배 포장에 DMDS를 처리한 후 비닐이 피복된 상태에서 5주간 훈증하였다. 토양 소독기의 성능은 약제 살포량 오차 2.5%, 작업능률 0.9h/10a로 40%의 노력절감 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 처리 전후 C. destructans 의 밀도를 분석한결과 82.5%의 밀도 억제 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 뿌리혹선충 방제효과는 100%로 나타났다. 따라서, 본 토양 소독기 시작기를 이용하여 능률적으로 DMDS를 처리할 수 있으며, C. destructans와 뿌리혹선충의 방제효과를 볼 수 있는 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 고부가가치 약용작물인 잔대(Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara)의 종자 형태특성과 휴면 유형을 조사하고, 발아율 향상을 위한 소독제와 광질을 선발하기 위해서 수행되었다. 종자 소독은 증류수(대조구), NaClO 4%, H2O2 4%와 benomyl 500mg·L-1를 이용하여 실시하였으며, 광질처리는 암조건(control I), 형광등 (control II), LEDs[red, blue, green, RB LEDs(red:blue = 8:2, 6:4, 4:6, 2:8)]를 광주기 12/12(light/dark), 광도 150μmol·m-2·s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density로 설정 하였다. 잔대 종자는 emryo (E):seed (S) ratio가 0.4로 미숙배 종자지만 30일 이내에 발아가 되며, 침지 6시간 만에 포화상태에 도달하였다. 종자 소독 후 benomyl 처리에서 곰팡이 발생이 유의적으로 억제되었으며, 최종 발아 율이 87%로 가장 높았다. 적색광에서 최종 발아율이 92%로 가장 높았으며, 일일평균발아수는 R2B8에서 가장 적었다. 따라서 잔대 종자는 휴면이 거의 없으며, benomyl 소독제와 적색광이 발아율 향상에 효과적이여, 향후 약용작물 잔대 재배에 이용가치가 높을 것이라 판 단된다.

In this study, a model was developed to predict for Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) generated in water supply networks and consumer premises, before and after the introduction of advanced water purification facilities. Based on two-way ANOVA, which was carried out to statistically verify the water quality difference in the water supply network according to introduce the advanced water treatment process. The water quality before and after advanced water purification was shown to have a statistically significant difference. A multiple regression model was developed to predict the concentration of DBPs in consumer premises before and after the introduction of advanced water purification facilities. The prediction model developed for the concentration of DBPs accurately simulated the actual measurements, as its coefficients of correlation with the actual measurements were all 0.88 or higher. In addition, the prediction for the period not used in the model development to verify the developed model also showed coefficients of correlation with the actual measurements of 0.96 or higher. As the prediction model developed in this study has an advantage in that the variables that compose the model are relatively simple when compared with those of models developed in previous studies, it is considered highly usable for further study and field application. The methodology proposed in this study and the study findings can be used to meet the level of consumer requirement related to DBPs and to analyze and set the service level when establishing a master plan for development of water supply, and a water supply facility asset management plan.

Pollutants removal and disinfection effect of secondary effluent from final settling tank of sewage treatment plant of W city were investigated in Loop Reactor using ordinary granular activated carbon(GAC) and GAC coated with silver nanoparticles. The results showed that the removal efficiency of CODMn, T-N and T-P using GAC with silver nanoparticles were higher than using the ordinary GAC. The removal efficiency of T-P using GAC with silver nanoparticles is 45.4% and that of T-P using ordinary GAC is 30.9% in the same case of the input amount of 20 g/L of GAC. The total califorms is reduced according to increasing input amount of GAC with silver nanoparticles and ordinary GAC. The disinfection efficiency of total coliforms in case of GAC with silver nanoparticles is much higher than that in case of ordinary GAC. For all experiments using the silver nanoparticles, the total coliforms is under 26 cfu/mL and this shows very excellent disinfection effect.

There has been an accelerating increase in water reuse due to growing world population, rapid urbanization, and increasing scarcity of water resources. However, it is well recognized that water reuse practice is associated with many human health and ecological risks due to numerous chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms. Especially, the potential transmission of infectious disease by hundreds of pathogenic viruses in wastewater is one of the most serious human health risks associated with water reuse. In this study, we determined the response of different bacteriophages representing various bacteriophage groups to chlorination in real wastewater in order to identify a more reliable bacteriophage indicator system for chlorination in wastewater. Different bacteriophages were spiked into secondary effluents from wastewater plants from three different geographic areas, and then subjected to various doses of free chlorine and contact time at 5˚C in a bench-scale batch disinfection system. The inactivation of φX174 was relatively rapid and reached ∼4 log10 with a CT value of 5 mg/L*min. On the other hand, the inactivation of bacteriophage PRD1 and MS2 were much slower than the one for φX174 and only ~1 log10 inactivation was achieved by a CT value of 10 mg/L*min. Overall, the results of this study suggest that bacteriophage both MS2 and PRD1 could be a reliable indicator for human pathogenic viruses for chlorination in wastewater treatment processes and water reuse practice.

수출입식물 검역적 소독처리에서 메틸브로마이드와 같이 화학적 소독방법을 주로 이용되어 왔다. 그러나, 이 화학적 소독방법은 환경, 인체 또는 식물체에 나쁜 영향을 미칠 수 있어 전 세계적으로 친환경적인 물리적 소독방법을 개발하여 왔다. 그 중 이온화 에너지를 이용한 소독기술이 다양한 해충, 다양한 품목에 적용할 수 있는 기술로 인정된다. 국제식물보호기구(IPPC), 미국, 호주 등에서 이미 이온화에너지 적용 소독처리기준을 설정하여 활용하고 있다. 최근 국내 대학 및 연구기관 역시 국내의 주요 검역해충 및 식물에 대한 이온화에너지 처리기준을 설정하기 위하여 연구를 수행하여 검역본부에 기준 설정을 신청하였으며, 검역본부는 이에 대한 평가를 실시하였다. 제출된 기준안은 총 9개였으며, 대상해충은 목화진딧물, 담배가루이, 꽃노랑총채벌레 등 9종, 대상식물은 국화 절화, 장미 절화, 배 생과실 등 6개 품목이었고, 시험에 사용된 방사선원은 감마선, 엑스선, 전자선이었다. 제출된 기준안에 명시된 감수성평가, 침투성평가, 현장적용시험 등에 대한 검토를 실시하였다. 이중 기준안에 대한 검토기준에 적합하다고 판단된 6개 기준안에 대하여 소독처리기준 설정 심의회에 상정하였으며, 조건부 통과한 1개 기준안을 제외한 5개 기준안의 심의가 통과되었다. 향후 농림축산검역본부 고시인 ｢수출입식물검역 소독처리규정｣ 개정시 동 소독처리기준안을 포함시킬 계획이다. 아울러 방사선처리시설의 요건, 승인 절차 및 방법, 처리 방법 등 방사선 소독처리의 실용화에 필요한 세부사항도 고시 개정시 반영할 예정이다.

Study on effluent organic matter (EfOM) characteristic and removal efficiency is required, because EfOM is important in regard to the stability of effluents reuse, quality issues of artificial recharge and water conservation of aqueous system. UV technology is widely used in wastewater treatment. Many reports have been conducted on microbial disinfection and micro pollutant reduction with UV treatment. However, the study on EfOM with UV has limited because low/medium pressure UV lamp is not sufficient to affect refractory organics. The high intensity of pulsed UV would mineralize EfOM itself as well as change the characteristics of EfOM. Chlorine demand and DBPs formation is affected on the changed amounts and properties of EfOM. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect on EfOM, chlorine residual, and chlorinated DBPs formation with low pressure and pulsed UV treatment. The removal of organic matter through low pressure UV treatment is insignificant effect. Pulsed UV treatment effectively removes/transforms EfOM. As a result, the chlorine consumption is changed and chlorine DBPs formation is decreased. However, excessive UV treatment caused problems of increasing chlorine consumption and generating unknown by-products.

딸기재배지에서 피해를 주는 뿌리혹선충과 뿌리썩이선충의 피해를 경감하고자 두선충이 복합 감염된 논산 딸기재배지에서 여름철 휴경기에 녹비(Crotalaria)재배, 태양열소독과 녹비재배후 태양열소독 처리에 의한 선충의 밀도 억제 효과를 조사하였다. 녹비작물을 2개월간 키운 다음 잘라서 토양에 넣은후 태양열 소독한 처리구에서 무처리에 비해 뿌리혹선충과 뿌리썩이선충은 각각 99%의 밀도억제 효과를 보였으며, 태양열소독 단독 처리구에 비해 방제효과가 높았다. 그러나, 녹비재배 처리구는 무처리에 비해 선충밀도 억제효과를 보이지 않았다. 녹비재배전 선충밀도는 뿌리혹선충 154마리/토양 100g, 뿌리썩이선충 725마리/토양100g에서 딸기정식 6개월후의 녹비재배+태양열소독 처리구의 토양100당 선충밀도는 뿌리혹선충 1마리(무처리 130마리), 뿌리썩이선충 0마리(무처리 2,889)였으며, 태양열소독 처리구는 뿌리혹선충 6마리, 뿌리썩이선충 59마리로 감소한데 비해, 녹비처리구는 뿌리혹선충 695마리, 뿌리썩이선충 819마리였다. 녹비재배후 태양열 소독 처리구의 딸기 생육은 무처리에 비해 초장은 142%, 건물중은 133% 높았다.

환경조절열처리는 일명 CATTS (controlled atmosphere temperature treatment system)로 특정 해충의 생존 한계에 해당하는 고온을 처리하면서 방역효과를 극대 화하는 기술로써 수확 후 소독 처리 기술인 메틸브로마이드 훈증처리를 대체할 친 환경 수확 후 소독 기술로 개발되고 있다. 복숭아심식나방(Carposina sasakii)은 수출국의 검역 대상 해충이다. 본 연구는 국내 사과를 일부 외국으로 수출할 경우 검역대상으로 지목받고 있는 복숭아심식나방에 CATTS 기술을 적용하였고, 이에 따른 수출용 후지 사과의 품질을 조사하였다. 소독 처리에 사용된 CATTS는 시간 당 16℃씩 증가하여 기기의 내부 온도가 46℃가 되었을 때 이산화탄소 15%, 산소 1% 환경 조건을 맞추어 주었고, 과실 내부의 온도가 44℃에 도달하였을 때 소독 처리를 시작하였다. CATTS 소독 처리는 0 분, 30 분, 60 분, 75 분, 90 분, 120 분, 150 분과 180 분으로 나누어 처리하였다. CATTS 소독 처리 후 후지 사과는 상온 (25℃) 조건에서 1 일, 7 일과 14 일 저장하였고, 저온(1℃) 조건에서 1 일, 7 일, 14 일, 30 일, 60 일, 75 일, 90 일과 120 일 저장하였다. 저장 시기별로 사과 품질을 조사하였다. 사과 품질은 이화학 품질 특성(경도, 당도와 산도), 호흡 속도(에틸렌, 이산화탄소)와 외부･내부 갈변율을 조사하였다. 이화학 품질 특성과 호흡 속도에 따른 차이가 없었으며, 60 분 처리 시간을 기준으로 처리 시간과 저장 기간이 증가 에 비례하였다.

As an environment-friendly phytosanitary measure, CATTS (controlled atmosphere temperature treatment system) has been developed to kill several quarantine insect pests infesting subtropical agricultural commodities. This study tested any possibility to apply CATTS to apples to effectively eliminate the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii, which has been regarded as a quarantine insect from the imported countries. When the larvae of C. sasakii were directly exposed to 46℃ (an installed lethal temperature of CATTS), they showed a median lethal time at 14.66 min. Addition of high carbon dioxide to the temperature treatment enhanced the thermal limit susceptibility of C. sasakii to 46℃. CATTS device was constructed to automatically control CO₂ concentration and temperature with real-time monitoring both in the chamber and in the fruit. The larvae internally infesting apples were tested using the CATTS device and showed 100% lethality after 60 min exposure to a treatment of 46℃ under 15% CO₂ in the chamber. Relatively long exposure may be due to the deviation between the ramping temperature (0.35℃/min) of the chamber and the ramping temperature (0.12-0.23℃/min) inside apple fruit, where the tested larvae were located. This study suggests a possibility that CATTS can be applied as a quarantine measure to kill the larvae of C. sasakii locating inside the apples.

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the sanitary management status of chlorine sterilization methods used for raw fruits in a school foodservice, and to suggest basic data for sanitary improvements in the quality of raw fruits. A questionnaire form predicated on HACCP standards was developed and utilized for self-reported evaluations of dietitians regarding their sanitary management practices. The subjects consisted of 257 dietitians that were employed in school (elementary middle high school) foodservices. The collected data were analyzed with the SAS package. According to the results of this study, it was deemed necessary that optimized sterilization and washing methods for good microbiological safety and quality of strawberries and bananas in school foodservice should be determined. Some strategies for future improvement were also suggested. They included the following: (1) Improvement of policy for assuring the quality of raw fruits by designing some sanitation standards and specifications for raw fruits; (2) Strengthening the research and accumulation of background data regarding methods for the sanitation of raw fruits; (3) Enforced improvement of personal hygiene for dietitians and employees; (4) Use of a variety of methods in sanitary education and employee training.

In this study, we examined the suitability of ten disinfection models for predicting the inactivation of Artemia sp. via single or combined physical and chemical treatments. The effect of Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) on the inactivation of Artemia sp. was examined experimentally. Disinfection models were fitted to the experimental data by using the GInaFiT plug-in for Microsoft Excel. The inactivation model were evaluated on the basis of RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), SSE (mean Sum Square Error) and r2. An inactivation model with the lowest RMSE, SSE and r2 close to 1 was considered the best. The Weibull+Tail model was found to be the most appropriate for predicting the inactivation of Artemia sp. via electrolytic treatment and electrolytic-ultrasonic combined treatment. The Log-linear+Tail model was the most appropriate for modeling inactivation via homogenization and combined electrolytic-homogenization treatment. The double Weibull disinfection model was the most suitable for the predicting inactivation via ultrasonic treatment.

While a range of natural organic matter (NOM) types can generate high levels of disinfection by-products (DBPs) after chlorination, there is little understanding of which specific compounds act as precursors. Use of eight model compounds allows linking of explicit properties to treatability and DBP formation potential (DBPFP). The removal of model compounds by various treatment processes and their haloacetic acid formation potential (HAAFP) before and after treatment were recorded. The model compounds comprised a range of hydrophobic (HPO) and hydrophilic (HPI) neutral and anionic compounds. On the treatment processes, an ozone oxidation process was moderate for control of model compounds, while the HPO-neutral compound was most treatable with activated carbon process. Biodegradation was successful in removing amino acids, while coagulation and ion exchange process had little effect on neutral molecules. Although compared with the HPO compounds the HPI compounds had low HAAFP the ozone oxidation and biodegradation were capable of increasing their HAAFP. In situations where neutral or HPI molecules have high DBPFP additional treatments may be required to remove recalcitrant NOM and control DBPs.

Formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) including trihalomethans (THMs), haloacetic acid (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and others from chlorination of algogenic organic matter (AOM) of Microcystis sp., a blue-green algae. AOM of Microcystis sp. exhibited a high potential for DBPs formation. HAAs formation potential was higher than THMs and HANs formation potential. The percentages of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) formation potential were 43.4% and 51.4% in the total HAAs formation potential. In the case of HANs formation potential, percentage of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) formation potential was 97.7%. Other DBPs were aldehydes and nitriles such as acetaldehyde, methylene chloride, isobutyronitrile, cyclobutanecarbonitrile, pentanenitrile, benzaldehyde, propanal, 2-methyl, benzyl chloride, (2-chloroethyl)-benzene, benzyl nitrile, 2-probenenitrile and hexanal.

Using high voltage electric fields induced by high voltage AC (10-12 kV/cm, 20 kHz) and pulsed (20-30 kV/cm, 40 Hz) electric field generator as a semipermanent and environment-friendly disinfecting apparatus, the disinfection effect of coliform group in the effluent of sewage plant was investigated. The effects of electric field strength, treatment time, discharge area of a discharge tube, water quality factors (electric conductivity, pH and SS) on its death rate were examined. The death rate of coliform group was increased with increasing electric field strength and treatment time. For AC and pulsed electric field generator, the critical electric field strength was 6 kV/cm and 2 kV/cm, respectively, and the critical treatment time was 5 min and 2 min, respectively, regardless of electric field strength. Comparing the death rate of coliform group by AC and pulsed electric fields used in this study, its death rate was higher for the latter than the former, but did not increase linearly with increasing electric field strength. The results obtained for the effects of discharge area, electric conductivity, pH and SS on the death rate of coliform group using AC electric field (12 kV/cm, 20 kHz) were as follows: its death rate showed the trend to increase linearly with increasing discharge area; for the effect of electric conductivity, its death rate was increased with increasing electric conductivity, regardless of ionic species, increased with increasing cationic valency, but was similar between the same cationic valency; the pH 5～9 used in this study did not affect its death rate; its death rate was decreased with increasing SS concentration.