식물에서 흔히 존재하는 isoquercetin의 유전독성을 평가하기 위하여 최종평가항목인 DNA 절단 및 염색체 손상을 quercetin과 비교 평가하였다. 7주령의 수컷 ICR 마우스를 사용하였고 3일 동안 시험물질을 경구로 투여하였다. 부형제로 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose를 사용하였고 isoquercetin과 quercetin은 각각 250, 500 mg/kg/day로 투여하였으며, 양성대조물질로 ethyl methanesulfonate 200mg/kg/day를 사용하였다. 일차 투여 후 48시간에 그리고 마지막 투여 후 3시간 내에 부검하였고 조직을 적출하였다. DNA 손상은 Comet assay를 사용하여 위와 간세포에서 관찰하였고, 소핵시험은 골수세포에서 소핵 분석방법을 사용하여 평가하였다. 두 가지 유전독성 시험을 동일마우스를 사용하여 수행하였다. 그 결과, isoquercetin과 quercetin의 경구 투여는 500 mg/kg/day에서도 위와 간에서 DNA 손상을 초래하지 않았으며 골수세포에서 소핵을 유발하지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구에서 사용한 플라보노이드는 본 실험 조건하에서 유전독성을 유발하지 않는 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 능소화를 대상으로 화분형태 및 RAW264.7 대식세포에서의 세포생존에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 유해성 여부를 파악하고자 한다. 주사전자현미경을 이용한 화분 형태를 확인해 본 결과, 화분립 형태는 장구형이고 발아구의 형태는 3공구형이며 화분 표벽 (extine)은 망상의 형태이고 외부로 돌출된 돌기는 관찰되지 않았다. 능소화 70% MeOH 부위별 (꽃, 잎, 줄기) 추출물 및 화밀을 24, 48시간 동안 농도별 (10, 20, 50, 100 μg mL-1)로 RAW264.7 대식세포에 처리한 후 MTT assay로 측정하였다. 그 결과, 능소화 추출물 및 화밀을 농도별로 24시간 처리하였을 때 모든 농도에서 99.0% 이상의 세포생존율을 보여 세포독성은 나타나지 않았다. 48시간 처리하였을 때 꽃, 잎, 줄기 추출물은 50 μg mL-1농도 이하에서 세포독성은 나타나지 않았으나, 화밀의 경우 저농도인 10 μg mL-1부터 농도의존적으로 세포독성이 높아지는 것을 확인하였다.

본 연구는 쌀을 비롯한 저장곡물을 가해하는 어리쌀바구미(Sitophilus zeamais) 성충에 대해서 8종의 식물정유의 훈증독성과 Y-tube를 이용한 후각반응으로 기피효과를 조사하였다. 10㎕/L air의 농도에서 훈증독성시험 결과 pennyroyal과 tea tree 오일에서 각각 97%, 63%의 높은 살충효과를 보였다. 특히, pennyroyal oil(LT50, hour=3.87)은 tea tree oil((LT50, hour=4.09)보다 높고 빠른 살충력을 보였다. 10㎕/filter paper의 농도에서 후각계를 이용한 기피효과는 Cedarwood(80%), Cinnamon(83.3%), Cypress(81.1%), pennyroyal(97.1%) oil이 높은 기피활성을 보였으며, 이보다 낮은 1㎕/filter paper의 농도에서도 Cinnamon(82.4%), Cypress(80.0%), pennyroyal(86.7%) 오일은 높은 기피활성을 나타냈다.

본 연구는 쌀을 비롯한 저장 곡물을 가해하는 어리쌀바구미(Sitophilus zeamais) 성충에 대해서 8종의 식물정유의 훈증독성과 후각계(ID 1.5cm, arm 12cm, stem 15cm)를 이용한 기피효과를 조사하였다. 10㎕/L air의 농도에서 훈증독성시험 결과 pennyroyal과 tea tree의 오일에서 각각 97%, 63%의 높은 살충효과를 보였다. 특히, pennyroyal oil(LT50, hour=3.87)은 tea tree oil((LT50, hour=4.09)보다 높고 빠른 살충력을 보였다. 10㎕/filter paper(∅ 5.5cm)의 농도에서 후각계를 이용한 기피효과는 Cedarwood(80%), Cinnmon(83.3%), Cypress(81.1%), pennyroyal(97.1%) oil이 높은 기피활성을 보였으며, 이보다 낮은 1㎕/filter paper(∅ 5.5cm)의 농도에서도 Cinnmon(82.4%), Cypress(80.0%), pennyroyal(86.7%) 오일은 높은 기피활성을 나타냈다.

총채벌레의 유충과 성충은 잎, 열매, 꽃 등에 몸을 숨기기 좋아하며 번데기는 땅에 떨어져 토양속에서 지내기 때문에 약제에 노출이 어려워 화학약제만으로는 방제가 어려운 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 시설 국화에서 초기발생 예측이 어려운 꽃노랑총체벌레(Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande)를 생육초반에 방제할 수 있는 ‘트랩식물 적용기술’과 천적을 동시에 활용하기 위해 1차 선발된 트랩식물 (가지)과 총채벌레 천적(Orius laevigatus Fieber)의 동시 활용성과 국화에 등록된 약제에 대한 천적의 독성평가를 수행하였다. 트랩식물인 가지와 대조식물인 채송화에서 미끌애꽃노린재의 산란수를 비교한 결과 가지에서 16.3±7.0개, 채송화에서 22±7.9개이었다. 독성평가 결과는 약충 접촉실험에서 아세퀴노실 15% 액상수화제 처리 7일째 28.9±4.6%, 성충 섭식실험에서 처리 15일째 아세퀴노실 15% 액상수화제에서 -14.8±25.9%, 테부코나졸 25% 수화제에서 -84.7±16.6%, 트리폴록시스트로빈 50% 입상수화제에서 10.1±51.9%, 피라클로스트로빈 22% 유제에서 -14.8±38.3%, 잔류독성실험에서 처리 1일째 아세퀴노실 15% 액상수화제에서 20.8±10.6%, 테부코나졸 25% 수화제에서 4.6±13.8%, 트리플록시스트로빈 50% 입상수화제에서 25.0±12.1%, 피라클로스트로빈 22% 유제에서 10.4±12.5%의 보정사충율을 나타내었다

KNI3126 which is the eco-friendly material made by plant extracts - neem and matrine - have been evaluated for efficacies against 6 main pests and toxicity on natural enemies. Insecticidal efficacies of KNI3126 against plant hopper were above 95% at 5 days after treatment (DAT), whereas pesticidal effects against the cotton aphid were above 95% at 3 DAT and slightly decreased at 5 DAT. Insecticidal efficacy against the palm thrips resulted in lower control value as 68.1% than that of chemical insecticides. KNI3126 showed more than 95% control value against diamond back moth, suggesting that it could suppress the population of pest hard to control as eco-friendly material. Mortalities against two-spotted spider mite were about 80% at 1 DAT and over 90% at 5 DAT, respectively. For evaluation of the toxicity on natural enemies, effect against predatory natural enemy was classified as moderate selective toxicity based on the criterion of International Organization of Bio-Control (IOBC), whereas against parasitic natural enemies was found to be relatively safe. Repellent effect was weak against plant hopper, but strong against two-spotted spider mite. In the toxicity test for safety, KNI3126 was classified as the lowest level at acute oral, acute dermal and fish toxicity test and did not induce the irritancy at skin irritation test and eye irritation test.

3주간 정상적으로 생장한 닭의장풀을 Hoagland용액 (± 100 μM Cd2+, 100 μM Cd2++10 μM IAA,100 μM Cd2++100 μM IAA,100 μM Cd2+ +1 μM IAA)에서 3주간 수경재배 한 후 생장, 기공개폐, 엽록소 함유량, 엽록소 형광 및 수분퍼텐셜을 조사하였다. Hoagland용액에 Cd2+ 처리시 3주 동

본 종설은 우리나라에서 발생하고 있는 적조현상을 정리하여 적조의 정의, 명칭, 년도별 연구상황, 적조발생 원인 및 생물, 독성, 인명 및 수산물의 피해, 피해저감 및 방제기술에 대하여 소개하였다. 우리나라의 초기의 적조는 돌말류에 의해 발생되었으나, 해양오염이 심각한 1970년대 말부터 무독성 와편 모조류에 의해 그리고 1980년대 말에는 유독성 편모조류에 의해 발생되고 있다. 적조발생 규모는 초기에는 국지적이었으나 근래에는 광역화이기 때문에 수산업에

Background : The 1,2-unsaturated PAs, reported to be widely present in medicinal plants belonging to Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, and Fabaceae, cause hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity in humans and animals. Hence, there is a need for an analytical method that allows these dangerous plant toxins to be determined. In this study, we developed a method that can be used for the rapid and accurate determination of nine toxic PAs in medicinal plants using ultra-pressure liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–quadrupole–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF). Methods and Results : The compounds were eluted onto a C18 column with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile, and separated with good resolution within 11 min. all analytes was characterized by its precursor ions generated by ESI-Q-TOF and fragment ions produced by collision-induced dissociation (CID), which were used as a reliable database. The proposed analytical method was verified with reference to the ICH guidelines. The proposed UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF method was applied to four medicinal plants, and lycopsamin, echimidine, senkirkine and senecionine were detected by matching with reference standard, and additional six PAs were tentatively identified though chemical profiling. In addition, the QuEchERS method was the most efficient in comparison with methods like hot water and methanol in extraction efficiency of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Conclusion : The our proposed method can determine PAs rapidly and accurately in medicinal plants and will be utilize as an important data for other researchers who need analytical information of PAs.

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the cytotoxicity in 9 extracts from 8 medicinal plants, such as leaf extract of Lonicera maackii (Llm), leaf extract of Platycarya strobilacea (Lps), flower extract of Fagopyrum dibortryis (Fdf), stem extract of Physostegia virginiana (Spv), root extract of Allium senescence (Ras), aerial part extract of Allium schoenoprasum (Aas), aerial part extract of Artemisia japonica var. manshurica (Aaj), stem extract of Caryopteris incana (Sci), and leaf extract of Caryopteris incana (Lci), on human cancer cell lines. Methods and Results : Dried plant extracts were granted from National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Sciences. The extracts of each plant were dissolved in DMSO and stored in deep freeze at –20℃. The cell viabilities were examined by MTT assay. On SK-OV-3 cell line, Lps, Aas, Sci ans Lci showed dose-dependent cytotoxic effect. On A549 cell line, almost samples show dose-dependent cytotoxic effect, but especially Aaj showed relatively high cytotoxic effect. In case of HCT-15 cell line, Llm and Aas showed relatively high cytotoxic effect. Conclusion : These results suggested that Lonicera maackii, Platycarya strobilacea, Fagopyrum dibortryis, Physostegia virginiana, Allium senescence, Allium schoenoprasum, Artemisia japonica var. manshurica, and Caryopteris incana can be utilized as potential sources of anticancer agent due to their cytotoxicity.

특정 중금속에 대한 식물독성(Phytotoxicity)을 파악하기 위해 오염물질로 처리된 수용액에서의 발아실험(Germination Test)이 일반적으로 수행되고 있는데, 그 결과를 토양오염의 조건에 바로 적용할 수 없다는 한계가 존재한다. 이러한 한계를 극복하고자 토양에서의 발아실험 역시 수행되고 있으나, 이러한 실험들의 경우는 특정 오염수준의 대상 토양을 채취하여 해당 오염 정도에서의 식물독성을 측정하는 일회성의 검증에 그칠뿐더러, 토양 내 중금속 오염수준 변화에 따른 식물독성을 파악할 수도 없다. 또한 토양에서의 발아실험에 소요되는 노력 및 비용이 수용액 실험과 비교해 훨씬 크다는 단점 역시 가지고 있다. 유채는 유료 작물로 어디서나 잘 자라고 그 용도가 다양하여 많은 연구가 이루어진 식물 중 하나이며 중금속으로 오염된 토양의 복원 공법 중 하나인 식물정화기술(Phytoremediation)에서도 흔히 사용되는 식물이다. 또한 수확된 씨앗을 이용하여 바이오디젤(Biodiesel) 생산원료로 이용할 수 있는 장점이 있어 식물정화기술 분야에서 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있는 식물종이다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 서로 다른 상(相, phase)인 수용액과 토양에서 Pb, Ni과 As이 유채에 미치는 영향을 확인하고 그 두 상의 차이 및 상관관계를 조사하여, 대상 식물의 수용액 상 발아실험 결과만을 통해 토양에서의 중금속 농도 및 독성을 추정하기 위한 방법을 제안하고자 하였다.

A series of experiments was conducted to identify the potential of five phytoplankton species as standard test species for marine ecotoxicological tests. The candidate phytoplankton species are Skeletonema costatum, Heterosigma akashiwo, Prorocentrum micans, Isochrysis galbana, and Tetraselmis suecica. Salinity tolerance and sensitivity on potassium dichromate as a reference material were identified. Toxicity of eleven ocean-dumped sewage sludges and four red tide expellent extracts were estimated by the inhibition of population growth rates (PGR) of marine diatom S. costatum. While most species revealed relatively weak tolerance on salinity, T. suecica demonstrated the highest salinity tolerance ranged from 5～35 psu and the others 15～35 psu. H. akashiwo revealed the highest sensitivity as 72h IC50=0.76mg/L and T. suecica the lowest as 72h IC50=8.89mg/L on potassium dichromate. Sludge extracts from industrial waste, domestic sewage and livestock farm waste sludge showed high toxicity as 72h IC50<2% and lowest toxicity from filtration bed sludge as 72h IC50=30.50%. NOEC (No Observed Effective Concentration) of sludge extract ranged from <0.4% to 1.6% and this indicated high phytotoxicity of ocean dumped sewage sludge. The test sensitivity of phytoplankton PGR inhibition was much higher than those of marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis mortality test and bioluminescent inhibition test by marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri, and comparable with the sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius) fertilization test. As a result the phytotoxicity test using phytoplankton PGR inhibition (IC50) must be a useful tool for marine phyto-toxicological evaluation of ocean dumped materials.

Effects of aluminium(Al), soil pH and calcium(Ca) on growth response and heavy metal accumulation and regulation of nitrogen fixation in Melilotus suaveolens seedlings, a biennial legume plant dominating in the disturbed area, were quantitatively analyzed during the growing periods. Accumulation of metals in each organ of M. suaveolens was increased with the lowering of pH. Al contents in leaf and root treated with 30ppm Al at pH 4.2 on the 28th day after treatment were 8 and 11 folds higher than those of control, while the contents with 100ppm Al were 21 and 24 folds as compared to control. The significent inhibition in Al contents was induced by 100ppm Al and Ca at pH 6.5. Increased metals inhibited height at pH 4.2 and the growth inhibition due to Al was reversed by the addition of Ca, suggesting that growth correlates to the pH value. Chlorophyll contents in leaves increased during growth stage were inhibited by Al treatments. The biomass was decreased with the lowering of pH and the increase of concentrations. 100ppm Ca treatment resulted in 5.1-5.9% increase of the biomass as compared to that of 100ppm Al. Specific nitrogen fixation activities in nodules in the 100ppm Al at pH 4.2 and pH 6.5 were reduced to 35. 2% and 52.2% of control, on the 28th day after treatment, while the combination of Al and Ca induced inhibition of activities to 4.6% and 69.9% of control, respectively. Total amount of nitrogen fixation was reduced by 10% as compared to control with the treatment of 100ppm Al at pH 4.2 due to the inhibition of nodule formation. However the stimulative effect of nodule formation was enhanced by the combination of 100ppm Al and Ca and lowering of pH.

The inhibitory effects of mercury ions on the growth of barley seedlings were studied and the distribution of metal elements in the organs of treated plants was investigated by using synchrotron radiation induced X-ray emission (SRIXE). Although the treatment of mercury ions caused growth inhibition, the mercury-specific increase in variable fluorescence and the abolishment of energy-dependent quenching in broken barley chloroplasts as shown by Moon et al. (1992) were not observed in the leaves of growth-inhibited seedlings. Instead the treatment of mercury decreased Fmax and Fo values. However, Fmax/Fo ratio and photochemical and nonphotochemical quenching coefficients were not affected significantly. By SRIXE analysis of 10μM mercury chloride treated seedlings, accumulation of mercury in roots was observed after 1 hour of treatment and similar concentration was sustained for 48 hours. Relative contents of mercury was high in roots and underground nodes where seeds were attached, but was very low in leaves. Iron and zinc were also distributed mainly in the lower parts of the seedlings. However after 72 hours of treatment the contents of these metals in roots decreased and their distribution became more uniform, which may lead to death of the plants. These results suggest that the observed inhibitory effects on barley seedlings upto 48 hours after the treatment is not due to direct damages in the photosynthetic apparatus, but due to its accumulation in roots and the consequent retardation of the growth of barley seedlings. The decrease in Fmax and Fo is probably due to the decrease in chlorophyll and protein contents caused by the retardation of growth. The observed slow expansion of primary leaves could be also explained by the retardation of growth, but the fluorescence induction pattern from the leaves did not show characteristic symptoms of leaves under water stress.