This study was conducted to solve the problem of the existing odor management method taking a long time to analyze samples. Using real-time air quality measurement equipment, 17 designated odor substances were measured three times at a business site causing odor complaints. As a result, three substances, hydrogen sulfide, trimethylamine, and methyl mercaptan, were measured at higher levels than the site boundary emission standards inside the business site. In the case of trimethylamine, it was measured about 500 times higher than Odor Threshold Values, and was estimated to be the substance causing the odor. Through an inspection of the business site, improvements were instructed to be made to the wastewater treatment process, which is the emission facility where trimethylamine is generated. Subsequent measurement results showed that designated odor substances were measured within the emission standards at all locations, and it was determined that efficient management of odorgenerating businesses would be possible if Selected Ion Flow tube-Mass Spectrometry was utilized.

This study examines the correlation between livestock odor civil petitions and the establishment of malodor control areas in Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, focusing on swine farms where numerous civil petitions regarding malodors have been received. After the designation of the malodor control areas, high odor concentrations occurred in Aewoleup and Jocheon-eup, and the odor concentration decreased in other areas. The number of civil petitions shows a consistent annual trend, with increased petitions from March, peaking during summer (July and August), and decreasing from September into winter. In Jeju-si, there were many civil petitions in Hallim-eup and Aewol-eup where there were many malodor control areas. However, in Seogwipo-si, there were also many civil petitions in Pyoseonmyeon, where there is no malodor control area. Additionally, we compared the average multiple of compound malodors and the rate of exceeding the maximum allowable emission level for compound malodors with the number of livestock malodor civil petitions to assess the actual state of malodors. The results reveal a stronger correlation between the number of civil petitions and the rate of exceeding the compound malodors allowable emission level than the average multiple for compound malodors. These findings provide valuable insights into addressing livestock odor concerns and enhancing malodor control measures in Jeju Island.

This study was carried out in order to provide suggestions with regard to optimal control methods for various odor emission facilities (162 companies and 26 industrial classifications) through comparative analysis of effective odor treatment technologies for each type of odor substance by literature reviews, based on measured 22 odor substance data for 162 samples taken from A city. The industrial classification of Pulp showed the highest odor quotient (7,589 as average value) and was followed by the industrial classifications of Wastewater, Woods, and Furniture, indicating average odor quotient values of 2,361, 1,396 and 1,392, respectively. Absorption using chlorine dioxide and sodium hydroxide can be an optimal treatment method to remove the odor substances of sulfide and aldehyde groups. Biofilers with microbial communities will be effective to remove odors caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and an absorption method using sulfuric acid is proper for the removal of odor substances caused by nitrogens.

Complaints about foul odors are emerging as an issue, and the number of complaints is steadily increasing every year. Biofiltration is known to remove harmful or odorous substances from the atmosphere by using microorganisms, and full-scale biofilters are being installed and operated in various environmental and industrial facilities. In this study, the current status and actual odor removal efficiency of full-scale biofilters installed in publicly owned treatment facilities such as sewage, manure, and livestock manure treatment plants were investigated. In addition, the effects of design and operating factors on their efficiency were also examined. As a result, it was found that odor prevention facilities with less than 30% odor removal efficiency based on complex odors accounted for 40%-50% of the biofilters investigated. In investigating the appropriate level of operating factors on odor removal efficiency, it was found that compliance with the recommended values p lays a significant role in improving odor removal efficiency. In the canonical correlation analysis for the on-site biofilter operation and design data, residence time and humidity were found to be the most critical factors. The on-site biofilter operation and design data were analyzed through canonical correlation analysis, and the residence time and humidity maintenance were found to be the most important factors in the design and operations of the biofilter. Based on these results, it is necessary to improve the odor removal efficiency of on-site biofilters by reviewing the effectiveness of the operation factors, improving devices, and adjusting operating methods.

The types and distribution ratio of odor removal systems installed in publicly owned environmental facilities such as sewage treatment, wastewater treatment, manure treatment, livestock manure treatment, and food waste treatment were investigated. Since the intensity of the odor and the composition of the odor substances are different depending on the type of each public treatment facility, different odor removal efficiencies were derived depending on the applied odor removal technology. In addition, the removal efficiency of complex odors and individual odor substances of odor removal systems such as those applying biofilters, scrubbers, and adsorption towers were also compared and evaluated. Although it depends on each odor removal technology and application facility, about 50% of various odor removal systems presented an odor removal performance of less than 30%. The odor removal systems with an odor removal efficiency of 70% or more were evaluated to be less than 30% of the total number. Therefore, we suggest that odor removal efficiencies should be improved through continuous monitoring, diagnosis, reinforcement of maintenance, and improvement of systems.

The adsorption method that is widely used in the field of odor control generally utilizes activated carbon. However, the development of an economical and efficient adsorbent is required due to the increased use of activated carbon and the high cost of raw materials. Accordingly, the use of waste as a raw material for new adsorbents is attracting attention both in Korea and abroad. In this study, the current status of domestic and overseas waste generation, characteristics of adsorbents, and research trends were investigated, and through this, it was found that a waste-derived adsorbent was an adequate substitute in terms of adsorption capacity and price compared to activated carbon.

The concentrations of odor and volatile organic compound (VOC)-inducing substances were measured using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometers (SIFT-MS). SIFT-MS can continuously measure the concentration of odor-causing substances and VOCs in real time without pre-treatment steps. Measurements were conducted during the day and at night at 10 spots in the chemical block of the Sihwa industrial complex. Similar measurement results were observed in the daytime and nighttime for materials except methyl ethyl ketone with high concentrations. A high concentration of hydrogen sulfide was also measured at night. It is expected that an amount of emissions of VOCs and odor-causing substances under the absence of inspection can be traced if measured at other industrial complexes in vulnerable times.

n-Butanol is used to assess how odor intensity correction affects judges’ evaluation of the odor intensity based on the concentration. The odor intensity correction effect is verified by using three types of test solutions which are used for the selection of judges based on their concentration levels. The correction effect is statistically analyzed according to gender, odorant type, and concentration on the group and individual level. The result shows that n- Butanol correction affects the odor intensity evaluation for three odorants in different ways. In most cases, n- Butanol correction increases the panelists' sensitivity to the odor intensity change, and results to be close to the theoretical value. The female panelists can more accurately evaluate the sourness intensity of acetic acid after n- Butanol correction. All panelists regardless of gender can more accurately evaluate the fishiness intensity of trimethylamine after n-Butanol correction. For evaluating the caramel smell intensity of methylcyclopentenolone, a full panel without n-Butanol correction is recommended. Therefore, n-Butanol correction should be included in the process of judge selection and the odor intensity assessment.

본 연구의 목적은 악취 발생 저감을 위해 국내에서 최근 권고되는 밀폐(무창)형 돈사와 기존 개방형 돈 사의 비용 편익을 분석하여 이러한 추진 방향의 객관적 타당성을 확보하는 데 있다. 두 돈사 유형의 비용은 설치비와 운용비로 구분한 후 관련 문헌 자료와 현장 조사 결과를 근거로 추정하였고, 편익은 축산 환경 전문가들을 대상으로 한 델파이 설문 조사 기법 적용을 통해 추정하였다. 비용 편익 분석 결과, 양돈 규모에 상관없이 개방형과 밀폐형 돈사 모두 편익/비용 비율이 1 초과로 추정되어 돼지 생산에 따른 경제적 이익이 창출되는 것으로 분석되었다. 하지만 소규모, 중규모, 대규모 양돈 농가 모두 밀폐(무창)형 돈사의 편익/비용 비율(B/C ratio)이 개방형 돈사보다 상대적으로 모두 높은 것으로 추정되었다. 결론적으로 기존 양돈 농가들의 인·허가 시 경제성 우위 측면뿐만 아니라 축산 악취의 효율적 관리를 위해서도 개방형 돈사를 밀폐(무창)형 돈사로 변경하도록 권고해야 하며, 특히 편익/비용 비율이 상대적으로 가장 높은 수치를 보인 대규모 농가인 경우 이를 이행 조치하는 것이 합리적이라 판단된다.

The purpose of this study is to create a new odor analysis technology that combines the separation technology of GC and the measurement of MOS sensors. The detector of the GC system is replaced with the MOS sensor to analyze various odor compounds. Carrier gas also used air in the normal atmosphere through a micro pump. Therefore, it is possible to develop a portable odor analysis device since no additional cylinder is needed. Retention times for H2S, C7H8, and C2H4O analyzed by the combined GC/MOS system were identified as 1.28 minutes, 3.88 minutes and 1.77 minutes, respectively. Measurement reproducibility of odorous RT was very good at less than 1.2 %RSD. Also, the magnitude of the peak as a result of changes in the concentration of each odor showed a linear proportional relationship. Thus, a new method could be proposed to analyze various odorous substances with the combined GC/MOS system.

Odor dispersion from road emissions were investigated using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). The Shear Stress Transport k-ω model in FLUENT CFD code was used to simulate odor dispersion around the road. The two road configurations used in the study were at-grade and fill road. Experimental data from the wind tunnel obtained in a previous study was used to validate the numerical result of the road dispersion. Five validation metrics are used to obtain an overall and quantitative evaluation of the performance of Shear Stress Transport k-ω models: the fractional bias (FB), the geometric mean bias (MG), the normalized mean square error (NMSE), the geometric variance (VG), and the fraction of predictions within a factor of two of observations (FAC2). The results of the vertical concentration profile for neutral atmospheric show reasonable performance for all five metrics. Six atmospheric stability conditions were used to evaluate the stability effect of road emission dispersion. It was found that the stability category D case of at-grade decreased the non-dimensional surface odor concentration smaller 0.78~0.93 times than those of stability category A case, and that F case decreased 0.39~0.56 times smaller than those of stability category A case. It was also found that stability category D case of filled road decreased 0.84~0.92 times the non-dimensional surface odor concentration of category A case and stability category F case decreased 0.45~0.58 times compared with stability category A case.

In this study, the behavior of dominant microbial communities was investigated in the treatment of porcine carcasses using an anaerobic high temperature burial composting method. The correlation between odor emission and bacterial community structure was analyzed through principal component analysis and extended local similarity analysis. In the burial layer of porcine carcass, the dominant bacteria were Bacillaceae (46%), Thermoactinomycetaceae (15%) and Lactobacillaceae (4%) in the early stage and Bacillaceae (46%), Thermoactinomycetaceae (15%), Lactobacillaceae (4%) in the end. Clostridiaceae (CH3SH), Bacillacea ((CH3)2S2), Clostridium ((CH3)2S2), Clostridial (H2S), Oceanobacillus (H2S), and Thermoanaerobacteraceae (H2S) were closely related to the sulfurous odorants, which are the highest odor contributions. The emission of sulfurous odor substances such as H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S, and (CH3)2S2 showed a positive correlation with each other, but showed a negative correlation with nitrogenous odorants (NH3 and TMA), aldehydes, organic acids, and VOCs. The results of this correlation analysis can provide useful information that enables us to understand the characteristics of microbial communities and odor generation during the degradation of carcasses and to manage odors and burial sites in the treatment of carcass.

The Automobile HVAC system is a habitat for odor-associated fungal communities. We investigated the odorassociated fungal community in an automobile HVAC system using a high-throughput DNA sequencing method. The fungal community structure was evaluated via metagenome analysis. At the phylum level, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were detected, accounting for 43.41% and 56.49% of the fungal community in the HVAC system, respectively. Columnosphaeria (8.31%), Didymella (5.60%), Davidiella (5.50%), Microxyphium (4.24%), unclassified Pleosporales (2.90%), and Cladosporium (2.79%) were abundant at phylum of Ascomycota and Christiansenia (36.72%), Rhodotorula (10.48%), and Sporidiobolus (2.34%) were abundant at phylum of Basidiomycota. A total of 22 genera of fungi were isolated and identified from the evaporators of the HVAC systems which support fungal growth and biofilm formation. Among them, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Alternaria are the most representative odor-associated fungi in HVAC systems. They were reported to form biofilm on the surface of HVAC systems with other bacteria by hypha. In addition, they produce various mVOCs such as 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetic acid, butanoic acid, and methyl isobutyl ketone. Our findings may be useful for extending the understanding of odor-associated fungal communities in automobile HVAC systems.

The correlation analysis between odor sensor and air dilution olfactometry method with odor emission facilities was performed for the real-time evaluation of odor emitted from the 13 facilities. The total correlation was less significant for all facilities due to various emission characteristics of odor. The correlation for the individual facility, however, showed a higher correlation coefficient (R=0.7371~0.9897). Especially, the strong correlation (above 0.9) was observed for the industry type with the odor characteristics like tobacco, styrofoam, acetic acid, and burning smell. The repeated odor measurements using the odor sensor showed good reproducibility with the mean relative standard deviation of 5.06%. The odor sensor could be useful tools for identifying and evaluating odor with an olfactometry in field, if the use and proofreading of the odor sensor are improved by a standardized method.

The aim of this study is to analyze error cases induced during the proficiency test of certified odor measurement agencies. In the case of the homogeneity test performed in three panel groups, the geometric mean dilution factor of the site boundary PTMs(proficiency testing materials) was 1.4 ± 0.2, 1.7 ± 0.2, 1.8 ± 0.1 and that of the outlet PTMs was 3.7 ± 0.2, 3.7 ± 0.3, 3.7 ± 0.3, respectively. In the case of the stability test for 72 h, the geometric mean dilution factor of the site boundary PTMs was 1.6 ± 0.1 and that of the outlet PTMs was 3.6 ± 0.1. Among error cases induced during the proficiency test of certified odor measurement agencies, the proportion of error cases was in the order of case II(discontinuance of estimation)(40.0%) > case I(error on estimation procedure by panelist)(33.3%) > case III(miswriting of estimation result)(13.3%) > case IV(miswriting of dilution factor) and V(writing of wrong estimation result)(6.7%). Therefore, it seems likely that additional education related to error cases II and I is required.

효율적인 악취관리를 위해서는 민원지역에서 발생한 악취를 분류하고, 그 악취원을 분 석해야 한다. 이를 위해서는 민원지역에서 발생한 악취를 나타낼 수 있는 악취대표패턴과 악취원의 냄새가 필요하다. 이에 본 논문에서는 민원지역의 악취분류를 위해 k-mean 알고리즘을 이용하여 악취데이 터에 대한 군집화를 수행하였다. 그 결과 생성된 악취대표패턴과 미리 측정된 악취원별 냄새와의 유사도를 비교하여 악취에 대한 분류를 수행하였다. 또한, 대기 중에서 여러 악 취가 섞였을 경우를 고려하여 non-negative least square를 이용하여 해당 악취에 대해 책임 이 있는 하나 이상의 악취원과 기여도를 추적하였다. 이러한 본 연구의 성과는 악취 관련 민원해결에 기여할 것으로 사료된다.

In this study, odors in N industrial complex in Incheon city were measured by using air dilution olfactory method, odor sensor and instrumental analysis method. Three industry categories which are plating industry, equipment manufacturing industry and petrochemical manufacturing industry were classified and the correlation of data was evaluated based on the measurement result. The correlation coefficient between the air dilution olfactory method and the odor sensor device utilizing method in 69 points was 0.562. The correlation coefficients in the classified industry categories were observed 0.889 in the plating industry, 0.723 in the equipment manufacturing industry and 0.832 in the petrochemicals manufacturing industry. It shows that when the correlation coefficient is over 0.75, they have a strong correlation. In this result, we could identify the ease of availability of the correlation using industry classification.

This study was carried out to find the optimal methods in odor dispersion modeling. The CALMET and CALPUFF recommended by US EPA were used in the study. The accuracy of 3 dimensional meteorological field was one of the important parameters in the modeling, To understand the sensitivity of CALMET according to meteorological input data, four Cases were tested and compared with the measurements. The four Cases with various input data were followed : Case 1 was surface and upper measured data, Case 2 was MM5 data only, Case 3 was surface weather station and MM5 data, Case 4 was surface weather station, upper-air weather station and MM5 data. The comparisons of wind speeds, wind direction and temperatures by CALMET model with observations under various input data showed that Case 4 was more accurate than the other Cases. The results of CALPUFF dispersion modeling were compared with odor complains data and they showed that there were similar patterns even if some discrepancies existed. CALPUFF dispersion modeling was also compared with odor monitoring station data, and there was a good agreement in the threshold odor concentrations. In order to get more accurate result for odor modeling, we need following additional measures: First, fine tuning of odor emission data with the consideration of variations of emission fate according to operation hour of the odor emitting facilities. Second, construction of continuous monitoring system(on-line GC, odor a sensor etc.) was necessary to monitor the odor compound concentrations.

In this study, calibration characteristics of odorous amine compounds were investigated by gas chromatography (GC)-nitrogen phosphorous detector (NPD). To this end, three different amine compounds (methyl amine (MTA), dimethyl amine (DMA), and trimethyl amine (TMA)) were analyzed in a series of calibration experiments. As the first step, the liquid phase standards of these amines were calibrated at 5 concentration levels with the fixed standard volume (FSV) method. The results showed that response factors of three amines were in the order of TMA ＞ DMA ＞ MTA with their correlation coefficients (r) above 0.97. The results of FSV calibration also indicated that the analytical sensitivity of amines increased with reducing injection volume due to the decrease in matrix effect. However, when these compounds were calibrated by the fixed standard concentration (FSC) method, the results were not stable under most circumstances. In addition, the reliability of internal calibration approach was also tested using pyridine, nitrobenzene, and nicotine. When pyridine was used as internal standard of these amines, analytical reproducibility of amines was improved greatly compared to external calibration results (e.g., an improvement of 75% for DMA).

In order to classify odors that are in the air at the specific place and at the specific period, it is necessary to generate representative patterns for each odor sources. In this study, in order to classify the various odors efficiently, the k-mean clustering algorithm was applied to the experimental data. Considering the mixed air with various odors, the representative patterns for odor sources were generated with the combination of two or three different odors. As a result, an acquired odor sample could be discriminated and hence its source can be traced by the proposed clustering method, in this study. The results of this study will be useful for settling the civil complaint related odor.